Blows inflicted by a person who knows kickboxing techniques, Thai boxing, hand-to-hand combat or other martial arts, are always very strong. At the same time, there are people who have very developed muscles, but their blows are rather weak.
The reason for this is this: the force of impact depends not only on the force of muscle contraction. It depends on the consistency, interaction of the upper and lower extremities and speed of muscle contraction. An untrained person, striking with his fist, uses only the strength of his hand. The one who understands a lot about hand-to-hand combat, not only perfectly uses the power of the hand, he concentrates the power of his body, makes the shoulder, hip, arms and both legs move rapidly and in concert, and concentrate all the power of this movement in the fist, generating crushing power.

Let's take for example the case when kickboxer a strikes from the left-hand stance right hand. It begins with the right leg resting on the floor, then there is a rotation of the body and a twisting movement of the waist, and so gradually the impact energy from the hip, through the buttocks, waist, lower back and shoulder, and finally reaches the front surface of the fist. The lower back plays the role of a bridge connecting the reactive force of the leg resting on the floor through the rotation of the body, the movement of the lower back with the force of the arm, as a result of which an explosive force is formed, everything is set in motion, the whole body moves in a single impulse.
Such a blow carries a huge crushing charge. Strictly speaking, the hand here is just a conductor of effort, and only the whole body, interacting with all the muscles, can make this effort powerful enough. In case you are attacking and moving forward and you want your fist to be strong enough, you need to bend your knees, shift the body's center of gravity slightly towards the back leg, turn the body counterclockwise and use reactive force in order to increase the speed of the punch. . Turning the body in the lower back creates the conditions for the created effort to manifest itself most fully and freely.
This way of creating a striking force, when hands and feet interact, creates more favorable conditions for subsequent actions, for a continuous attack, and this moment is very important for both attack and defensive counterattack. In addition, training strength and speed various activities when practicing self-defense techniques, at the same time it is necessary to increase the hardness and resistance to shock loads of those places of the fist and foot that are used to strike.
Since the structure of various parts of the human body is not the same (visit the Anatomy section - author), in a real fight you can hit the enemy on a hard bone and injure yourself. Therefore, in order to avoid injuries such as the front surface of the fist, the wheel of the fist, the knuckles of the fingers, the toe of the foot, the knee, etc.

S.N. Neupokoev, L.V. Kapilevich, O.V. Dostavalova, Yu.P. Bredikhin

IMPROVEMENT OF ACCENTED IMPACTS IN BOXING DUE TO INCREASING RIGIDITY IN THE KINEMATIC CHAIN

The indicators characterizing the grouping of boxers in the final phase of the impact action when working on boxing equipment were studied. It is shown that the increase in rigidity in the kinematic chain when using means that limit the load on the hand when it comes into contact with the target contributes to an increase in the power indicators of impact by optimizing the technique of setting the legs in the final phase of the impact and maximizing the compression of the hand during impact.

Keywords: boxing; accentuated direct blow; stiffness of the kinematic chain; training; impact power.

Many authors note that the rigidity in the kinematic chain created by boxers at the end of the punching movement significantly affects the increase in punching force. The maximum rigidity in a punch is determined by the transition from the starting state, when the boxer is as relaxed as possible, to the finish point, when the athlete is as tense as possible, in the presence of factors such as:

Proper balance of weight, timely and rapid displacement of the entire body mass in the direction of impact;

Rational setting of the legs when performing a strike, based on the biomechanical processes that accompany the impact action. When applying an accented blow with the right hand, the axis of rotation should pass through left leg and left shoulder;

The compression ratio of the fist. The stiffness in the entire kinematic chain depends on the degree of compression of the fist, which significantly increases the force of impact, therefore, when the hand touches the target, the fist should be compressed as much as possible.

In the process of improving the accentuated direct blow to the head when performing special preparatory exercises on boxing implements, athletes who perform punches on a heavy boxing bag (35-60 kg) in projectile gloves, when the fist touches the target, do not try to achieve maximum rigidity in the biomechanical chain. This is expressed in a violation of the axis of rotation of the body when striking, irrational positioning of the legs during the impact and weak blocking of movement in the wrist, elbow and shoulder joints, which should be provided by maximum compression of the fist.

The aim of our study was to analyze the effect of rigidity in the kinematic chain of boxers using various means of preventing hand injuries on the effectiveness of accented punches.

Materials and research methods. The study was carried out on the basis sports section in boxing TGASU. In total, 42 athletes aged 17-23 participated in the experiment. Two groups were formed: experimental group (21 people, including 4 CCM boxers, 7 1st category boxers, 10 beginners); control (21 people, including 4 CCM boxers, 7 boxers of the 1st category, 10 beginners).

Boxers of both groups were asked to inflict a single accentuated straight blow with the right hand to the head from a fighting stance on the boxing bag during the round (3 minutes) with a rest interval between blows of 15 s. At the same time, the experimental group

used boxing gloves (10 ounces) as injury prevention, and the control group used boxing gloves.

The assessment of the position of the athletes' legs when the fist touched the target was carried out on a stabilo-graphic analyzer "Stabilan - 01-2". The most significant for us were the following indicators: frontal displacement, sagittal displacement, ellipse area, quality of the balance function. .

The bioelectrical activity of the dorsal interosseous muscle brushes when performing an accentuated direct blow. The study was carried out on the basis of the laboratory of functional diagnostics of the Tomsk Research Institute of Balneology and Physiotherapy.

After testing the athletes, a pedagogical experiment was conducted, the duration of which was 1.5 years.

The athletes of the experimental group used boxing gloves of different weights (10, 12, 14 ounces) while improving accented punches on heavy boxing bags, varying their weight at each lesson. Blows were applied to bags filled with water, which significantly reduced the traumatic effect on the hand. When improving technical and tactical skills in pairs, the athletes of the experimental group were given the task to use protection with the body and legs to a greater extent, which excluded strong impact contact of the hand when performing attacking actions.

Athletes control group when performing preparatory exercises on heavy boxing bags, projectile gloves were used, and when improving the technical and tactical skills of defensive actions, protection with stands was used to a greater extent. These types of protection significantly increased the total number of hard touches of the hand when interacting with the target.

At the end of the experiment, the athletes of both groups were retested.

The results obtained were processed by the methods of variation statistics, the reliability was assessed using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test.

Research results. In stabilographic studies, the indicator “frontal displacement most objectively assesses the transfer of body weight from the right leg to the left, showing the axis of rotation passing during the final phase of the impact action. The optimal result in this indicator was demonstrated by the CMS of the experimental group, technical

whose skill is more perfect than that of spark gaps and beginners, which means that in this study it can serve as a model. It should be emphasized that we do not take the QMS technique as a standard, but consider it to be more perfect only in the present experiment.

Before the start of the experiment, in novice boxers in the control group, the axis of rotation when striking passed through the right shoulder and right leg, which violated the biomechanical basis of the blow (Table 1). This indicator in athletes was lower than the optimal result by 192.2%. In the boxers of the experimental group, this result was 90% below the optimal level. At the end of the study, the results of the boxers in the control group did not change compared to the beginning of the study, while the data of the athletes in the experimental group significantly

improved, although they were below the optimal level by 58.6%.

At the beginning of the study, the axis of the first-rank athletes of the control group passed through the right shoulder and right leg, which is a sign of a violation of the shock movement technique (Table 2). This fact does not contribute to the development of maximum impact power. This result in athletes was lower than the optimal indicator by 142.7%. In the boxers of the experimental group, the “frontal shift” indicator was 94.6% lower than the expected result. At the end of the study, the data of boxers in the control group were below the optimal value by 133.6%. Athletes of the experimental group significantly improved their results, which differed from the optimal level by 14.8%.

Table 1

Changes in the dynamics of stabilographic indicators when delivering accented punches with the right hand using various means of preventing injury to the hand in novice boxers

Groups Stabilographic indicators Before the experiment After the experiment

Experimental Frontal displacement MO(x), mm -36.53±2.21* -30.82±0.49#

Sagittal displacement MO(y), mm 54.27±2.08* 60.22±3.13#

Ellipse area, m2 38324.75±1756.59* 39041.33±1265.48#

Balance function quality, % 10.23±1.17* 14.81±1.29#

Control Frontal displacement MO(x), mm 17.73±4.08 16.85±3.29

Sagittal displacement MO(y), mm 37.29±4.05 39.66±3.18

Ellipse area, m2 10979.78± 1046.58 12065.36±1123.74

Balance function quality, % 5.98±0.95 7.85±2.39

< 0,05); # достоверность различий экспериментальной группы с контролем в конце исследования (р < 0,05).

Table 2

Changes in the dynamics of stabilographic indicators when delivering accented punches with the right hand, using various means of preventing hand injuries in boxers of senior ranks

Group Stabilographic indicators Before the experiment After the experiment

Boxers of the 1st category

Frontal offset MO(x), mm -37.41±4.67* -22.31±3.22#

Experimental Sagittal displacement MO(y), mm 49.35±3.78* 68.42±4.25#

Ellipse area, m2 30467.19±3742.68* 29586.89±1938#

Balance function quality, % 14.08±1.58* 26.91±1.44#

Frontal displacement MO(x), mm 8.21±4.61 6.52±0.94

Control Sagittal displacement MO(y), mm 35.95±3.91 40.11±3.02

Ellipse area, m2 13065.63±1272.78 14268.65±1112.33

Balance function quality, % 7.52±0.78 10.36±2.61

Frontal offset MO(x), mm -19.22±2.09* -19.43±2.62#

Experimental Sagittal displacement MO(y), mm 60.86±4.11* 79.49±3.44#

Ellipse area, m2 21862.38±1421.59* 21349.56± 1528.45#

Balance function quality, % 16.16±1.73* 38.39±2.68#

Frontal displacement MO(x), mm -0.14±0.07 -1.12±0.03

Control Sagittal displacement MO(y), mm 47.02±3.07 48.02±2.14

Ellipse area, m2 14818.12±965.14 16306.73±1413.26

Balance function quality, % 7.64±0.93 11.85±2.96

* Reliability of differences between the experimental group and the control at the beginning of the study (p<0,05); # достоверность различий экспериментальной группы с контролем в конце исследования (р<0,05).

In the CMS boxers of the control group, at the beginning of the study, the axis of rotation in the final phase of the punch passed through the middle of the MCMT (common center of body mass), which did not allow proper use of body inertia, distorting the biomechanical data of the impact action (Table 2). In the athletes of the control group, the “frontal displacement” indicator was 99.3% lower than the optimal results. By the end of the study, the level of control values ​​practically did not change in relation to the experimental indicators and was lower than them by 94.2%.

Exploring the “sagittal displacement” indicator, we tried to find out the parameters of the athletes’ body weight displacement in the direction of impact.

In novice boxers of the experimental group at the beginning of the study (see Table 1), the indicators were 45.5% higher than the control level. At the end of the study, the results exceeded the control data by 51.8%.

The level of athletes in the experimental group at the beginning of the study exceeded the control values ​​by 37.3%, at the end of the study - already by 70.6% (see Table 2).

At the beginning of the study (Table 2), the “sagittal shift” indicator in the CMS of the experimental group was higher than the control by 29.4%, at the end of the study it exceeded the control values ​​by 65.5%.

In the indicator “area of ​​the ellipse”, we estimated the width of the legs in the combat stance when the hand hits the target. This indicator is of great importance, since it has a significant impact on the stability in the kinematic chain and allows you to take the initial position after the impact without time costs, which significantly improves the technical characteristics of the latter.

At the beginning of the study, the indicator "area of ​​the ellipse" in novice boxers of the experimental group (see Table 1) exceeded the control level by 249%. By the end of the study, the indicators in the control group were lower than in the experimental group by 223.6%.

At the first stage of testing, the index of boxers of the first category of the experimental group (see Table 2) was higher than the control value by 133.2%, and at the end of the study, the level of athletes exceeded the control data by 107.3%.

The indicator of the result "area of ​​the ellipse" in the CMS of the experimental group at the beginning of the study exceeded the control data by 47.5%, and at the final testing - by 30.9% (see Table 2).

The indicator "quality of the equilibrium function", in our opinion, most objectively assesses the stability

boxer when the fist touches the projectile in the final phase of the blow.

At the beginning of the study, the data of novice boxers of the experimental group in the indicator "quality of the balance function" (see Table 1) exceeded the control level by 71.1%. By the end of the study, this result had grown and became higher than the control values ​​by 88.7%.

The indicator "quality of the balance function" in the first-rate athletes of the experimental group was higher than the control values ​​by 87.2% at the beginning of testing. By the end of the study, the result increased significantly and became higher than the control level by 159.7% (see Table 2).

At the beginning of the study, the indicator "quality of the balance function" in the CMS of the experimental group exceeded the control data by 111.5%, by the end of the study, the results increased significantly and became higher than the control values ​​by 224% (Table 2).

At the beginning of electromyographic studies (Table 3), there were no significant differences between the results of the average amplitude of the dorsal interosseous muscle of the hand in the experimental and control groups in athletes of various qualifications. During the final testing, the indicator of the experimental group exceeded the control level in novice boxers by 75.2%, in athletes of the 1st category - by 127.5%, and in the Candidate Masters - by 30.4%.

Indicators of electrical activity of the muscles of the hand (dorsal interosseous) in boxers when performing accented straight punches with the right hand

Table 3

Qualification of athletes Group Average amplitude, μV

Before the experiment After the experiment

Beginners Experimental 329.50±26.54 745.75±19.77*

Control 353.00±12.56 425.75±30.92

1st category Experimental 381.25±14.76 1015.62±16.44*

Control 388.50±21.27 446.50±19.64

CMS Experimental 858.00±67.37 1146.26±27.73*

Control 892.00±77.17 879.35±33.24

The results obtained indicate that the use of means that significantly limit the load on the hand (boxing gloves) contributes to an increase in rigidity in the kinematic chain. To optimize the speed-strength and motor-coordination abilities of boxers while improving accented punches, special preparatory exercises can be recommended, taking into account some features:

1. When practicing an accented blow in shell gloves, it is recommended to use shells with a soft contact surface (boxing bags, on-

filled with water). This will reduce the traumatic effect on the hand when the fist touches the target and will allow you to develop a higher impact power.

2. When improving the impact on heavy boxing implements, boxing gloves should be used, designed to improve technical and tactical skills in pairs. These tools significantly reduce the load on the impact surface of the hand and can significantly improve the motor-coordination characteristics of impact action.

LITERATURE

1. Bashkirov V.F. Prevention of injuries in athletes. M.: Fizkultura i sport, 1987. 176 p.

2. Gavrilov V.N. Features of teaching a strong blow // Boxing: Yearbook. M.: Physical culture and sport, 1979. S. 61-63.

3. Degtyarev I.P., Vasiliev G.F., Rodionov A.V. Changes in stabilographic indicators in boxers depending on the dynamics of training

baths // Theory and practice of physical culture. 1976. No. 3. S. 9-12.

4. Kapilevich L.V., Davletyarova K.V., Koshelskaya E.V. and others. Physiological methods of control in sports: Proc. allowance. Tomsk: TPU Publishing House,

5. Romanenko M.I. Mastery of a boxer (basics of improvement). M.: Fizkultura i sport, 1960. 48 p.

6. Farfel V.S. Movement control in sports. M.: Fizkultura i sport, 1975. 204 p.

7. Filimonov V.I., Khusyainov Z.M., Garakyan A.I. Features of the formation of shock movements in boxers: Method. recommendations. M.: Tipo-

Grafiya VASKHNIL, 1988. 24 p.

8. Khusyainov Z.M. Biodynamics of shock movements in boxing: Method. recommendations. M.: Printing house of Moscow State Pedagogical University im. N.E. Bauman, 1990. 24 p.

A blow can be defined as a combination of the interaction of individual parts of the body, which are included in the work in a certain sequence. A certain sequence of inclusion in the percussion action of the body links (from proximal to distal) allows the best way to summarize their movement speeds and obtain the highest resulting fist speed. First of all, the torso is rotated around the vertical axis with simultaneous squatting, during which the GCT (common center of gravity) is lowered, and the subsequent push of the leg standing behind. For this, an external force is used - the reaction force of the support, necessary to create an additional torque of the body, which contributes to its better rotation. In addition, due to this force, the whole body moves forward. BCT is shifted to the front border of the support (body weight is transferred to the front leg). Turning the torso helps bring the shoulder of the striking arm forward, acting as a support as it moves forward.
With continued rotation of the torso (which is accompanied by a push of the leg from the support), the boxer performs a punching movement with his arm, using the reaction force of the support (external force) to increase its speed of movement. In addition, the extension of the arm in the elbow joint significantly increases the speed of movement of the hand to the target.
Immediately before the impact, the so-called "pre-impact inhibition" of the parts of the body involved in it is observed. In this case, the same sequence of inhibition is observed (from the proximal links of the leg to the distal links of the arm).

The height of the strike target (for example, a direct blow to the head or torso) does not play a significant role in the structure of striking movements. It depends on the degree of bending of the legs in the combat stance during the shock movement of the arm.
When performing a strike, one must maintain a stable position so as not to lose combat capability and not open up for counterattacking blows of the opponent. At the same time, in all cases, the BCT should not go beyond the front boundary of the support area.
After the punch is executed, the boxer returns to the fighting stance either by moving the torso back, using the push of the leg in front and shifting the projection of the BCG from the front border of the support area to its middle, or (when performing a strike with a step) putting the leg behind and bringing the projection of the BCG to the middle of the support area.
Maintaining stability through correct and active "footwork" allows the boxer to quickly and efficiently switch from one action to another, i.e. successfully fight. Performing a blow, the boxer must constantly insure himself against a possible counterattack by the opponent, covering his chin and torso with his free hand.
An analysis of the boxer's combat actions shows that the following tasks are solved when striking:
1) to determine the defensive actions of the opponent and bring the blow to the target, i.e. to strike as quickly as possible;
2) to bring a blow of a certain force to the target in order to negatively affect the combat capability of the opponent, i.e. to strike as hard as possible.
A prerequisite in both cases is to hit a certain (for example, unprotected or vulnerable) place on the body
opponent, i.e. the accuracy of the strike movement. Controlling the impact accuracy depends on the speed and duration of the impact movement; the higher this speed and the shorter the shock movement, the more difficult it is to implement the control actions and the worse the controllable movement.
The most important task of the technical and tactical improvement of boxers is to achieve high accuracy in performing punching movements at high speeds, as well as to improve accuracy in fast-moving conditions.
Studies show that the biomechanical structure of impact movements depends on the tasks set: to strike as hard as possible or as quickly as possible. These tasks are determined on the basis of attitudes related to real combat situations (“for strength”, “for speed”), which in a shock movement determine the force of impact of the fist with the target and the total time of this movement.
When set to “force”, the shock impulse is the largest in magnitude, but the time of the shock movement is also the largest. Consequently, winning in the force of impact, we lose in the speed of movement. When set to "fast"
the shock impulse is the smallest in magnitude, but the time of the shock movement is much less than when hitting “for force” (a decrease in the value of the force indicator gives a gain in the speed of striking). Thus, it is possible to distinguish two ways of performing strikes depending on the setting: a strong strike and a fast strike.
The impact force can be determined using the second law of dynamics: Fsp = mVo/t, where m is the mass (impact mass), Vo is the speed of this mass at the initial moment of impact, t is the interaction time of the colliding bodies. Thus, the magnitude of the impact force depends on the impact mass, the speed of its movement and the impact time. The Fsp value is also influenced by some other factors: the weight category of a boxer, his qualifications, functional asymmetry, the rigidity of the kinematic chain upon impact, the form of the impact movement.
As studies show, the size of the shock mass during punches in boxing is approximately 3.2% of the boxer's body and includes the mass of the hand, forearm and shoulder (in the anatomical sense). Consequently, with an increase in the weight category, the impact mass and thus the impact force increase.
With an increase in the speed of movement of the impact mass (during acceleration to the moment of impact), the impact force increases. Studies have shown that the average speed of the fist when hit by a master of sports is 4-5 m/sec. By the time of the impact, the hand has a maximum speed (for masters of sports it reaches 8-10 m / s).
The values ​​of the impact mass and velocity are inversely proportional: with an increase in the impact mass, the velocity of its movement decreases and vice versa (ceteris paribus). This explains the lower speed of punching movements of boxers of heavy weight categories in comparison with boxers of light weight categories. Since it's impossible
to simultaneously increase the impact mass and the speed of its movement in order to achieve the maximum impact force, it is necessary to find their optimal ratio. Significant impact force can be achieved at low speeds of impact movement due to the productive work of a large muscle mass. The maximum impact force depends mainly on the speed of the impact mass.
The impact time is inversely proportional to the impact force, does not depend on the velocity of the impact mass at the initial moment of impact, and increases with an increase in the masses of the colliding bodies and a decrease in the stiffness of the kinematic chain during impact. As studies show, the time of impact of the fist with the target is 14-18 ms, with an increase in this time to 30 ms, the impact acquires a "jogging" character. The magnitude of the impact force is closely related (r=0.89) to the boxer's weight category. On the one hand, this is explained, as mentioned above, by an increase in the impact mass, on the other hand, by an increase in the physical possibilities for the manifestation of muscle strength. Closely related (r = 0.80) is the impact force and the boxer's qualification. So, if for 1 kg of weight of a novice boxer
2.25 kg of impact force is distributed, then the masters of sports already have 4-8.2 kg.
This shows the ability of a qualified boxer to coordinate his efforts, to fully use his physical capabilities within the framework of optimal technique.
Functional asymmetry is expressed in the boxer's inability to perform punching movements with the right and left hand with the same high quality and magnitude of punching force. So the force of impact with the left hand is lower than the right (for the right-hander) by 40%.
It is known from mechanics that the greater the rigidity of the colliding bodies, the higher the magnitude of the impact force. This means that in the kinematic chain of the "arm" it is necessary to create maximum rigidity upon impact, blocking movements in the wrist, elbow and shoulder joints. Movement in this case is carried out due to the mobility of the scapula and some freedom in the shoulder joint.
Upon impact, the kinetic energy of the impact mass is completely converted into the kinetic energy of the impacted body. Energy transfer is improved when the centers of mass of the kinematic links (hands, forearms and upper arms)
at the moment of impact lie on the line of this impact. Angles at the elbow and wrist joints impair the transfer of impact energy.
The nature of the impact may vary depending on the degree of increase in the speed of the impact movement. A rapid increase in this value (significant acceleration) determines such a quality of impact as "sharpness". Therefore, there are two ways to execute strikes: normal and sharp.
A study of the technique of strikes with their tactical implementation showed. that boxers use three types of punches: the first type is characterized by the manifestation of minimal speed or strength. These are reconnaissance, search or blows that reveal the opponent's defense. The second type is characterized by the optimal speed or force of impacts (optimum, according to research, is 70-75% of Fmax and Vmax). Such blows are the main means of attack. The third type is characterized by the maximum manifestation of the speed of impact movement or impact force. Such strikes in combat are used sporadically, in the most advantageous, tactically prepared situations. These blows (both strong at Fmax and fast at Vmax) are usually called "accented" in practice. As a rule, accented blows are sharp at the same time.

The results of the biomechanical analysis of movement during a direct impact showed that:
a) the kinematic characteristics of impacts with settings "for force" and "for speed" are different in their values;
b) regardless of the installation, the body is initially rotated around the vertical axis with the lowering of the BCT (squatting);
c) in the future, a push is made with the leg standing behind from the support and the body is moved forward and the shock movement of the hand towards the target is carried out.


On fig. Figure 1 shows an electromyogram of a direct right punch, typical for a highly qualified boxer. Attention is drawn to the concentration of bioelectrical activity of all muscles immediately before the collision; after that, the activity drops sharply. This indicates that a skilled boxer produces a blow due to the work of previously relaxed muscles; after the blow, he again quickly relaxes them.
Let us consider the mechanism and sequence of the work of the legs during impact, in particular, the order of activation of the right and left calf muscles (Fig. 2).


As you can see, in both cases (with the settings “for strength” and “for speed”), first of all, the right leg is included in the work, which provides a squat (lowering the BCT) and then repels from the support, rotates the body around the vertical axis and advances BCT to the front boundary of the support. The bioelectrical activity of the left gastrocnemius muscle lasts much longer than the right one. This is due to maintaining the boxer's posture while advancing the BCT to the anterior support boundary (the body weight is kept on the left leg). The right calf muscle works in an "explosive" type, providing repulsion from the support. Note that when set to “strength”, the activity (in time) of the right gastrocnemius muscle is higher by 14%; the left one is 26% higher compared to the “fast” setting.
Chronogram of muscle work by links of the body - leg (calf, quadriceps), arm
(deltoid, triceps) allows you to identify their specific coordination relationships (Fig. 3).


As you can see, with both settings, the order of switching on the links of the body when performing a strike
same type. So, the shock movement begins with the inclusion of the right calf muscle in the work. This is due to the beginning of the turn around the vertical axis, the squat and the advancement of the BCT. When set to “force”, there is an earlier (in relation to the moment of impact of the fist with the target) its activation, which is associated with a longer duration of the impact movement. The duration of the bioelectrical activity of the gastrocnemius muscle when set to "strength" is 36% longer than the duration when set to "fast". In the latter case, the work of the calf muscle is rather "explosive" in nature.
The active work of the legs is also ensured by the inclusion of the quadriceps femoris muscle. This contributes to the increase in the speed of movement of the body when turning and moving forward. When hitting with the setting "for strength", the quadriceps muscle is included in the work in the middle of the work of the calf muscle, and when set "for speed" - simultaneously with it. Sequential inclusion of the gastrocnemius and quadriceps muscles sums up the speeds from the underlying link to the overlying one. The duration of the bioelectrical activity of the quadriceps femoris muscle when set to “strength” is 25% longer than the duration when set to “quick”.
Against the background of the active movement of the legs (and, consequently, the body), the hand (fist) moves towards the goal. The beginning of this movement is provided by the anterior bundles of the deltoid muscle. When set to “strength”, the duration of bioelectrical activity is 28% longer than the duration when set to “fast”. In addition, if when set to “strength”, the deltoid muscle works until the moment of impact and even somewhat later, then when set to “speed”, its work ends before the moment of impact. Consequently, here, too, the work of the muscle is clearly explosive.
An integral part of the shock movement is the extension of the arm in the elbow joint. At
this movement creates the final speed and the impact itself is realized. Three-headed work
the muscles in both settings are of the same type, however, when set to “speed”, its duration is 11% less than when set to “strength”.
It is characteristic that before the moment of impact of the fist with the target and even a little further, the bioelectric activity of the quadriceps femoris muscle (right) and gastrocnemius muscle (left) is observed. This indicates the creation and maintenance of a stable position of the body during the execution of a shock movement (rotation around the vertical axis, movement of the BCT, etc.) and at the moment of impact of the fist with the target.
After the blow, the bioelectrical activity of the registered muscles drops, the boxer returns to its original position - the fighting stance, when the muscles are relaxed.
Thus, the cumulative activity of the muscles of the body links in the shock movement is an upward wave of efforts with consistent and expedient inclusion of the muscles. This switching sequence allows you to continuously and smoothly increase the speed of each subsequent link, i.e., the speed of movement increases from the supporting links of the body to the distal ones. This pattern is especially clearly manifested when performing a strike with the setting “for strength”. For a strike “for speed”, the absence of a “wave” is characteristic, but a certain sequence of work of the links of the body (legs - arms) is still preserved. The movement is more fleeting, it immediately creates enough
high speed due to the coordinated work of the muscle groups of the legs. In the future, the speed increases only due to the extension of the arm in the elbow joint. At the same time, the relatively low activity of the leg muscles (calf and quadriceps) should be noted. Since in both variants of shock movements (for strength, for speed) the activity of the muscle groups of the legs is most important, special attention in the training process should be paid to the technique of effective work of the legs and the development of the special physical qualities necessary for this - strength, speed, etc.

Based on the articles by O.P. Topyshev and G.O. Jeroyan in the Boxing Yearbook. - M.: FiS, 1978

1) repulsive leg extension;

2) rotational-translational movement of the body;

3) shock movement of the hand to the target.

The indicated sequence of inclusion of body parts in the impact movement is confirmed by a number of scientific studies of the biodynamic features of impact movements in boxing. In the work of Z. M. Khusyainov (1983) it was established that the force characteristic of an impact on 39% depends on the efforts of the leg muscles, on 37% - from the efforts of the muscles of the body and on 24% - from the efforts of the muscles of the hand. In addition, it was revealed that the weakest link in the performance of a punching movement for young boxers is the legs, their contribution to the power characteristic of the strike is only 16% .
Of great importance for the practice of boxing is the question of the advancing movement of the pelvis in relation to the shoulder girdle. A special study found that the effectiveness of direct punches by highly qualified boxers is largely due to the advancing movement of the pelvis in relation to the shoulder girdle. (at 15-25 degrees), which leads to a preliminary stretching of the muscles of the body. According to the author, the latter contributes to the creation of the necessary conditions for the implementation of the subsequent instantaneous contraction and active inclusion of the muscles of the body in the impact movement. Taking into account the foregoing, we can conclude that the effectiveness of boxing punches depends on the following sequence, the inclusion of body parts in the punching movement:

1) repulsive extension of the leg, which creates an anticipatory movement of the pelvis in relation to the shoulder girdle;

2) rotational-translational movement of the torso, causing the shoulder of the striking arm to move forward;

3) shock movement of the hand to the target.

Thus, the force of a boxer's punch is the result of the summation of the velocities of individual parts of the body - legs, torso and arms. In this case, there is a sequential acceleration of the links of the body from the bottom up, i.e., each subsequent link begins to move when the speed of the previous one reaches its maximum value. Moreover, with the growth of sportsmanship and the level of physical fitness of boxers, the values ​​of the maximum speed of movement of individual parts of the body increase, starting with the leg and ending with the glove of the striking hand. A number of masters single out two main parts in the punching movement of a boxer.

In the first part all parts of the body involved in the impact movement are accelerated; in this regard, they acquire a certain momentum.

In the second part- there is a sequential braking of the links of the body from the bottom up due to the braking actions of the left and right legs.

The revealed mechanism of pre-impact inhibition, according to the author, largely contributes to an increase in the speed of the higher parts of the body, including the fist of the striking hand.
Let us consider the mechanism and the possibility of using the energy of elastic deformation of the muscles involved in striking to increase the maximum speed of the impact movement. The energy of elastic deformation of the muscles involved in the shock movement is formed as a result of their tension and contributes to the emergence of a traction force at the ends of the muscles. The strength and speed of a boxer's punch also largely depend on the preliminary stretching of the muscles, which is created due to the advanced movement of the body's links. An example of such mechanisms in the punching movement of a boxer is the advancing movement of the pelvis in relation to the shoulder girdle, which leads to stretching of the muscles of the body and the muscles of the shoulder flexors of the striking arm. As a result, the potential energy of elastic deformation accumulates in the muscles of the trunk and shoulder girdle. After that, the movement of the hand to the target is ensured by the transition of potential energy into the kinetic energy of the moving link. A similar trend has been established in the shot put. The established mechanism for increasing the speed of body links when striking is compared in the literature with a "wave" or "whip movement".
Therefore, the correct use of the energy of elastic deformation of the muscles of the body and shoulder in the punching movement is an essential and additional factor that increases the final speed and efficiency of the boxing punch. In some studies, it was found that in boxing practice it is advisable to single out athletes with stronger legs or arms into separate groups and differentiate the process of improving their speed-strength training. Thus, having identified the weaknesses in the training of a boxer, it is possible to purposefully influence them and thereby contribute to an increase in the maximum power performance of punches. These methodological approaches, implemented in boxing practice, allow us to conclude that the speed and force of a boxer's punch depend on the successive inclusion of the following elements in the strike movement:

a) repulsive extension of the leg, which creates a mechanism for advancing the movement of the pelvis in relation to the shoulder girdle;

b) rotational-translational movement of the body, which activates the advancing movement of the upper part of the shoulder in relation to the forearm and hand;

c) the movement of the fist towards the goal.

The results of our study serve as an illustration of the foregoing. So, to determine the degree of contribution of the muscles of the legs, trunk and arm to the impact movement in 64 adults (17-27 years old) and 56 young (13-15 years old) athletes, the speed-strength indicators of direct strikes performed with different inclusion of body parts in the impact movement were recorded. movement, as well as indicators reflecting the peculiarities of punching technique formation in boxers of various tactical types and qualifications (Table 1).
It has been established that the punch force of boxers increases in proportion to the inclusion of repulsive leg extension, rotational movement of the torso and extension movement of the arm into the impact movement, regardless of the qualifications and tactical role of the athletes. The most rational technique of punching movements was found in boxers-knockouts and a group of masters of sports, which manifests itself in high rates of maximum punching power. For boxers-knockouts, the maximum power characteristic of a blow is statistically significantly higher than for gamers and tempo-fighters, respectively, by 65.6 KGS And 95.5 KGS(p - error<0,05), а у мастеров спорта по сравнению с кмс и перворазрядниками на 45.6 KGS and in comparison with young boxers (II and III category) by 244.6 KGS(R<0.05). Слабым звеном при выполнении ударного движения у боксеров-юношей являются ноги, их вклад в силовую характеристику удара лишь 16% , What's on 23% less than the masters of sports. Insufficient level of speed-strength qualities of the muscles of the lower extremities negatively affects the formation of a rational technique of shock movement in them. Therefore, in the training process of young boxers, it is advisable to pay increased attention to the improvement of the speed-strength qualities of the leg muscles, as an important factor in increasing the effectiveness of the strike.

Table 1. Indicators of coordination of shock movements

No. p / p	1	2	3	4	5	6
Tactical types of boxers	Tempoviki	gamers	Knockouts	Masters	KMS and I category	II and III junior category
Impact force with full coordination of movements of the legs, torso, arms, KGS	375,5	405,4	471,0	445,7	400,1	201,1
Impact force by turning the torso and arm, KGS	253,3	272,4	289,0	274,3	263,2	167,9
Impact force at impact only with a hand, KGS	96,6	103,1	113,3	107,5	104,0	76,4
Feet contribution, %	33	33	39	39	32	16
Body contribution, %	42	42	37	37	42	46
Contribution of hands, %	25	25	24	24	26	38

At the same time, attention is drawn to the fact that the degree of contribution of the leg muscles to the impact movement among masters of sports and punchers is the largest - 39% , and the lowest - among young boxers - 16% . Moreover, for boxers-players and tempoviks, as well as CMS and I category, leg muscles also turned out to be a weak link, which lag behind the standard in their speed-strength contribution to the impact movement from the standard, respectively. 6 And 7% .

THE DEGREE OF PARTICIPATION OF THE LEGS MUSCLES IN THE IMPACT MOVEMENT

The analysis of boxing practice allowed coaches and specialists to come to the conclusion that the muscles of the athlete's legs play a significant role in increasing the maximum power characteristics of the blow. The dependence of the power characteristic of the blow on the efficiency of the repulsive extension of the leg was experimentally confirmed in the studies of a number of authors.

In particular, they found that the force of the blow of boxers largely depends on the absolute (p< 0,05), взрывной (р<0,01) и стартовой силы (р<0,05) мышц ног, т. е. от их способности быстро развивать и наращивать максимальные усилия. Кроме этого, показатель силы удара спортсмена во многом определяется характеристиками массы и длины ноги (р<0,01). Первое - подтверждает данные об активном участии массы звеньев тела в ударном движении, а также говорит о необходимости существенного развития мышц ног; второе - с позиции механики это объясняется тем, что более длинные рычаги способны развить и большие по величине усилия.
Moreover, the most significant contribution to the force of a boxer's punch is made by the muscles of the legs - up to 39% among masters of sports and boxers-knockouts, and the impact force developed at the same time, respectively, is equal to 445,7 And 471 KGS. At the same time, in young athletes, the degree of participation of the leg muscles in the impact movement is much lower and is only 16% , and the impact force - 201.1 KGS. In CMS and I category boxers, the contribution of the leg muscles is 32% , and the developed impact force at the same time 400.1 KGS. From the above data, a huge reserve is found that young boxers have in terms of improving their speed-strength qualities of leg muscles.

In the future, we faced the question of determining the optimal ratio of the degree of participation of the muscles of the legs, torso and arms in the impact movement. In this regard, various options for the degree of participation of the limbs and torso in the shock movement were considered. It has been established that the optimal contribution of the leg muscles is equal to 42,2 % , and the impact force developed at the same time - 503.8 KGS (Table 2).
At the same time, in all cases when there are boxers with strong leg muscles, they also have an advantage in punching power over athletes with stronger trunk or arm muscles. (Table 2). However, with an increase in the degree of participation of the leg muscles in the impact movement to 47,7% , the developed impact force is somewhat reduced to 435 KGS(R<0,05). В данном случае это связано с тем, что мышцы ног в значительной степени опережают по времени усилия мышц туловища и рук, поэтому происходит существенное искажение техники ударного движения и следствием этого является некоторое уменьшение силы удара.
At the same time, if we consider boxers with a lesser degree of participation of the leg muscles in the punching movement, then we can see that the contribution of the legs to the power characteristic of the punch varies from 22,3 before 26,9% , this allows them to develop an impact force ranging from 292,1 before 401.4 KGS (Table 2). Thus, the optimal range of the degree of participation of the leg muscles in the punching movement of boxers from 39 before 42,2% , at which the muscles of the legs make the greatest contribution to the power characteristic of the blow (Table 2).

Table 2. Contribution of body links to impact motion

	Rational technique (MS and knockouts)	Strong arm muscles	Strong trunk muscles	Strong leg muscles	Strong arm and torso muscles	Strong core and leg muscles	Boys II and III category
Contribution of the hand, %	24,0	38,8	26,4	21,6	33,3	18,7	38,0
Body contribution, %	37,0	34,3	47,9	30,7	44,4	39,1	46,0
Leg contribution, %	39,0	26,9	25,7	47,7	22,3	42,2	16,0
Impact force in full coordination, KGS	445.7 and 471.0	292,1	401,4	435,0	347,7	503,8	201,1

A similar trend can be traced when analyzing the absolute values ​​of the contribution of body links to the power characteristic of the impact (Table 3). So, for example, with rational work of the muscles of the legs and torso, namely, in which the muscles of the torso begin rotational-translational motion at the moment when the efforts of the leg muscles reach their maximum values ​​and therefore the contribution to the impact force of these links increases with 338,7 before 409.6 KGS, while in other cases the increase is much less with 178,8 before 295.1 KGS (Table 3).

Table 3. Absolute values ​​of the contribution of body links to the impact movement

	Rational MS technique	Knockouts	Strong arm muscles	Strong trunk muscles	Strong leg muscles	Strong arm and torso muscles	Strong core and leg muscles
Contribution of the hand, KGS	107,0	113,3	113,3	106,0	94,0	115,8	94,2
Trunk contribution, KGS	166,8	175,7	100,2	192,3	133,5	154,4	197,0
Feet contribution, KGS	171,0	182,0	78,6	103	207	77,5	212
Contribution of the trunk and arm, KGS	273,8	289,1	213,5	298,3	227,5	270,2	291,2
Contribution of the trunk and legs, KGS	338,7	357,7	178,8	295,1	341,0	231,9	409,6

Consider the interaction with the support of the boxer's legs when performing a direct right punch to the head. When striking, the athlete's right leg is included in the shock movement in the form of a repulsive extension from the support, which contributes to acceleration - the rotation of the boxer's pelvis around the vertical axis passing through the left shoulder and left leg. Due to the fact that the athlete's pelvis is rigidly connected to the upper shoulder girdle by means of the spine and chest, this creates the conditions for consistently pushing the shoulder of the striking arm forward.
The final phase of the impact movement is the rotational-extensor movement of the arm towards the target, which is provided by further repulsive extension of the right leg, coinciding in time with the extension in the elbow joint of the striking arm and the rotational-translational movement of the torso.
It should be emphasized that the front left leg in the final phase of the impact movement performs a locking function, which prevents the athlete from falling forward, while the knee joint is straightened and rigidly fixed.
The left foot can be placed on the toe, followed by lowering to the foot. The latter makes it possible to quickly begin its active interaction with the support.

It is interesting to note that the maximum strength of the leg during its extension in the knee joint in athletes is manifested at angles from 105° to 125°,

and the width of the legs at the same time in the frontal direction varies from 15 before 30 cm.

The change in the angle between the frontal axes of the pelvis and shoulders when twisting the body reaches 15-25°. At the same time, the pelvis moves forward, and the field of the upper limbs lags behind.
Considering that the leg muscles make the greatest contribution to the maximum power characteristic of the impact (Table 3), and the fact that many boxers experience great difficulty in lower limb movements, it seems necessary to study this issue in more detail. To do this, in a special experiment, the athletes were asked to perform strikes, while excluding the strong muscles of the lower leg and foot, which were fixed with a special device fixing the knee and ankle joints.

Experimental data given in table 4, gave completely unexpected results that show that the muscles involved in the extension of the hip joint make an incredibly small contribution to the force characteristic of the impact, only from 1 before 5,2% , and in absolute units it corresponds to 3,9 And 20.7 KGS. From the standpoint of biomechanics, this can be explained by the fact that in the impact movement, as mentioned above, a significant role is played by the muscles that provide the mechanism for the advancing movement of the pelvis in relation to the shoulder girdle. Therefore, when the strong muscles of the leg and foot are excluded from the impact movement, athletes experience a significant mismatch in the efforts of the muscles that ensure the translational movement of the body, and the mechanism of advancing movement of the pelvis in relation to the shoulder girdle, as well as large violations in the technique of striking, which in combination led to a significant decrease in the force of impact in boxers of different qualifications and tactical types to 35,1% , and young athletes on 14.2% (Table 4).

Table 4. The contribution of the muscles of the thigh, lower leg and foot to the impact movement

	Masters of Sports	KMS and I category	II and III young. discharge	gamers	Tempoviki	Knockouts
The contribution of the thigh muscles, KGS	20,7	10,3	4,7	3,9	19,4	16,8
Contribution of thigh muscles, %	4,6	2,3	2,3	1,0	5,2	3,6
The contribution of the muscles of the lower leg and foot, KGS	150,7	126,6	28,5	129,1	102,8	165,2
Decrease in impact force with the exclusion of the muscles of the lower leg and foot, %	33,8	30,1	14,2	31,9	27,4	35,1
Impact force with the exclusion of the muscles of the lower leg and foot, KGS, %	295,0	273,5	172,6	276,3	272,7	305,8

From analysis tables 4 it follows that the muscles of the lower leg and foot contribute to the power characteristic of the blow of adult boxers from 102,8 before 165.2 KGS, the same indicator for male athletes is only 28.5 KGS. The obtained results confirm that the muscles of the legs have a greater influence on the effectiveness of the boxer's punches. In this regard, in the training process of boxers, it is necessary to constantly pay great attention to the development of the speed-strength qualities of the leg muscles; for this, exercises with weights and a barbell should be used in the training of athletes.

PARTICIPATION OF THE BODY MUSCLES IN THE IMPACT MOVEMENT

As the analysis of scientific and methodological literature has shown, the rotational-translational movement of the body largely affects the further increase in the final speed of the impact movement, and at the same time increases the effectiveness of the impact. It was previously established that The optimal contribution of the body links to the impact movement has the following relationships:

for leg muscles 42,2% ,

for the muscles of the body 39,1% ,

for arm muscles 18,7% ,

which ensures the power performance of the impact 503.8 KGS (Table 2). At the same time, large values ​​of the contribution of the trunk muscles to the impact movement (47,9%) and less (30,7%) do not provide maximum power impact performance (respectively 401.4 KGS And 435.0 KGS). This fact indicates a violation of the rational technique of shock movements, and this is due to the fact that the muscles of the legs have not yet had time to develop their maximum effort, and the muscles of the body have already been included in the shock movement, i.e. there was a significant mismatch in the motor actions of the muscles of the legs and torso, which ultimately led to a decrease in the impact force.

To increase the effectiveness of a boxer's punch, as already mentioned above, the anticipatory movement of the pelvis in relation to the shoulder girdle is essential, which leads to a preliminary stretching of the muscles of the body and contributes to their active contraction, as well as the inclusion of these muscles in the impact movement. So, for example, in highly qualified boxers, the angle of advancing movement of the pelvis in relation to the shoulder girdle with a direct blow with the right to the head reaches 15- 25 degrees.
Thus, the effectiveness of a boxer's punch is largely determined by the degree of participation of the muscles that provide rotational-translational movements of the body in the punching movement.
The axis of rotation when applying an accentuated direct blow with the right to the head passes through the left leg and left shoulder, which allows you to significantly increase the moment of inertia (four times). Therefore, we can conclude the farther from the axis of rotation the glove of the punching hand is, the higher the efficiency of the boxer's punch will be, however, it should be borne in mind that when striking, the striking hand also performs a protective function, so it should not be taken too far from the chin and left unprotected for a long time.
Experimental studies of close combat also indicate an active and powerful rotation of the body around its axis, which is a determining factor in increasing the effectiveness of strikes. In addition, a significant dependence of the speed of the shoulder and forearm on the speed of rotation of the body was established.

CONTRIBUTION OF THE ARM MUSCLES TO THE PUNCH MOVEMENT

In the scientific and methodological literature, a significant place is given to the study of the contribution of the muscles of the hand to the impact movement. A number of researchers believe that at the moment of impact in the kinematic chain (shoulder, forearm, hand) it is necessary to create maximum rigidity, while blocking movements in the wrist, elbow and shoulder joints. In our earlier study of the degree of contribution of the muscles of the hand, the maximum degree of participation of the muscles of the upper limb was found when applying a direct blow to the boxer (38,8%) . This value corresponds to a similar indicator obtained in studies with young athletes (38%) . At the same time, adult boxers develop greater punching power. (292.1 KGS) than young athletes (201.1 KGS, see Table 2). Insignificant indicators of the maximum punch force in adult boxers are explained by significant violations in the technique of striking, namely, significant errors in the coordination of the movements of the limbs and the body, as well as a large tilt (blockage) of the body forward leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of the strike by almost two times. Comparing these indicators with similar ones registered among masters of sports and knockouts, the contribution of the arm muscles in which 24% , it should be noted that the significantly greater maximum force developed in impact 445,7 And 471.0 KGS. However, the most effective degree of participation of the muscles of the hands in the impact movement is 18,7% , while the contribution of the muscles of the body should be 39,1% , and leg muscles - 42,2% , then the maximum power characteristic of the impact reaches 503.8 KGS.
At the same time, other values ​​of the degree of participation of the muscles of the hands in the impact movement (Table 2) do not lead to an increase in impact efficiency. For example, when contributing to the shock movement of the muscles of the hand 26,4% , and the torso 47,9% developed impact force - 401.4 KGS, while at a different ratio of the degree of participation of the arm muscles 33,3% and torso 44,4% developed impact force is only 347.7 KGS.

Thus, the optimal range of the degree of participation of the arm muscles in the impact movement was determined, which is in the range from 18,7 before 24% . Within the established limits, the contribution of the muscles of the hand to the power characteristic of the blow is most effective and contributes to the achievement of the maximum magnitude of the blow, i.e., it allows you to develop force when striking from 445,7 before 503.5 KGS.
One of the main phases of the shock movement is the extensor movement of the arm. The extensor movement in the elbow joint contributes to a significant increase in the speed of the blow and, depending on the skill of the boxer, lasts from 0,165 before 0.210 sec. In addition, the power of a boxer's punch is proportional to the speed of the hand at the moment of impact. At the same time, it has been established that the average speed of the fist upon impact among masters of sports is 4-5 m/s, and by the moment of impact the maximum speed of the hand reaches 8-10 m/s. In addition, a number of practitioners note that an increase in the force of impact is achieved due to the explosive movement of the muscles of the arm. This is confirmed by the results of studies, which indicate that the power of a boxer's punch largely depends on such abilities of the muscles of the hands as quickly building up effort at the initial moment of movement and developing maximum effort (p<0,05 и р< 0,01), а также от средней скорости разгибательного движения мышц руки (р< 0,05). Кроме этого, авторами установлено, что масса и длина руки тесно связаны с силой удара (р <0,01 и р<0,05), эти данные указывают на зависимость величины удара от массы мышечных групп и длины рычагов, активно включающихся в ударное движение.
It is necessary to recall some of the nuances of the rational technique of shock movement. At the moment the fist touches the target, the forearm of the striking hand must be perpendicular to the point of impact. During the delivery of a direct right blow to the head, the left hand should quickly take up position at the chin, thereby providing its protection. Along with protection, the quick return of the left hand to the chin creates conditions for increasing the speed of rotation of the shoulder girdle, as well as increasing the effectiveness of the strike.

DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF THE DEGREE OF CONTRIBUTION OF BODY LINK MUSCLES TO THE IMPACT MOVEMENT

Taking into account a series of studies, it seems possible to divide athletes into two groups:

1st - boxers with strong arm muscles and relatively weak leg muscles;

2nd - boxers with strong leg muscles and weak arm muscles.

Recall that the rational ratio of the degree of participation of the muscles of the leg, torso and arm in the impact movement of boxers, masters of sports and punchers is as follows:

39% effort falls on the muscles of the leg,

37% - on the muscles of the body,

24% - on the muscles of the arm,

the impact force developed in this case is equal to 445,7 And 471.0 KGS.

However, in this study, it was found that in order to increase the power of a boxer's punch to 503.8 KGS the following contribution of muscles to the impact movement is expedient:

legs 42,2% ,

torso 39,1% ,

arms 18,7% .

The revealed combinations of the degree of participation of the muscles of various parts of the body in the impact movement were studied by us in relation to the effectiveness of the impact, which is a criterion in determining the rationality of the technique of the impact movement of boxers. Research results (Table 5) testify that the most effective variant of the punching technique is inherent in boxers who use mainly the muscles of the legs and torso when striking, while showing a punch force equal to 503.8 KGS. At the same time, those boxers who mainly use the muscles of the trunk and arms in the punching movement are able to develop an effort of only 347.7 KGS, which is significantly lower by 156.1 KGS(R<0,01) вышеописанного варианта техники прямого удара.

Table 5. Variants of the degree of participation of body links in the impact movement

Summarizing the above, we can conclude that the ability of the muscles of the legs and body to correctly coordinate in time the sequence of their efforts in the impact movement to a large extent ensures an increase in the maximum impact force.
In order to study the dependence of the power characteristic of the impact on specific phases of the impact movement, a partial correlation coefficient was calculated and the highest correlation between the resulting impact characteristic and the force value of the contribution of the muscles was established. "leg - torso" among masters of sports (h=0.916; p<0,01). Данный факт говорит о том, что отталкивающее разгибание ноги вместе с вращательно-поступательным движением туловища являются наиболее важными фазами ударного движения, обеспечивающими высокую эффективность удара. Подтверждением сказанного является и рассчитанный коэффициент детерминации, который показывает процентное влияние этих фаз 83,9% on the resultant force of the boxer's punch.

Thus, an essential role in the acceleration of the arm ("impact mass") to the target is played by the previous phases, namely the repulsive extension of the leg and the rotational-translational movement of the body. Therefore, in the educational and training process, it is necessary to constantly pay attention to the improvement of these phases of the shock movement. Along with this, comparing the mechanism of the shock movement of masters of sports with candidates for a master of sports and I dischargers, it can be concluded that for the former, the acceleration of the arm (“impact mass”) is a kind of wave of effort, successively transmitted from the legs to the body and arm. In the latter, this sequential chain of force transmission is broken due to insufficiently pronounced anticipatory movement of the pelvis in relation to the shoulder girdle. This is expressed in the premature transfer of efforts from the legs to the arm and the violation of the rational sequence of including the muscles of the legs, torso and arms in the impact movement.

Taking into account the above provisions, it is advisable to select the means and methods of power and speed-strength training of boxers, taking into account the technique of performing shock movements.
From the well-known formula, it can be established that the radius of rotation (r), i.e. the distance of the impact mass from the axis of rotation is the indicator that is a reserve in increasing the efficiency of the boxer's strike.
However, it should be noted that the width of the shoulders is the same constant value, but at the same time, the distance of the shock part of the glove from the axis of rotation can change most significantly, and this is a very significant reserve for increasing the effectiveness of the strike. At the same time, the distance of the impact part of the glove can be increased by moving the axis of rotation from one leg to another and which can pass both through the left leg and left shoulder, through the middle of the body (along the line of the spinal column) and, in addition, through the right leg and right shoulder (small, medium and large radii of rotation). In this regard, when delivering an accented blow, the boxer's vertical axis of rotation should be in the maximum possible extreme position. So, when performing a direct blow with the right to the head, the vertical axis should pass through the left shoulder and left leg, and when applying a side strike with the left to the head, the vertical axis should pass through the right leg and right shoulder. In view of the foregoing, a detailed description of the technique for performing accented strikes seems necessary. In this regard, the analysis of scientific and methodological literature and biomechanical studies showed that the majority of coaches and boxing experts came to a consensus regarding the technique of delivering accented punches.

DIRECT RIGHT HEAD TECHNIQUE

An accentuated blow with a straight right to the head begins with an explosive repulsive extension of the leg from the support, imparting forward movement to the boxer's body and facilitating the transfer of body weight from the right leg to the left. The active push of the rear leg creates an anticipatory movement of the pelvis (relative to the upper shoulder girdle), which activates the mechanism of stretching the back muscles. After that, a powerful rotational movement of the body from right to left follows, which ends with the transfer of body weight from the right leg to the left, while the vertical axis of rotation must necessarily pass through the left leg and left shoulder. This phase of the shock movement ends with the forward shoulder of the striking arm, which at this time is ahead of the forearm and hand. The final phase of the impact movement is an explosive extensor movement of the arm towards the target and complete fixation of the joints of the upper limb by the strongest compression of the hand immediately before touching the target with the glove.

LATERAL LEFT HEAD TECHNIQUE

An accentuated side left kick to the head, as a rule, is performed in a counterattack after defending with a bias to the left at medium and close distances. At the same time, the protection with a slope to the left performs the function of a swing, while the boxer's torso rotates from right to left and the weight of the body is transferred to the left leg, which is slightly bent at the knee.

After that, the left leg actively unbends and brings forward the left side of the pelvis, thereby creating an anticipatory movement of the pelvis in relation to the shoulder girdle.

Next, a powerful rotational-translational movement of the body is performed, followed by the transfer of body weight from the left leg to the right in order to increase the radius of rotation. In this case, the vertical axis of rotation passes through the right leg and right shoulder. Particular attention should be paid when applying this blow to the position of the hand. The side left to the head is applied with a bent arm, the arm is parallel to the floor and bent at the elbow joint at least 90 °, the fist is turned with the fingers towards itself (inward) during the blow. The fist moves towards the target along a large radius of rotation. At the moment of touching the target, the hand is compressed as much as possible and all the joints of the hand are blocked.

Summarizing the results studies and scientific and methodological publications outlined in the previous sections, it should be further noted that the effectiveness of a boxing strike, according to specialists, largely depends on the following main factors:

1. Repulsive leg extension on 39% , rotational-translational movement of the body on 37% and extensor movement of the arm 24% .

2. The level of development of speed-strength abilities of the muscles of the legs, torso and arms.

3. Pre-impact braking of body links, during which sequential braking occurs from the proximal links (leg) to the distal ones (arm), i.e. starting with the foot and ending with the fist of the striking hand.

4. The axis of rotation, which, when delivering an accented blow with the right hand, must pass through the left leg and left shoulder (when delivering an accented blow with the left hand, the axis of rotation must pass through the right shoulder and right foot).

5. The ability of the leg muscles to quickly develop maximum efforts at the initial moment of movement (explosive and starting strength).

6. Leading movement of the pelvis in relation to the upper shoulder girdle, which leads to stretching of the muscles of the body and muscles of the shoulder of the striking arm, thereby accumulating the potential energy of elastic deformation.

7. Starting and explosive strength of the arm muscles, i.e. from the ability to show great effort at the beginning of the movement.

8. The maximum speed of the hand at the moment of impact (8-10 m/s).

9. Rigidity in the kinematic chain (hand), blocking movements in the wrist, elbow and shoulder joints, which is achieved by squeezing the hand as hard as possible.

10. The position of the forearm during impact to the point of impact, which must be perpendicular to the target.

List of authors whose works were used in writing the article:

3. M. Khusyainov, 1983; K. V. Gradopolov, 1951, 1965; B. S. Denisov, 1950; G. O. Dzheroyan, 1955; B. I. Butenko, 1962; V. M. Klevenko, 1963; E. I. Ogurenkov, 1966; I. P. Degtyarev, 1979; V. M. Romanov, 1979; G. O. Dzheroyan, 1953, 1955; I. N. Knipst, 1958; S. P. Narikashvili, 1962; O. P. Topyshev, 1974; F. A. Leibovich, V. I. Filimonov, 1979; V. M. Klevenko, 1968; V. G. Polyakov, 1987; K. Bartonietz, 1974, 1975; V. K. Kisis, M. S. Shakirzyanov, 1974, 1976; L. V. Chkheidze, 1964, 1974; V. M. Zatsiorsky, 1981; Ya. E. Lanka, A. A. Shalmanov, 1982; V. N. Tutevich, 1969; Garakyan, 1988; K. V. Gradopolov, 1951, 1965; V. M. Romanov, 1979; O. N. Ryzhevsky, 1983; L. M. Raitsin, 1972; S. Plagenchoef 1971; O. A. Kuliev 1978, 1982; V. Gavrilov, 1978; A.F. Zasukhin, 1983.

Regarding the participation of various parts of the body of athletes in impact actions, the opinions of specialists are very often ambiguous. Some researchers believe that the whole body is involved in the performance of strong blows and the blow, in general, depends on the mass and speed of the body's movement, others argue that the impact mass depends on the weight of the hand and is approximately 4.5 kg. D2D. In textbooks on boxing, the effectiveness of punches is associated with the features of the manifestation of kinetic energy: E=(mv)2\2 according to the formula of this energy, the power of punches is associated with the manifestation of the speed capabilities of boxers, quadratically increasing the force of punches with an increase in their speed. At the same time, there is a feature that should be noted that the formula gives the speed of uniform motion, and impact interactions involve actions performed with acceleration, which, ultimately, does not detract from the regularity identified by the formula, but gives it more importance.

Thus, the speed of punching movements is an essential component of the effectiveness of knockout punches, and it is the speed of punches that needs to be worked on by those who want to increase the effectiveness of punching movements. In other types of martial arts, where there are weight restrictions and the mass of athletes is approximately the same, an increase in the effectiveness of combat operations is possible only by increasing the speed and based on their features of the above formula.

It is important to note the role that the length of the lever of the hand involved in the blow plays and an increase in this lever leads to an increase in the power of the blow, and this applies both to blows performed according to the “poke” variant (direct blows in boxing) and to blows of the “hook” type. (side and bottom punches in boxing). The backhand strikes performed in kickboxing and Muay Thai can only be enhanced by pivoting and incorporating the "rotational mass" of the movement into them. The magnitude of impacts is also affected by the value of the "attached mass", which varies depending on the type of impacts: ballistic or non-ballistic types of P8P impacts.

Considering the biodynamic features of the performance of impact actions, the following order of the parts of the body involved in the impact should be noted:
1. The push of the foot and the transfer of body weight to the front standing leg;
2. Rotation of the hip joint;
3. Rotational-translational movement of the body;
4. Impact movement of the hand; 5. Rotational movement of the brush.

Thus, the impact force is the result of the summation of the velocities of the individual links of the body during the successive acceleration of the links of the body from the bottom up, with each subsequent link starting to move when the speed of the previous one reaches its maximum. Specialists in percussion martial arts compare this movement with the movement of a wave or a blow of a whip. Such a movement is typical for qualified athletes; for unskilled athletes, the simultaneous inclusion of all muscles in the work is noted.

In the impact movement, scientists have identified two main parts: in the first, all parts of the body involved in the impact movement are accelerated; in the second - there is a sequential braking of the links of the body from the bottom up due to the braking actions of the left and right legs. Such a mechanism of movement contributes to an increase in the speed of the overlying parts of the body correlates with the ballistic nature of the movement P4P.

The efficiency of ballistic movements is explained by the fact that the kinetic energy accumulated in the initial phase (the source of which is muscle contraction) is used appropriately, and the additional efforts of the muscles fixing the joints are minimized.

There is another type of impact, which is called non-ballistic and in practice is referred to as "push", and sometimes called "tense" or "fixed". High-speed strikes performed according to the mechanism of ballistic movements are characterized by a sharp ejection of the arm at the initial stage of the movement, and in the final phase of the strike, there is a decrease in speed compared to the initial one. Non-ballistic (speed-power) strikes are characterized by a uniformly accelerated movement of the hand throughout the entire trajectory of movement. Such strikes are characterized by the successive activation of muscle groups, which ensure the execution of a strike movement with an increase in the speed of movement of the hand until it hits the target.

According to boxing experts P5P in non-ballistic punches of boxers, the antagonist muscles involved in controlling the speed and accuracy of movements are somewhat tense. In ballistic strikes, the accuracy is less, since it is associated with a high initial speed and relaxation of the antagonist muscles compared to non-ballistic ones.

As practice shows, ballistic strikes are used mainly as direct punches at long and medium distances, non-ballistic ones are more suitable at medium and close distances in the form of hooks to the body and head. We agree with the opinion of D.D. Donskoy, that when struck by a hand, the kinematic chain forms a kind of percussion lever, which can be of greater or lesser length. Naturally, a long lever has a greater impact point speed than a short one, if there is time and there is no need to mask the true intentions of the impact action.

Strikes performed with a large swing allow you to develop greater speed by the end of the movement, but they are tactically disadvantageous P9P. When performing basic (knockout) strikes in martial arts, the dynamic task is reduced to the maximum transfer of the kinetic energy of the movement of the final link (striker) to the struck object (opponent) and , in accordance with the laws of mechanics, this can be achieved either by increasing the speed of the impactor, or by increasing its mass, which again follows from the above formula for kinetic energy.

However, as indicated by?4p, the speed of movement of the considered kinematic chain is determined mainly by the speed of contraction of the main muscle groups involved in the shock movement and has known limits, and therefore it remains only to increase the mass of the link at the moment of its contact with the target, combining this with the successive fixation of the joints of the limb and its transformation from a soft kinematic chain into a rigid lever, which makes it possible to connect the mass of the proximal chain links to the mass of the final link at the moment of impact. The consequence of this is the pre-impact braking of the striking segment at the moment of its contact with the target.

It should be noted that strikes in sports are an incomparably more complex phenomenon than the impact of solid bodies or mechanical systems. The human body plus the projectile (glove) is more correctly considered as an open system with an open energy input, and therefore the Newtonian theory will not be enough to understand this phenomenon, it will be necessary to introduce the energy characteristics of the impact action. At the same time, it is important to understand that the mass of the striking link cannot be accurately determined, since it is associated with the body and the mass of the impactor (hand + forearm, hand + forearm and part of the shoulder) can also be different.

Thus, the effectiveness of sports strikes depends on several factors: the rigidity of the striker, the magnitude of the added mass, and most importantly, the work of forces on the path of the joint movement of bodies during the contact time. The strength and speed of the strike largely depend on the preliminary stretching of the muscles (recuperation), which is created due to the advancing movement of the D7D body links. An example of such a mechanism in a shock movement is the advancing movement of the pelvis in relation to the shoulder girdle, which contributes to the stretching of the muscles of the body and the muscles of the shoulder flexors of the shock arm. As a result, the potential energy of elastic deformation accumulates in the muscles of the trunk and shoulder girdle, and then, when the arm moves, the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy, ensuring the effectiveness of the blow.

Therefore, the correct use of the energy of elastic deformation of the muscles of the body and shoulder in the impact movement is a significant additional factor that increases the speed and effectiveness of the impact. In this connection, there is a real need to develop and strengthen, with the help of special exercises, the muscles of the arms and legs, to differentiate the process of their preparation for impact actions.

It should be noted that high-speed ballistic strikes with the right hand from a long distance are distinguished by the non-stop increasing speed of the fist until it touches the target. Similar strikes in the middle distance can be performed with simultaneous tension of both the main muscles and the antagonist muscles, which ensures their greater accuracy and strength, as well as the possibility of some correction of movement along it.

Boxing studies have established D8D that the quality of a boxer's punch is significantly affected by the degree of development of strength and speed of the upper limbs, as well as their ability to quickly build up efforts in the initial stage of the punching movement. In addition, a significant factor in increasing the strength of the blow is the ability of the muscles to achieve maximum effort in the minimum time.

A significant dependence of the magnitude of the impact on the length of the body, as well as the length of the links of the legs and arms, is revealed, which is explained by the doctrine of Archimedes about levers and points of their application. It has been established that the shorter the distance of the blow, the closer one should keep the hand at the right shoulder and the blow should start from the shoulder, the farther the distance of the blow, the closer the right hand should be located to the middle line of the body (chin) and in this case the maximum speed of the blow is achieved in due to a significant rotation of the shoulder girdle.

It has been determined that with direct blows with the right hand and side blows with the left, when set to fight at a high pace, it is preferable that the position of the fighter is when the axis of rotation of the body passes along the spinal column. In strikes with an emphasis on strength, a larger radius of rotation is needed and therefore the axis of rotation passes through the left shoulder and left leg with a direct blow with the right and through the right shoulder and right leg with a lateral left leg, while the legs are more widely spaced.

In conclusion, we consider it necessary to note that the reason for a possible deviation in the technique of performing blows, along with training errors, may be an insufficient level of general and special preparedness of an athlete. The lag in the development of individual muscle groups can lead to imperfection of the motor structure, to the inability to fully use the strong link of the motor apparatus in a holistic shock movement.

Literature:

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