The scallop muscle (m. pectineus) flexes and adducts the thigh, rotating it outward. A flat muscle of a quadrangular shape, begins on the crest and upper branch of the pubic bone, and is attached to the medial lip of the rough line of the femur below the lesser trochanter.

A thin muscle (m. gracilis) leads the thigh and takes part in the flexion of the lower leg, turning the leg inward. A long flat muscle is located directly under the skin. The point of its beginning is on the lower branch of the pubic bone, and the place of attachment is on the tuberosity of the tibia. The tendon of the fine muscle fuses with the tendons of the sartorius and semitendinosus muscles and the fascia of the lower leg, forming a superficial crow's foot. The so-called goose bag (bursa anserina) is also located here.

Muscles of the pelvis and thigh (side view):

1 - the latissimus dorsi muscle;
2 - external oblique muscle of the abdomen;
3 - gluteus medius;
4 - gluteus maximus;
5 - tailor muscle;
6 - muscle stretching fascia lata hips;
7 - iliac-tibial tract;
8 - the longest rectus femoris muscle;
9 - biceps thighs: a) long head, b) short head;
10 - lateral broad muscle hips;
11 - calf muscle

Long adductor muscle (m.
adductor longus) leads the thigh, takes part in its flexion and outward rotation. This is a flat muscle that has the shape of an irregular triangle and is located on the anteromedial surface of the thigh. It starts from the upper branch of the pubic bone and is attached to the middle third of the medial lip of the rough line of the femur.

The short adductor muscle (m. adductor brevis) leads the thigh, takes part in its flexion and outward rotation. This is a triangular muscle that begins on the anterior surface of the inferior branch of the pubic bone, lateral to the fine muscle, and is attached to the upper third of the medial lip of the rough line of the femur.

The large adductor muscle (m. adductor magnus) leads the thigh, partly rotating it outward. Thick, wide, the most powerful muscle of this group, located deeper than the rest of the adductor muscles. Its starting point is located on the ischial tuberosity, as well as on the branch of the ischium and the lower branch of the pubic bone. The attachment point is located on the medial lip of the rough line and the medial epicondyle of the femur.
In the muscle bundles, several holes are formed that allow blood vessels to pass through. The largest of them is called the tendon hole (hiatus tendineus). A fascial plate is located above it, and a triangular-shaped space is formed between it and the muscle, called the adductor canal (canalis adductorius). The femoral vein, artery and hidden nerve of the lower limb pass through it.

Femur (femur).

A - front surface; B-back surface; B-patella.

A: 1-large skewer;

2-trochanteric fossa;

3-head of the femur;

4-neck of the femur;

5-intertrochanteric line;

6-small skewer;

7-body of the femur;

8-medial epimuscular lok;

9-medial condyle;

10-patellar surface;

11-lateral condyle;

12-lateral epicondyle.

B: 1-lmka of the femoral head;

2-head of the femur;

3-neck of the femur;

4-large skewer;

5-gluteal tuberosity;

6-lateral lip of rough line;

7-body of the femur;

8-popliteal surface;

9-lateral epicondyle;

10-lateral condyle;

11-intermuscular fossa;

12-medial condyle;

13-medial epicondyle;

14-adductor tubercle;

15-medial lip rough line;

16-comb line; 17-small skewer;

18-intertrochanteric crest.

AT; 1-base of the patella;

2-front surface.

3-apex of the patella.

The femur, femur, is the largest and thickest of all long bones. Like all such bones, it is a long lever of movement and has a diaphysis, metaphyses, epiphyses and apophyses, according to its development. The upper (proximal) end of the femur bears a round articular head, caput femoris (epiphysis), somewhat downward from the middle on the head there is a small rough fossa, fovea captits femoris, - the place of attachment of the ligament of the femoral head. The head is connected to the rest of the bone through the neck, collum femoris, which stands at an obtuse angle to the axis of the body of the femur (about 114-153 °); in women, depending on the greater width of their pelvis, this angle approaches a straight line. At the point of transition of the neck into the body of the femur, two bone tubercles, called skewers (apophyses), protrude. The greater trochanter, trochanter major, represents the upper end of the body of the femur. On its medial surface, facing the neck, there is a fossa, fossa trochanterica.

The small trochanter, trochanter minor, is located at the lower edge of the neck on the medial side and somewhat posteriorly. Both skewers are connected to each other on the back of the femur by an obliquely running crest, crista intertrochanterica, and on the front surface - linea intertrochanterica. All these formations - skewers, crest, line and fossa are due to the attachment of muscles.

The body of the femur is somewhat arched anteriorly and has a triangular-rounded shape; on its back side there is a trace of attachment of the muscles of the thigh, linea aspera (rough), consisting of two lips - lateral, labium laterale, and medial, labium mediale. Both lips in their proximal part have traces of attachment of the corresponding muscles, the lateral lip is tuberositas glutea, the medial one is linea pectinea. At the bottom of the lips, diverging from each other, limit ^ on the back of the thigh a smooth triangular area, facies poplitea.

The lower (distal) thickened end of the femur forms two rounded condyles that wrap back, condylus medialis and condylus lateralis (epiphysis), of which the medial protrudes more downward than the lateral. However, despite such an inequality in the size of both condyles, the latter are located at the same level, since in its natural position the femur is oblique, and its lower end is closer to the midline than the upper one. From the front side, the articular surfaces of the condyles pass into each other, forming a slight concavity in the sagittal direction, facies patellaris, since patella adjoins it with its back side when it is extended at the knee joint. On the posterior and inferior sides, the condyles are separated by a deep intercondylar fossa, fossa intercondylar. On the side of each condyle above its articular surface is a rough tubercle called epicondylus medialis in the medial condyle and epicondylus lateralis in the lateral.

Ossification. On x-rays of the proximal end of the femur of a newborn, only the diaphysis of the femur is visible, since the epiphysis, metaphysis and apophyses (trochanter major et minor) are still in the cartilaginous phase of development.

The X-ray picture of further changes is determined by the appearance of an ossification point in the femoral head (pineal gland) at the 1st year, in the greater trochanter (apophysis) at the 3-4th year and in the lesser trochanter at the 9-14th year. The fusion goes in the reverse order at the age of 17 to 19 years.

Internal muscles of the pelvis

Iliac- psoas ( m.iliopsoas) consists of two muscles: a large lumbar and iliac, which connect and form a common iliopsoas muscle, which goes to the thigh through a muscle gap, passing under the inguinal ligament. Starting point: psoas major - from the 12th thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae; iliac muscle- from the iliac fossa. Attachment point: lesser trochanter of the femur. Function: bending in hip joint, rotation of the thigh outward; with a fixed lower limb, tilts the pelvis and torso forward.

piriformis muscle(m.piriformis). Starting point: from the anterior surface of the sacrum, passes through the large sciatic foramen. Insertion point: greater trochanter of the femur. Function: outward rotation of the thigh.

obturator internus muscle(m. obturatorius internus). Starting point: edges of the obturator foramen and inner surface locking membrane. Insertion point: emerges through the greater ischial foramen from the pelvis and inserts on the greater trochanter of the femur. Functions: rotation of the thigh outward.

External muscles of the pelvis

Gluteus maximus muscle(m. gluteus maximus). Starting point: outer surface of the ilium, sacrum and coccyx. Attachment point: gluteal tuberosity of the femur. Function: extension of the hip, simultaneously rotates it outward, abducts the hip, fixes the pelvis and torso.

Gluteus medius(m. gluteus medius). Starting point: from the ilium. Insertion point: greater trochanter of the femur. Function: abduction of the thigh, the anterior bundles rotate it inward, and the posterior bundles outward.

Gluteus minimus(m. gluteus minimus). Starting point: from the ilium. Attachment point: from the greater trochanter of the femur. Function: hip abduction, the anterior muscle bundles rotate inward, and the posterior ones outward.

Square muscle hips(m.guadratus femoris). Starting point: from the ischial tuberosity. Attachment point: to the intertrochanteric crest of the femur. Function: rotates the thigh outward.

Superior and inferior twin muscles(m. gemellus superior, m. gemeiius inferior). Starting point: ischial spine, ischial tuberosity. Insertion point: greater trochanter of the femur. Functions: rotates the thigh outward.

Obturator externus muscle(m.obturatorius externus). Starting point: from the outer surface of the obturator membrane, the edges of the obturator foramen. Insertion point: greater trochanter of the femur. Function: rotates the thigh outward.

Tensor fascia lata(m.tensor fascial latae). Starting point: from the anterior superior iliac spine. Attachment point: to the lateral condyle of the tibia. Function: tenses the wide fascia of the thigh, flexes the thigh.

thigh muscles

In connection with upright posture in humans, the thigh muscles perform dynamic and static functions.

1. Free lower limb, pars libera membri inferioris.
2. Femur femur (osfemoris). - Rice. A, B.
3. The head of the femur, wf femoris. Rice. A, B.
4. Fossa of the femoral head, fovea capitis femoris. Recess for attaching the ligament of the head. Rice. A, B.
5. The neck of the femur, collum femoris. It is located between the head and the greater trochanter. Rice. A, B.
6. Greater trochanter, trochanter major. It is located on the upper lateral side of the bone. Place of attachment of the middle and small gluteal, piriformis, obturator and gemini muscles. Rice. A, B.
7. Trochanteric fossa, fossa trochanterica. Located from inside base of the greater trochanter. Rice. A, B.
8. Lesser trochanter, trochanter minor. Located at the lower edge of the neck, medially and posteriorly. Place of attachment of the lumboiliac muscle. Rice. A, B.
9. [Third skewer, trochanter tertius]. Located at the lateral lip of the rough line at the level of the lesser trochanter. The place of attachment of part of the fibers is large gluteal muscle. Occurs inconsistently. Rice. B.
10. Intertrochanteric line, linea intertrochanterica. Connects the skewers in front. Rice. A. 10a Square tubercle, tuberculum quadraturn. It is located on the interspinal ridge. Rice. B.
11. Intersectoral crest, Crista intertrochanterica. Connects the skewers at the back. Rice. B.
12. The body of the femur, corpus ifssis femoris. Rice. A, B.
13. Rough line, linea aspera. It is located on the back of the femur and consists of two lips. Place of attachment tt. vastus lateralis et medialis, adductor longus, brevis et magnus, as well as the short head of the biceps femoris. Rice. B.
14. Lateral lip, labium laterale. Rice. B.
15. Medial lip, labium mediate. Rice. B.
16. Comb line, linea pectinea. A ridge extending from the lesser trochanter down almost to the rough line. Place of attachment of the muscle of the same name. Rice. B.
17. Gluteal tuberosity, tuberositas glutealis. Continuation of the rough line upward and laterally. Rice. B.
18. Interma is a silk fossa, fossa intercondylaris. Located between the condyles on the back of the bone. Rice. B.
19. Intercondylar line, linea intercondylaris. Connects the bases of the condyles behind. Rice. B.
20. Popliteal surface, fades poplitea. It is located on the posterior surface of the femur between the supracondylar lines and linea intercondylar. Rice. B. 20a Medial supracondylar line, linea supracondylars medialis. Continuation of the medial lip of the rough line to the condylus medialis. Rice. B. 206 Lateral supracondylar line, linea supracondylars lateralis. Continuation of the lateral lip of the rough line to the condylus lateralis. Rice. B.
21. Medial condyle, condylus medialis. Rice. A, B.
22. Medial epicondyle, epicondylus medialis. Elevation on the medial condyle. Rice. A, B.
23. Adductor tubercle, tuberculum adductorium. Located above the medial epicondyle. Place of attachment of the adductor magnus muscle. Rice. A, B.
24. Lateral condyle, condylus lateralis. Rice. A, B.
25. Lateral epicondyle, epicondylus lateralis. Elevation on the lateral condyle. Rice. A, B. 25a Popliteal sulcus, sulcus popliteus. Passes between the lateral condyle and epicondyle. Rice. B.
26. Patellar surface, fades patellaris. Designed to articulate with the patella. Rice. BUT.
27. Tibia, tibia. Rice. V, G.
28. Upper articular surface, facies articularis superior. Rice. V, G.
29. Medial condyle, condylus medialis. Extension at the proximal end of the tibia. Rice. V, G.
30. Lateral condyle, condylus lateralis. Extension at the proximal end of the tibia. Rice. V, G.
31. Peroneal articular surface, facies articularis fibularis. It is located on the posterolateral side of the lateral condyle. Designed for articulation with the head of the fibula. Rice. V, G.
32. Anterior intercondylar field, area intercondylaris anterior. Fossa between the articular surfaces of the tibia in front of the intercondylar eminence. Rice. V, G.
33. Posterior intercondylar field, area intercondylaris posterior. Fossa between the articular surfaces of the tibia posterior to the intercondylar eminence. Rice. G.
34. Intercondylar eminence, eminentia intercondylaris. It is located between the articular surfaces. Place of attachment of the cruciate ligaments and menisci. Rice. V, G.
35. Medial intercondylar tubercle, tuberculum intercondylar mediate. It is located along the edge of the medial articular surface near the intercondylar eminence. Rice. V, G.
36. Lateral intermuscular tubercle, tuberculum intercondylar la.

rice. 179 Femur, os femoris, right; back view.

Femur, os femoris (Fig.,,,; see Fig.;), the longest and thickest of all the long bones of the human skeleton. It distinguishes body and two epiphysis- proximal and distal.

Body of the femur, corpus ossis femoris, cylindrical in shape, somewhat twisted along the axis and curved anteriorly. The anterior surface of the body is smooth. On the back surface rough line, linea aspera, which is the place of both the beginning and attachment of muscles. It is divided into two parts: lateral and medial lips. Lateral lip, labium laterale, in the lower third of the bone deviates to the side, heading towards lateral condyle, condylus lateralis, and in the upper third goes into gluteal tuberosity, tuberositas glutea, the upper section of which protrudes somewhat and is called third trochanter, trochanter tertius(see fig.). Medial lip, labium mediale, in the lower third of the thigh deviates to the side medial condyle, condylus medialis, limiting here together with the lateral lip of a triangular shape popliteal surface, facies poplitea. This surface is limited along the edges by vertically running unsharply pronounced medial supracondylar line, linea supracondylaris medialis, and lateral supracondylar line, linea supracondylaris lateralis. The latter, as it were, are a continuation of the distal sections of the medial and lateral lips and reach the corresponding epicondyles. In the upper section, the medial lip continues into comb line, linea pectinea. Approximately in the middle section of the body of the femur, on the side of the rough line, is nutrient hole, foramen nutricium, is the entrance to the proximally directed nutrient canal, canalis nutricius.

Upper, proximal, epiphysis of the femur, epiphysis proximalis femoris, on the border with the body has two rough processes - large and small skewers. Greater spit, trochanter major, directed up and back; it occupies the lateral part of the proximal epiphysis of the bone. Its outer surface is well felt through the skin, and on the inner surface is trochanteric fossa, fossa trochanterica. On the anterior surface of the femur from the top of the greater trochanter down and medially directed intertrochanteric line, linea intertrochanterica, passing into the comb line. On the posterior surface of the proximal epiphysis of the femur in the same direction passes intertrochanteric crest, crista intertrochanterica, which ends at lesser trochanter, trochanter minor located on the posteromedial surface of the upper end of the bone. The rest of the proximal epiphysis of the bone is directed upward and medially and is called femoral neck, collum ossis femoris, which ends in a spherical shape head, caput ossis femoris. The femoral neck is somewhat compressed in the frontal plane. With the long axis of the thigh, it forms an angle that in women approaches a straight line, and in men it is more obtuse. On the surface of the femoral head there is a small rough fossa of the femoral head, fovea capitis ossis femoris(trace of attachment of the ligament of the femoral head).

Lower, distal, epiphysis of the femur, epiphysis distalis femoris, thickened and expanded in the transverse direction and ends with two condyles: medial, condylus medialis, and lateral, condylus lateralis. The medial femoral condyle is larger than the lateral one. On the outer surface of the lateral condyle and the inner surface of the medial condyle are respectively lateral and medial epicondyle, epicondylus lateralis et epicondylus medialis. Slightly above the medial epicondyle is a small adductor tubercle, tuberculum adductorium, - the place of attachment of the large adductor muscle. The surfaces of the condyles facing one another are delimited intercondylar fossa, fossa intercondylaris, which is separated from the popliteal surface at the top intercondylar line, linea intercondylaris. The surface of each condyle is smooth. The anterior surfaces of the condyles pass one into the other, forming patella surface, facies patellaris, - the place of articulation of the patella with the femur.