The legendary Nikifor Kolyada, nicknamed Batya by the partisans, was an outstanding personality. Tales are told about people like him. At the zenith of military glory, already being a laureate of the Order of Lenin, Kolyada, treated kindly by journalists, fell under the relentless wheels of the repression machine.

At the beginning of life

The history of Kolyada is full of exciting twists and turns. The future hero was born in 1891 in the Kharkov province, on the Kostev farm, in the family of a poor peasant. The help of the sisters allowed him to finish a three-year city school, which was a great achievement for a peasant child. Having begun the path of a military man even before the revolution, Kolyada, with the rank of ensign, passed the First world war, and then strongly supported the Bolsheviks, became a member of the City Council of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies. For Bolshevik agitation, the Petliurists threw him in prison, but Kolyada escaped and created one of the first partisan detachments in the Smolensk region. He successfully defended Vinnitsa from the troops of Ataman Shepel, smashed Petlyura, and in 1920 was appointed military commissar of the 57th Infantry Division. The young hero of the revolution, who had not yet grown a full beard and had not received the nickname Batya, even then showed himself to be an outstanding person with excellent abilities for organization, command and bold tactical decisions. In his free time, Kolyada was constantly studying. When the country calmed down a little, he entered the Chinese department of the Far Eastern University and left there knowing two languages ​​- English and Chinese.

"No Activity Data"

The characteristic issued to Kolyada's relatives after his arrest says: "During the time he was in the partisan detachments (July - September 1942), the former commander of the partisan detachments, Kolyada, showed himself exclusively from the negative side." Every letter of this reply breathes lies.

On June 22, 1941, Nikifor Kolyada was already 50 years old. He held a good position and was not subject to conscription because of his age, but he immediately wrote a statement to the Central Committee with a request to send him to the front. Taking into account Bati's partisan experience, he was sent to the Smolensk region in the German rear, where in a year, under the most difficult conditions, he gathered tens of thousands of people around him and created a strong, combat-ready partisan movement. By July 1942, he was already leading the activities of 20 detachments in six districts. Bati's fighters blocked roads and destroyed enemy communications, blew up railway tracks. At the height of the war, they liberated more than 230 settlements in which they restored Soviet power, and also removed more than a thousand children from the occupation. The operation of the Nazis to destroy the partisans "The Last Harvest" and an attempt to knock them out of their stronghold - Sloboda - failed.

Arrest

At the end of September, Batya was urgently summoned to Moscow. He attended a reception with the secretary of the Central Committee Andreev and the commander of the partisan movement Voroshilov, and immediately after he was arrested. Having avoided falling under the comb of repression in the 30s, Kolyada still did not escape his fate. Formally, he was accused of treacherous work in favor of the German occupiers and the fight against the local population, turning a blind eye to the fact that policemen acted as the local population, and also that “cattle, food, fodder were confiscated from the population, which led to discredit Soviet power", in an unstable moral character (despite the fact that Kolyada was married, he started relationships with partisan girls).
In fact, the reason for the arrest, most likely, was the conflict with the head of the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement P. Ponomarenko, who opposed large partisan formations, as well as disagreements with the secretary of the Smolensk Regional Committee D. Popov. According to Ponomarenko, Batya criticized the leadership in his presence: “The leaflets scattered by the regional committee do not matter. Party organs have discredited themselves. Retreat, evacuation, etc. undermined the confidence of the people in the party organ. We must scatter leaflets on behalf of persons who have won the respect of the people by their struggle. My leaflets signed by me in the Smolensk region could play a big role. I am known everywhere."

During interrogations, Batya did not admit the charge of betrayal, and the report of the NKVD officer who conducted the search in the apartment speaks well of the facts of looting. "The arrest was not imposed, since the defendant has no valuable personal property," the report said.

Nevertheless, the wheels began to spin, and Nikifor Kolyada was sentenced to labor camps for a period of 20 years. He was released ahead of schedule immediately after the death of Stalin, fully rehabilitated and found not guilty. But the health of the hero of the Smolensk region was already severely undermined - the legendary Batya died of a heart attack in March 1955.

Didn't have time to convert

Repression and constant rotation of personnel is one of the essential features of a totalitarian system. The story of Bati is a textbook example of how a bright, charismatic person, accustomed to proving patriotism not with words, but with deeds, fell into her millstone. Having concentrated several thousand armed fighters under his command, having wide popularity and the disposition of the masses, as well as a certain popularity in the West (the Queen of England even awarded him with a personalized dagger), Nikifor Kolyada could not help but cause fear at the top, especially since he was not restrained in his language and allowed himself to sharply criticize the authorities. In the era of screw-downs, such an outcome, unfortunately, is not uncommon.

There was no strength to leave the field ... Memories of the legendary match that took place in besieged Leningrad May 31, 1942

BLOCKADE MATCH.

On May 31, St. Petersburg celebrates the 70th anniversary of an incredible event that has gone down in history forever. According to the official version, on May 31, 1942, in the midst of the blockade, a football match was held in Leningrad, in which the players of the local Dynamo met with the team of the Leningrad Metal Plant.

Text by Igor Borunov

Almost everyone in St. Petersburg knows this story in one form or another. Having survived the most terrible winter of 1941-1942, besieged Leningrad was just beginning to recover. The Road of Life was launched, besides, up to 200 wagons of food began to arrive in the city every day ... It was very important to support the belief of the Leningraders that everything would end well. And someone up there came up with an idea: in the besieged city, they should play football against all odds. And they played - at the Dynamo stadium, on Krestovsky Island.

Until now, disputes have not subsided about which match should be considered the very first blockade. Versions are different. It is widely known that the real blockade match took place on May 6th. Football players of the Leningrad "Dynamo", they say, met with the team of the Baltic Navy crew and won with a score of 7:3. Perhaps this was the case, especially since the direct participants in the events insisted on this, in particular the goalkeeper, and later commentator Viktor Nabutov. But there is much more evidence that allows us to consider the game on May 31 between Dynamo and the team representing the Leningrad Metal Plant named after Stalin (LMZ), which included football players from the Leningrad clubs Zenit and Spartak, as well as several workers, as the first official match. For wartime reasons, the name of the rival team of the blue and white sounded like "team of the N-factory."

The meeting ended with a convincing victory for Dynamo, who were better prepared for it - 6:0, but a week later, in the replay, the N-sky plant almost took revenge, achieving a draw - 2:2. After these matches sport competitions in the besieged city became almost regular.

WHO PLAYED

"Dynamo" - "N-sky plant" - 6:0

"Dynamo": Victor Nabutov, Mikhail Atyushin, Valentin Fedorov, Arkady Alov, Konstantin Sazonov, Viktor Ivanov, Boris Oreshkin, Evgeny Ulitin, Alexander Fedorov, Anatoly Viktorov, Georgy Moskovtsev.

"N-sky plant": Ivan Kurenkov, Alexander Fesenko, Georgy Medvedev, Anatoly Mishuk, Alexander Zyablikov, Alexei Lebedev, Nikolai Gorelkin, Nikolai Smirnov, Ivan Smirnov, Petr Gorbachev, V. Losev.

Judge Pavel Pavlov.

Honored coach of the USSR German Semenovich Zonin came to Leningrad from Kazan in 1949. On the Volga, he attended matches with the participation of Dynamo and Zenit players evacuated from Leningrad.

- The Dynamo team was the hallmark of the city. Everyone knew and loved them. The guys were good. Friendly team. Her soul was Valentin Fedorov, who played for Dynamo together with his brother Dmitry. Almost the entire Zenit team was evacuated, and only a few people from Dynamo left for Kazan. They worked at the factory there and played football on Saturdays. The people at the matches were packed! They played great football. I will never forget how Peka Dementyev (at that time a Zenit footballer. - Ed.) At the request of the public, began to do his tricks. It was simply impossible to take the ball away from him without a foul,” recalls Zonin.

Zonin met the participants in the blockade matches already in Leningrad, when he began to play for Dynamo.

- We met with goalkeeper Viktor Nabutov at the Dynamo stadium. Nabutov returned from his illness, and I trained him every day. I was on good terms with Arkady Alov, but when I arrived, he was already playing not at Dynamo, but at Zenit. I played in Dynamo together with Anatoly Viktorov. Then he left - Vsevolod Bobrov took over, and Viktorov became the champion three times Soviet Union hockey in the Air Force. I remember Kostya Sazonov - a handsome guy! Played as a winger. Before matches, he always made a circle around the square by car. The girls were running after him! And then he returned to the stadium, - says Zonin.

I ask German Semenovich to tell about the prehistory of the blockade match.

- The war found Dynamo in Tbilisi. They returned to Leningrad and, as one, enlisted in the ranks of the Red Army. Since they represented the Dynamo society, many worked in the police and the NKVD - they neutralized spies who showed the Germans where to bomb. There was such a young player - Fedor Sychev, a central defender. In the autumn of 1941 he was on duty. The bombing started. Seeing old woman, who was crossing the road, Fedor decided to help her go to the shelter. At the time of the explosion, he covered her with his body. She survived, but he died, - the veteran of national football sighs.

In addition to Sychev, the harsh wartime did not spare a few more players from that team. Under different circumstances, Nikolaev, Shapkovsky and Kuzminsky died.

– Valentin Fedorov was a good organizer. He and Alov were entrusted with gathering the players. They called in the city committee of the party. Why were they called? Goebbels' propaganda rang out to the whole world that the city of Lenin is the city of the dead, the inhabitants are already beginning to engage in cannibalism. Then the city committee decided to hold a football match. Fedorov and Alov were given the task of gathering the players. The other team was assembled by the trade unions. Of course, people were thin and hungry, but they came out to play, Zonin continues.

"THE GAME IS A MISSION"

Unfortunately, none of the direct participants in those events survived to this day. The last one, Dynamo striker Yevgeny Ulitin, passed away in 2002. It was he who was captured in the only surviving reliable photograph of the blockade match, taken by TASS photojournalist Vasyutinskiy. Let us turn to the blockade memoirs of the organizers of the game, published in newspapers in the 1970s and 1980s.

Valentin FEDOROV, Dynamo midfielder:

- Once, Arkady Alov and I were summoned to the military department of the city party committee. The manager asked which of the players remained in the city, whose addresses or places of service we know. Seeing our bewilderment, he explained: “The military council of the front decided to hold a football match in the besieged city and attaches great importance to this game. Consider it your most important combat mission." The task was difficult. The Dynamo team did not actually exist then. Six players were in Kazan, four were killed, one was seriously injured and evacuated. But picking was not the most difficult. How to play when there was not enough strength even for walking? However, the players gradually gathered, and we started training. We trained twice a week.

Alexander ZYABLIKOV, midfielder and captain of the N-factory team:

- We, the players of the pre-war "Zenith", in the spring of 1942, there were not so few left in the city. Almost everyone worked in the shops of the Metal Plant. For example, I was the deputy head of the air defense department. Naturally, we did not even think about any football. At the beginning of May, I quite by chance ran into Dynamo player Dmitry Fedorov on the street and quite unexpectedly immediately received an offer from him to play with Dynamo. We had more problems with recruitment. I had to collect players from Spartak and other city teams. Some included in the squad never entered the field - they were so exhausted from hunger. Our opponents gave us the form. Dynamo players, who managed to practice a little, offered to play two halves of 45 minutes. The factory workers agreed only to two for 20. “Let's start with half an hour,” I said, going up to Judge Pavlov. “If we endure, then all 45 minutes.” We did not have a goalkeeper, so the defender Ivan Kurenkov got into the goal, but still one more player was missing. Then Dynamo gave us their player Ivan Smirnov. And yet we survived two halves, because we understood: the city must know that we played.

Before the second match on June 7, the N-factory team found the goalkeeper, Kurenkov took his usual place in defense, and the factory workers almost won.

The son of Dynamo goalkeeper Viktor Nabutov, commentator, journalist and producer Kirill Nabutov, admitted that his father did not like to talk about the blockade match. But he told the impressions of another white-and-blue player - Mikhail Atyushin, an operative of the Leningrad police, who before the war played football only at an amateur level.

“I spoke with Mikhail Atyushin, a football player and gymnast who participated in the match and whose name is also on the memorial plaque,” ​​says Nabutov. - He once went to the Dynamo stadium in May to do gymnastics. In the winter months I did not train - blockade, hunger. Came and met the guys-footballers. They say to him: “Oh! Good thing we got you! Come on, let's play." We played, but he did not remember the details very well.

"DO NOT BEAT IN OUT - THERE IS A POTATO"

Beloved by many Leningraders, the Dynamo stadium has hardly changed over the past 70 years, except that buildings designed for other sports have appeared instead of large stands.
In 1942, only one of the three spare fields was suitable for playing football at Dynamo. A German shell fell on the main platform. On the other two, rutabaga and cabbage were grown. And only on the third field, to the left of the main entrance, it was possible to play football, although also not without restrictions.

- When they entered the field, they were told: try not to hit out of bounds, because potatoes are planted there. Blockade potatoes are life. When the first half ended, the players were offered to rest, but they replied that they would not rest, because if they sat down, they would no longer be able to get up, - says German Zonin.

The testimonies of the players allow you to understand how hard it was for them.

Anatoly MISHUK, Zenit player, midfielder of the N-factory team:

- In the spring I was placed in the factory hospital in the last stage of dystrophy. When I got out of there, Zyablikov found me, said that there would be a game. It seems that I was the weakest of ours. I remember such an episode: there is a slight long transmission. I, as I did hundreds of times in pre-war matches, take the ball with my head, and he ... knocks me down.

“OUTSIDE THE WAR, AND HERE IS SOMETHING
SHANTRAPA IS RUNNING THE BALL!”

Information about how many fans there were at the game is different in different sources - from several dozen wounded from a nearby hospital to 350 graduates of command courses. Before the war, Dynamo players were the favorites of the city, they were known by sight, but the hardships of the blockade changed people beyond recognition. Leningraders, who were at the meeting place, were extremely surprised when they realized who was in front of them.

Evgeny ULITIN, Dynamo player:

- On the eve of the game, the unit where I served as a communications sergeant received a telephone message that it was necessary to arrive at the match. Early in the morning I drove to Leningrad in a passing car, got off the truck at Palace Square. Then I walked to the stadium. There he hugged with his comrades, picked up boots and a uniform. “There is a war in the yard, and here some kind of scammer is chasing a ball!” fans were outraged. They just didn't recognize their recent idols. In the first minutes, neither the legs nor the ball obeyed us. But the guys slowly wound up, and the game went on. “Bah! Yes, it's Oreshkin! Nabutov! Fedorovs! - was heard from the stands, which immediately thawed and began to ache to the fullest. Despite the warm day, it was difficult to play, at the end of the match my legs were cramping. However, most of the Dynamo players had much more strength than our rivals. In addition, a field player stood in their gates. This largely explains the large account. In the course of the game, I wanted to change, but with great difficulty we recruited people for two squads. The meeting participants left the field in an embrace. And not only because they were proud of each other - it was just easier to go that way. He returned to the unit near Shlisselburg and barely walked for two weeks.

The players were well aware of the importance of the mission entrusted to them. It was necessary to shame the fascist propaganda and give the city hope for a peaceful life.

Valentin FEDOROV:

- It was difficult. And the muscles ached terribly, and the ball seemed heavier than usual. And he didn't fly very far. But all this was nothing compared to the mood. We understood how important it is to just play…

Indeed, the radio report on the game, which appeared the next day, was met with extraordinary enthusiasm on the front lines. Former Dynamo striker Nikolai Svetlov wrote about this in a letter: “I will never forget the day when in the trenches in the Sinyavinsky swamps, 500 meters from the Germans, I heard a report from the Dynamo stadium. At first I didn't believe it. I ran into the dugout to the radio operators. They confirmed that they are broadcasting football. What happened to the soldiers! Everyone was excited."

MYTHS AND LEGENDS

Around the blockade match, or rather blockade matches - we know that there were several of them - there is a lot of dubious information, and sometimes outright speculation. But what is important is that in the difficult year of 1942 in besieged Leningrad they really played football, and more than once. At the same time, a number of photographs of the supposedly blockade match have nothing to do with it, since they depict a game at the dilapidated Lenin Stadium, and not at all at Dynamo. There was not and could not be a direct radio broadcast to the Soviet and German trenches. On the radio, they talked about the game in a recording.

“There was no report on the enemy trenches,” says Kirill Nabutov. - Intelligence work. In the case of a live report, the Germans would instantly determine where the match was taking place, and they could calmly fire at the crowded place. And so the shots were, but far away. A shell fell a few hundred meters away, and that was it. As always, reality is more modest than the legends that accompany it. I spoke with the Austrian communist Fritz Fuchs. During the blockade, he worked on the Leningrad radio - in German he conducted propaganda news releases that were broadcast to enemy troops. Someone on the radio told him: “Have you heard? They played football at Dynamo yesterday” – “What are you talking about? Of course I'll tell you about it!" And in the news release, he announced the match. There were many blockade matches.

“In 2018 TO THE MONUMENT TO FOOTBALL PLAYERS-
FLOWERS WILL BE PLACED TO BLOCKADERS"

On May 31, on the day of the 70th anniversary of the legendary match, a monument will be unveiled next to the field on which the game took place: two struggling football players, next to it is a bench with flowers and a military uniform. St. Petersburg TV commentator Gennady Orlov hopes that the matter will not be limited to the opening of the monument and the memorial plaque that appeared in 1991.

– Can you imagine, football players and fans from various countries will come to the 2018 World Cup and lay flowers in memory of the victory of the spirit. The participants of the blockade match were dystrophics. They said: “You better not give us a break between halves, because if we stop, we will not be able to get up.” I had the honor to know many of the participants in the match. Amazing people - such inner beauty! This should be sung, and there should be a museum, - Orlov is convinced.

Original taken from visual history in Moscow Walk 1941

I think we must agree with those who believe that these posts are not made by Varlamov himself. Here you can spend more than one hour watching, and a day would have gone to preparation, at least. Yes, and not a Zyalt specialist in the history of the Second World War.
The post turned out to be very interesting.

Original taken from varlamov.ru in Moscow Walk 1941

View of the Kremlin during an air raid, July 1941

Today I am starting a series of posts about Moscow during the Great Patriotic War. Let's see how the capital lived in this difficult time. I collected old photographs and memories of Muscovites. Read it, very interesting, although a lot of text came out. If you have something to add, tell us in the comments.

Today is 41 years old. The most difficult for Moscow. This includes evacuation, and bombing, and the Nazis, who came close to the city. With the outbreak of the war, the entire civilian population was obliged to hand over bicycles, radios (there were only the famous plates on the wall and radio sockets), as well as cameras. Did not pass - a spy. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to find amateur photographs of military Moscow, in the city under martial law only accredited photojournalists with Leicas issued to them took pictures (remember Simonov’s famous lines: “With a Leica and a notebook, or even with a machine gun ...”).

Despite the fact that the Soviet authorities knew about the imminent war with Hitler (the possible date of the German invasion was repeatedly reported, for example, by intelligence officer Richard Sorge), Muscovites did not suspect that it would fall on them very soon.

On May 1, 1941, the last peacetime parade took place on Red Square. The Soviet leadership assigned great expectations to this parade. In the context of the impending war, the demonstration of the military might of the Soviet Union was of the utmost importance. At the parade there are ranks of the foreign diplomatic corps, there were also official representatives of the Wehrmacht.

Ordinary people, meanwhile, went to theaters, cinemas and stadiums. On June 19, the last pre-war match took place at Dynamo: the home team took on the Stalingrad Tractor. On June 22, a parade was to take place there and mass competitions athletes...

On the football match, stadium "Dynamo".

Review of cyclists - participants in the run Moscow - Yalta. May 1941

The city lived a peaceful life and did not prepare for defense. Newspapers wrote about the appearance of the first televisions and ultraviolet lamps, in March 1941 the first Stalin Prizes were awarded, in early June the city managed to hold a chess championship. At the same time, the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition was held at the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (future VDNKh). In mid-June, the general reconstruction of the TsPKiO im. Gorky.

Sale of soda on the Kuznetsk bridge.

In 1941, Zaryadye continued to be demolished in Moscow. Demolition began in the 1930s. This story will end only by the end of the 1950s. And in 1967, the Rossiya Hotel will be built on the site of the old quarters.

Temple of St. Nicholas Wet.

The picture was published on August 11, 1941 in the article "LIFE photographers saw Moscow a week before the Nazi invasion."

The US Embassy was located in the building from which this picture was taken from 1933 to 1954. Then it was moved out of harm's way to the street. Tchaikovsky (now Novinsky Boulevard). And in this building GAO "Intourist" settled for several decades.

The war caught the inhabitants of the capital by surprise. On the morning of June 22, 20,000 schoolchildren arrived in Moscow from the Moscow Region: a holiday was organized for them in the Sokolniki Park of Culture and Recreation. Until the 12th day, none of the Muscovites knew that the war had begun.

At 12:15 on the radio with a message about the German attack on the USSR, People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs Molotov spoke - it was he who said famous phrase"Our cause is just. The enemy will be defeated. Victory will be ours."

Factory workers "Hammer and Sickle" listening to the Soviet government's statement about the outbreak of war.

From the memoirs of the archaeologist M. Rabinovich:
“Without losing pace, I began to prepare for the next exams - for graduate school, they were supposed to start in a month. It was urgent to “adjust” a foreign language. On Sunday, the 22nd, looking up for a minute from a German book, I went out to buy something I learned from the seller of the vegetable stall that the Germans had attacked us and had already bombarded our cities. So, mechanically clutching a bunch of radishes in his hand, without going home, he went to the history department. Molotov's speech was broadcast (probably not for the first time). Like the others, I stopped, greedily catching every word. "Our cause is just! The enemy will be defeated! Victory will be ours!" No matter how unsympathetic this person is now to me, I must say that then Molotov (or the one who wrote his speech) said the most necessary words.

From the diary of Muscovite Marusya K.:
“What a terrible and hard to describe day! Comrade Molotov’s message caught me at the hairdresser’s. Realize what will happen? It’s hard to imagine, but I foresee that it’s very terrible. "everything is in my character, but it's all no longer pleasing. It's hard to imagine what feeling enveloped me, and, looking at the people in the house who carry sand to the attic with heavy, uncomprehending eyes, I began to do the same."

On June 25, martial law was introduced in Moscow. Air and combat training alarms gradually became commonplace. The city began to get used to wartime conditions.

From the diary of the scientific secretary of the Commission for the Study of the History of Moscow P. Miller:
"In the morning at 3 o'clock the sirens raised Moscow. Residents nervously jumped up, began to hide in shelters, but most remained in the yards, the janitors drove everyone out of the streets. Anti-aircraft guns fired, occasionally machine guns fired, fire flashes in the clouds, in some places I saw cars - all on high altitude. I personally saw ten white spots arranged in an almost regular ring - around what? The spots resembled those white stripes that always mark a stratospheric uplift. Everything looked very serious, but the absence of high-explosive bombs and fires is immediately evident. Around 4 o'clock the alarm ended. Later in the afternoon, it turned out that this was a trial exercise."

After the end of the air raid alert, people leave the Ploshchad Sverdlova metro station and wait for transport at the Moskva Hotel.

Distribution of gas masks on Mayakovsky Square.

Pushkin Square.

In Moscow cinemas, along with feature films, a demonstration of defense-training films began: "Let's create protective rooms", "Individual sanitary package", "Take care of a gas mask", "How to help a gas-poisoned person", "Simple shelters from air bombs", "Blackout a residential building", etc. Later, patriotic films began to be shown, including the famous "Combat Film Collections".

Cinema "Central" (in the 1930s - still "Sha-Noir"), st. Gorky, 18-a, phone B1-97-54.

On July 1, a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "On the universal mandatory preparation of the population for air defense" was issued. On the same day, the executive committee of the Moscow City Council adopted a resolution "On the procedure for the evacuation of children from Moscow."

From June 29 to July 29, almost 950 thousand people were evacuated from Moscow, mostly women and children. By December 1941, the population of the capital had decreased from 4.5 to 2.5 million people. Not only people were evacuated, but also industry: in September-October, about 500 industrial enterprises of federal and republican significance were transferred from Moscow and the Moscow region to the rear.

Zinaida Nikolaevna Aristarkhova:
“When the war began, I was 12 years old. At the direction of the authorities, all the children had to come to the Krasnopresnenskaya outpost, the parents had to collect mattresses, pillowcases and light things for the children. They put us all on a tram and took us to the River Station. The steamboats on which we were loaded onto the platform, onto the deck, who somehow managed to find a place for themselves.This steamer set off in the direction of Ryazan.The steamer then left for the Oka, probably late in the evening.

The light was not on on the ship; everything was extinguished. When we sailed, all the time there were rumors that there would be no light. Before that, there were cases when the Nazis attacked ships. who went inland from the capital. Everyone said that we were going to Ryazan. We arrived in Ryazan and were dropped off at Elatma, near Ryazan.

Moskva River near Krasnokholmskaya embankment. Evacuation of Muscovites in autumn 1941.

Waiting for the evacuation train at Kazansky railway station.

Interesting footage. Livestock evacuation!

The first air alert in Moscow had to be announced on the third day of the war. But at first, German pilots flew only for reconnaissance. Almost immediately, the camouflage of the capital began, which was supposed to save the key objects of the city from German bombs. Particular attention was paid to the Kremlin.

View of the Kremlin from the Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge. The wall and towers were disguised as residential buildings.

In his report to Beria dated June 26, 1941, the commandant Spiridonov proposed two options for disguising the Moscow Kremlin. The first provided for the removal of crosses and the destruction of the luster of the gilded domes of the Kremlin cathedrals. The roofs and exposed facades of all the Kremlin buildings were planned to be repainted to look like ordinary houses. The second option differs from it in that false city blocks were to be obtained through a combination of different layouts, and a false bridge was built across the Moscow River to disorient the enemy.

One more frame. Covers were pulled over the spiers of the Kremlin, and a special coloring was applied to the square, creating the illusion of residential areas.

To camouflage the Kremlin and adjacent territories, a planar imitation is used with repainting of the roofs and open facades of buildings.

On June 24, orders are issued to blackout residential buildings, enterprises and transport. In the evenings, the city was plunged into darkness. People ran into each other public transport began to walk more slowly: for example, tram drivers had to press their foreheads against the glass in order to see obstacles on the way.

From the diary of P. Miller:
"In the evening - a flaming sunset behind the large Triumphal Gates, a little to the left. Around 11 o'clock in the evening I wandered around, looking for a tram to get out of Presnya. Terrible darkness."

By the way, for orientation of drivers in dark time white stripes were painted on the walls in the arches of the Spassky, Borovitsky and Arsenalny gates of the Kremlin. A week after the start of the war, the chimes on the Spasskaya Tower stopped playing. By mid-July, in the Kremlin buildings, they finished pasting the windows with strips of cloth crosswise.

The Mausoleum disguised in 1941.

Almost simultaneously with the disguise of the Kremlin, a special commission came to the conclusion that it was necessary to take out the body of Lenin from the Mausoleum (although it was “repainted-remade” into an ordinary city building). Experts argued that even one bomb would be enough to raze the tomb to the ground. They took the body of the leader to Tyumen on a special train. His protection along the way was assigned to the Office of the Commandant of the Moscow Kremlin and the NKGB of the USSR. The body of Ilyich safely reached the place, and there he was placed in a two-story stone house, where the scientists who had arrived from Moscow had already settled down. At 5 am on March 28, 1945, Lenin returned to the renovated Mausoleum. And in September 1945, access to the body of Ilyich was open to everyone.

The disguised Kremlin (especially at first) greatly confused the Nazis. Alas, all precautions could not fully protect this grandiose monument of architecture and history. The Kremlin was bombed already 8 times. But the soldiers themselves said that some unknown force seemed to protect this holy place - some of the bombs (and more than a hundred and fifty were dropped in total) did not explode. Some of those who exploded either caused minimal damage or no damage at all.

The Manege building in camouflage.

Masking the Bolshoi Theatre.

Camouflage coloring of the theater of the Red Army.

Air raid on Moscow

Here's what it looked like from the plane.

Here you can see a fake gallery near the Moscow City Council building.

The peak of camouflage work in Moscow came in the summer-autumn of 1941, and already in 1942 it was decided to abandon it. Most likely, the camouflage turned out to be ineffective: judging by the German aerial photography, the city has changed little, and the familiar contours were easily read. Yes, and bombed, mostly at night.

The first air raid on Moscow took place on July 21, 1941, but, apparently, it was reconnaissance. The massive bombardment of the city began the next day, exactly one month after the start of the war. It involved about 200 German aircraft. The Soviet Information Bureau reported the destruction of 22 bombers during their first attack, the captured Germans estimated losses at 6-7 vehicles.

During the raid, one of the bombs fell on the Vakhtangov Theater on the Arbat and almost completely destroyed it. On 23 July the bombardment was repeated.

The ruins of the Vakhtangov Theater on the Arbat.

A direct hit by an air bomb on the administrative building No. 4 on Staraya Ploshchad. October 24, 1941. The raid is better known for the fact that during the bombing, the politician A.S. Shcherbakov received a shell shock; almost all the inhabitants of Zaryadye had glass in their houses, and the girl pilot of the Luftwaffe was personally awarded by Hitler for completing the task.

Stadium "Dynamo". The stadium itself was camouflaged from enemy air raids and carefully guarded. In the winter of 1942, young spruces were planted on the football field for the purpose of camouflage. From the point of view of today, this attempt to pass off a stadium for a park for German pilots looks naive and not entirely reasonable, but it clearly demonstrates the state's concern for preserving the main sports attraction of the capital.

But the center of Moscow. The picture was taken on July 24, 1941.

House on Triumfalnaya, where Interfax and Il-Patio are now.

From July 21, 1941 to mid-1942, when the most intense bombing ended, the city experienced 95 night and 30 daytime raids. 7202 aircraft participated in them, but only 388 managed to break through to the capital through fighters, anti-aircraft fire and balloons.

Tamara Konstantinovna Rybakova:
“Our house was not far from the Vladimir Ilyich plant, and Goznak was very close to our house, and the Germans tried to hit these objects with their bombs, but they failed to bomb them. The bombs were flying somewhere nearby, including . and on our house ("lighters"), were extinguished by adult residents, members of the air defense, who were on duty on the roof, among them was my mother.After the bombing, my friends and I went out into the street and collected shell fragments in bags and handed them over to scrap (of course, free of charge). And so - until the next bombing. It was very scary when the siren rang, everyone fled to the bomb shelter. I was offended that my mother was almost never with me in the bomb shelter - she was on the roof (attic) and was responsible for putting out the bombs."

Corner of Tverskaya and current Gazetny Lane. The house was either destroyed by a bomb or demolished in the summer of '41.

Anti-aircraft guns in Gorky Park.

"Sky Patrol" on Pushkin Square.

Anti-aircraft machine gun on the roof of the Government House.

Anti-aircraft crew on Serafimovich Street.

From the diaries of the writer Arkady Perventsev:

"August 16
They were not allowed to reach Moscow, although Hitler scattered leaflets where he indicated that he would bomb Moscow from the 15th to the 16th, and suggested that women and children go to the front line. He wrote in leaflets that Stalin's son Yakov Dzhugashvili had surrendered to the Germans. This is not true. Yakov Dzhugashvili fought to the last bullet. What happened to him is still unknown. The son of Chapaev and the son of Parkhomenko fought at the front.

September 3
The Germans use the following tactics when raiding Moscow and secret objects: the first plane ignites a fire, and the rest drop bombs on the conflagration.

Fighters patrol the Moscow sky.

Barrage balloons after night duty.

Barrage balloon on Tverskoy Boulevard.

Kaluga area.

Barrage balloons on Bolshaya Ordynka.

Barrage balloons over Moscow.

Pyatnitskaya street, the building was destroyed as a result of an air strike on July 23, 1941

Bolshaya Polyanka Street, house No. 50, a direct hit by a land mine in the building of the district committee. From memories: “A relative told me about this air raid, he found her in the area of ​​M. Kamenny Bridge. Several bombs fell in his area, two hit the Tretyakov Gallery, one exploded, killing a policeman, the second got stuck in the ceilings and did not work. Paintings and sculptures by that time were already packed and prepared for evacuation to Novosibirsk".

Downed fascist bomber Ju 88. Sverdlov Square.

They hide from the bombings in the subway.

Zoya Vladimirovna Minaeva:
“First we ran to the bomb shelter, and then we began to descend into the Paveletskaya metro station, which was just beginning to be built, deep into it along wooden ladders - my mother, and sister, and I with a bag of crackers and blankets. There were wooden floorings in the tunnels boards, and we all found a place and lay huddled together. And in the morning we climbed again, it was more difficult to climb - my mother had a sister in her arms. It probably takes 200 steps or 300 to go upstairs.

Here, at the station, important events are held. Solemn meeting on November 6, 1941, dedicated to the 24th anniversary of the Great October Revolution.

Library at metro station "Kurskaya" (Koltsevaya). Of course, the shot is purely staged and propagandistic. According to the recollections of Muscovites who survived the war, there was not enough space at the stations during the bombing, and most took refuge in the tunnels. At the stations, at best, there were women and children, and then only if there was enough space.

In August 1941, the Germans began to drop not only bombs from planes, but also leaflets in order to undermine the morale of Muscovites. The Soviet authorities responded with an impressive set of propaganda posters.

Muscovites are studying propaganda.

Book collapse on the Kuznetsk bridge. The picture is taken from Leonid Mitrokhin's article "Photographing the Russian War" (Our Heritage magazine, 1988, No. 6). Margaret Bourke-White was the only foreign photographer present in Moscow during the German attack. Upon returning to the United States, Margaret Bourke-White published the book Photographing the Russian War.

Similar photo. Apparently it's a staging.

At the TASS news stand on Tverskaya.

From memories:
"In the yard we had a lot obese men and women, and after two months they all became lean, as a rationing system for food was introduced, beer disappeared from the stalls, around which fat-bellied men always crowded. Food cards were of four categories: "workers" - the most significant, "employees" - worse, "dependent" - the skinniest, and finally "children's" - with coupons for milk and other baby food.

From memories:
"... an order was issued on the mandatory involvement of the entire able-bodied population of the city in the construction of trenches, clearing yards from fences and sheds, attics from debris, etc. - up to three hours a day, and the non-working population - up to eight hours a day. Only pregnant and lactating women, doctors and patients were released. For refusing such work, a fine of 100 to 300 rubles (about the average salary) was due. "

In early July, the first detachments of boys and girls were sent near Moscow to build defensive structures. On July 4, the State Defense Committee issued a resolution "On the Voluntary Mobilization of the Workers of Moscow and the Moscow Region in the People's Militia Division." Already by July 6, 12 divisions of the people's militia were formed, which included 170 thousand people.

The country's main sports arena, the Dynamo stadium, has turned into a training center for young fighters, into a military training camp. Already on June 27, detachments of the OMSBON (Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade for Special Purpose) began to form on it, which were then sent behind enemy lines.

Memoirs of a volunteer of the Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade of Special Purpose E. Teleguev:
“In my free time from combat training, I walked along the streets of Moscow. I noticed the respectful, precautionary attitude of citizens towards me, a young man in military uniform. Once I went into a store to buy white bread. I stood in line. military uniform, asked: "Comrade fighter! What would you like to buy? Somewhat embarrassed by such attention, he answered: "A bun for 7 kopecks."

The saleswoman and the women standing in line began to speak in unison, began to invite to buy a bun without a queue. The saleswoman gave me not one, as I asked, but two buns. On my attempts to refuse one and pay off, she insisted on her own, she did not take the money. Both she and other women told me to gain strength in order to beat the Nazi bandits. He left the store embarrassed, with an ardent desire to justify the hopes of women.

Tverskaya near Mayakovskaya. From the memoirs: “Without rifles, the militias went to the front at that time. Those with rifles are young, except for one with a bald head. My relative (from his wife's side) left with the militia just at that time. Without a rifle. He attacked the tanks with a stick (the rifle was 1 for three, the order was to take weapons in battle). Naturally, he was taken prisoner, from where he returned in the 44-45th. He worked on a farm for a German in the Baltics, apparently they were not considered a prisoner of war.

Leningrad highway, October 16, 1941

Defense of Moscow. Muscovites go to the front. The soldiers of one of the workers' battalions of Moscow on a halt.

Moscow militia.

The motorcycle battalion is sent to the front. Division of Captain V. Alekseev.

Novokuznetskaya street.

In the autumn of 1941, on the initiative of G.K. Zhukov, it was decided to urgently build a ring bypass of Moscow in a simplified version. To speed up the work, sections of already existing highways, built overpasses at the intersection with highways and railways, floating bridges were built through water barriers. This route became one of the main belts of defense of the capital and contributed to the successful conduct of the counteroffensive operation and the defeat of the Nazis near Moscow. Now at this place of the Moscow Ring Road.

From memories:
"In October 1941, Moscow became a real front-line city. The front line was half an hour away by car. All freight stations were packed with trains and industrial equipment - they did not have time to take it out. Residents were in a hurry to leave. At the stations and sidings - boxes with paintings and sculptures , museum valuables. At night, hundreds of huge cucumbers rose into the sky - air barrage balloons.

From memories:
“I remember the infamous day of the Moscow panic on October 16, 1941, when German tanks reached Khimki and artillery cannonade was heard. It began with the fact that in the morning people, as usual, went to factories and plants, but unexpectedly returned "pood of wheat flour. Production stopped. I went out into the street: people were walking and running along it. There were also people in the backs of trucks, trolleybuses and buses were overcrowded, some people were sitting on their roofs. I went to the center. There - the same picture. Ashes and unburned paper swirled in the air (documents were burned). Books were sometimes scattered on the sidewalks. On the Kuznetsky bridge near the wall of the house there was a pile of several volumes of Lenin's works. The metro did not work. As it became known later, it was being prepared for mines and explosions. The subway stopped for a day for the first time in the entire history of its existence. "

On November 7, 1941, the famous parade was held on Red Square. It was needed not only to demonstrate the military power of the USSR and raise the morale of the Red Army, but also to stop the panic that arose in the city in October.

Military parade on Red Square. Moscow, November 7, 1941.

The photo shows servicemen with self-loading rifles Tokarev model 1940 SVT-40 in the "shoulder" position. Single-blade bayonets are attached to the rifles. Behind the back of the soldier is backpack equipment of the 1936 model, on the side are small infantry shovels.

Soviet medium tanks T-34 on parade.

The photo is interesting in that the soldiers of the Red Army are wearing winter helmets, canceled in July 1940, and armed with old English machine guns of the Lewis system, (Lewis), brought to Russia in 1917.

From the diary of a Muscovite L. Timofeev, a philologist:
"November 7
The parade ended and the night passed quietly. The parade was obviously impressive: large and medium tanks even walked along our boulevard past me. It has been snowy in the morning, a blizzard is blowing, it is cold. There were many tanks, and they were new. Buttercup claims to have counted over 600 pieces."

"Recruits go to the front." Marching companies leave for the front directly from Moscow. December 1, 1941.

Tanks on Tverskaya.

"After walking along the once verdant boulevards, we go out to the Nikitsky Gates and see confirmation of the strong defense capability of the Capital. Right in front of the monument to the great scientist Timiryazev, an anti-aircraft battery is located. Peer into the stern faces of the soldiers carrying out a tense watch to protect Moscow from enemy vultures. They are ready to fight to the last , but keep the adversaries away from the heart of the Motherland. They are sure of their victory, and the Victory will be theirs!"

Monument to Timiryazev after the bombing.

Queue to the branch of the Bolshoi Theatre. December 1941

Nikitsky Gate Square and Tverskoy Boulevard.

Muscovites store firewood for the winter.

"Square of the Prechistensky (in 1941 - Kropotkinsky) Gates. Distribution (and sale in excess of the norm) of firewood"

The Tver overpass is also a monument to the defense of Moscow. The only one of the surviving pre-war bridges in the Leningrad direction.

Barricades on Leningradsky Prospekt.

Trenches at the bridge of the Leningrad highway, outskirts of Moscow.

Anti-tank barriers at the Kaluga outpost.

On the Garden Ring, near the Crimean bridge, there are also barricades.

Original title - "The crew of an anti-tank gun selects and checks the firing sector. Fili area. October 1941." Now here Rublevskoe highway.

Teachings on Chistoprudny Boulevard.

June 22, 1941 on Central stadium"Dynamo" in Moscow held a big sports holiday"Masters of Sports for Children!" In the midst of the competition, terrible news broke into the stadium - war! ..

On June 22, 1941, the Great Patriotic War began - the bloodiest war in history, which lasted 1418 days and nights.

We, Dynamo Moscow, are proud that representatives of the Dynamo Society, together with athletes from other societies, contributed to the victory over Nazi Germany. They fought on the fronts and behind enemy lines, worked in the factories and plants of our Motherland in the name of the Great Victory, were engaged in the preparation of reserves for the Red Army, became the initiators of the “thousanders” movement, pledging to train a thousand soldiers for the needs of the front.

The country's main sports arena, the Dynamo stadium, has turned into a training center for young fighters, into a military training camp. Already on June 27, detachments of the OMSBON (Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade for Special Purpose) began to form there, from among the volunteer athletes of the Central State Institute physical culture and the Dynamo Society, which were then sent behind enemy lines.

The Dynamo stadium itself was camouflaged from enemy air raids and carefully guarded. In the winter of 1942, young fir trees were planted on the football field for the purpose of camouflage, which clearly demonstrated the state's concern for preserving the main sports attraction of the capital.

During the battle for Moscow, OMSBON, as part of the 2nd motorized rifle division of the NKVD special forces, was used on the front line, but even at that time, battle groups were formed in it, intended to be thrown into the enemy rear. In the winter of 1941/1942, the OMSBON mobile detachments carried out many successful raids and raids behind German lines.

OMSBON terrified the Nazi invaders, conducting daring and decisive operations behind enemy lines. The functions of the OMSBON included: conducting reconnaissance operations, organizing a partisan war, creating an agent network in the territories under German occupation, directing special radio games with German intelligence in order to misinform the enemy.

The war brought grief to every family, to every home, disrupted the peaceful life of millions of people. The people defended their homeland at the cost of huge losses. Our courageous warriors defended their native land, turned back the fascist hordes and defeated them.

Over the years, the greatness of the feat of our soldiers and officers, home front workers, women, children - all those who brought Victory Day closer does not fade. We are proud of the heroism, resilience and dedication of our compatriots. These days will never be forgotten. That is why the decree of June 8, 1996 established June 22 in Russia - the Day of Memory and Sorrow. In all cities of our country and many countries of the near abroad, mourning events are held on this day, we remember everyone who died a heroic death on the battlefields, who died of wounds in hospitals, were tortured to death in concentration camps. Eternal memory and glory to them!

• In 2011, the project "Veterans of the Moscow Dynamo" was launched in the Moscow city organization of the VFSO "Dynamo". It is symbolic that the first of this series was an audio diary dedicated to Dynamo - veterans of the Great Patriotic War. Many of the interviews recorded then became, to our great chagrin, the last...

Photo: RIA Novosti, oldmos.ru, pastvu.com

Reading 2 min. Published on 02.09.2017

Questions to the first pair of players

Dmitry Shepelev and Sabina Pantus (400,000 - 0 rubles)

1. What does a catfish have?

2. What is another name for a zipper?

3. Who is Kuzya from Tatyana Alexandrova's fairy tale?

4. Which actress in 2003 unexpectedly gave a name to a musical group?

5. What repairs does the old house require?

6. What is the name of the cut piece of clothing?

7. In which country was the escudo currency used before adopting the euro?

8. Which beetle was sacred to the ancient Egyptians?

9. What is the name of the central square of Amsterdam, where the Royal Palace is located?

10. What color is missing from a classic dart board?

11. How did the creators of Pobeda initially want to name the car?

12. What poet did the hero of the film "Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears" call "a very promising guy"?

Questions to the second pair of players

Evelina Bledans and Ekaterina Gordon (400,000 - 0 rubles)

1. What do drivers call a car's parking brake?

2. Who in Chukovsky's fairy tale "Cockroach" rode a broomstick?

3. What is not included in the set of personal emergency rescue equipment for an air passenger?

4. What question is usually not expected to be answered?

5. What is the purpose of the bombonniere?

6. How did the “Manuals on Shooting” order to store rifles in the guardroom?

7. Who did not help the girl in the fairy tale "Geese-Swans" by Alexei Tolstoy?

8. Which building is not located on the Palace Square in St. Petersburg?

9. What shoes have surfers brought into fashion?

10. What was planted in large numbers in 1942 on the football field of the Moscow Dynamo stadium?

Answers to the questions of the first pair of players

1. snake
2. brownie
3. Uma Thurman
4. capital
5. yoke
6. Portugal
7. dung beetle
8. blue
9. "Motherland"
10. Evgenia Evtushenko

Answers to the questions of the second pair of players

1. handbrake
2. parachute
3. to rhetorical
4. for sweets
5. in the pyramid
6. Swan geese
7. Tauride Palace