Youth sports in general and children's in particular from the first years of Soviet power became one of the main objects of attention of the country's leadership, the ultimate goal of which was to create a strong state with healthy citizens. Propaganda healthy lifestyle life, mass production of sports equipment and equipment, strengthening the material and technical base, the introduction of TRP standards - these are far from all the actions of the Soviet government designed to popularize sports.

For development children's sports specially created sports departments and societies responded: children's and youth sports schools, sport sections, clubs DOSAAF. In 1946, mandatory health monitoring of children involved in physical education classes was introduced. Since 1956, some educational institutions have begun to independently form the program physical education. A year later, the Burevestnik student sports society was created, which in a couple of years had about one and a half million people. In the 80s, the emphasis was on the sequence of classes for the physical development of young people: from preschool to university. At the same time, a concept is being approved, according to which the development of youth sports ceases to be only a way of spending free time, but also becomes a tool for solving social problems (aggression, smoking, alcoholism).

Sports sections and competitions for children

Particularly noticeable results were sports and gymnastic competitions and holidays, which amazed with their mass character and diversity. On average, about 300 of them were held per year. And this is only according to the All-Union sports calendar. Among the largest and most famous youth tournaments, we recall the Leather Ball football tournament, the Golden Puck hockey championship, the Eaglet and Zarnitsa military sports games. Volleyball and basketball clubs were popular. Tennis and badminton were not as popular, but the number of fans of racket games was constantly growing. Chess and checkers sections attracted the attention of a large number of schoolchildren and students. Tournaments were held in almost all sports different levels, starting with the regional and ending with the all-Union. By itself,
outfit, equipment and equipment for children and youth sports schools and sections were paid for by the state.

It was these and many other sections that made it possible to achieve the highest results that Soviet athletes could boast of. Perhaps there was no sport in which Soviet Union would be uncompetitive. The basis of all success was precisely the concern for physical development children and their mass introduction to physical culture and sports - amateur and professional, because where children are not paid attention, there are no adult victories.

He received the competition in honor of Spartacus, the leader of the rebellious slaves in ancient Rome (777774 BC). The name of Spartak personified courage, will, strength, the desire to always achieve victory. These qualities are inherent in real athletes.

The first Olympics in the USSR took place in 1923 in Leningrad. It was initiated by the youth sports organization them. Spartak (whence the tradition to call multi-day competitions Spartakiads). At that time, extensive sports construction was launched in the USSR. The Dynamo stadium appeared in Moscow, where the All-Union Spartakiad was held in 1928. It was attended by more than 7 thousand people, including over 600 representatives of workers' sports organizations from 17 countries. The grand opening took place on Red Square.

The program included 21 sports. In the course of a stubborn struggle, dozens of records of the USSR were set. The Spartakiad of 1928 showed the whole world what successes the physical culture movement had achieved in the young Land of Soviets. In 1956, at the newly commissioned Central Stadium. V. I. Lenin in Moscow, the I Summer Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR took place. Since then, as a rule, these major competitions, which are not inferior in scale to the Olympics, are held regularly in the year preceding the Olympic Games.

In 1979, the 7th Spartakiad was held in Moscow. For the first time, foreign athletes took part in these competitions. VII Spartakiad was like a dress rehearsal before the Olympics in Moscow. have been tried athletic facilities, updated for the Olympics: CSKA football and athletics arena, the Big Sports Arena and the swimming pool of the stadium. V. I. Lenin, the shooting range "Dynamo" in Mytishchi and a number of other sports facilities.

The wrestling of athletes at the VI Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR was very interesting and tense. Often tenths of a second separated the winner and prize-winners. The 5000 m run was also distinguished by perseverance

In difficult conditions - in the strongest tropical downpour, motocross competitions were held at the IV Summer Spartakiad of Friendly Armies. Gold medals - in the motorcycle classes 250 and 500 cm3 - were won by the three-time world champion G. Moiseev.

The Spartakiads of the Peoples of the USSR are multi-stage competitions. They begin in the physical education teams of enterprises, construction sites, collective farms, and educational institutions. This is the first, massive and main stage, the purpose of which is to introduce active pursuits physical education, improve the health of millions of people. Then competitions are held in cities, regions, republics, where top athletes. Of these, teams of all union republics, Moscow and Leningrad are formed - 17 teams. They participate in the final starts, where the winners and prize-winners of the Spartakiad are determined.

The largest and at the same time the oldest mass sports event in the history of mankind is the Olympic Games. In life Ancient Greece Olympic holidays, especially in their heyday, were of great social and cultural significance. Here poets read their poems, musicians performed their works. It is known that the games were repeatedly attended by the mathematician Pythagoras, the philosophers Plato and Aristotle, and the historian Herodotus. In the era ancient rome on the Olympic competitions participants from chariot races to reading tragedies and playing the lyre competed for the title of winner. In ancient Greece, along with the Olympic holidays, other agons were also widespread (“agon” is an ancient Greek word meaning competition): the Nemean, Pythian, Isthmian games, etc.

In our country, the organization of mass sports holidays associated with the Spartakiad. Spartakiad- it's massive sport competitions in the USSR and other socialist countries. Initially, Spartakiads (after the leader of the Roman slave uprising Spartacus) were called sports competitions held by pro-communist German sports clubs. Target Olympic Games- identification of record achievements in the field of purely individualistic bourgeois sports. And in contrast to the Olympic Games of the capitalist countries, the Red Sports International (KSI) organized International working sports holidays (spartakiads), which aimed to promote physical education as a means of improving the health of the proletariat and class education of the working masses. In addition to individual sports competitions, mass performances were held here.

In the 1920s, sports and athletics spread to the USSR, where they were supposed to serve as a replacement Olympic Movement, in which the USSR did not participate until 1952 - at first due to the boycott of the IOC, later on its own initiative due to ideological differences. The first All-Union Spartakiad with the participation of foreign guests took place in 1928 in Moscow. In 1932, the World Spartakiad of the Red Sports International took place. In subsequent decades, the Spartakiads of the armed forces of the USSR, the peoples of the USSR, trade unions of the USSR, DOSAAF were held. They also organized in other socialist countries such as the GDR and Czechoslovakia. Spartakiads, as a rule, were accompanied by colorful parades of athletes.

Parade of athletes- an event held in the USSR and designed to promote physical education and sports among the Soviet people. In 1919, the first parade of athletes and Vsevobuch detachments took place on Red Square in Moscow. The most grandiose parades were held during the Stalin period in the capital of the USSR - Moscow. Parades were also held in some other cities of the USSR. In particular, in 1927, the celebration of the 10th anniversary of the October Revolution was held in Barnaul with a parade of athletes. In 1935, at a parade of athletes in Moscow, Stalin was named " best friend Pioneers”, and in 1936, at the parade of athletes in Moscow, the slogan “Thanks to Comrade Stalin for our happy childhood!” first appeared. Prominent Soviet figures of culture and art were involved in the organization of these spectacular events. For example, in the 40s, sketches of costumes and compositions for the Parade of Athletes on Red Square were created by the famous theater artist F.F. Fedorovsky.

Impressive sports and artistic performances were organized in Athlete's Day. The All-Union Day of the Athlete was established by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, which on July 16, 1939 signed the corresponding resolution. The first day of the athlete was celebrated on July 18, 1939. The holiday was intended to promote mass promotion of physical culture and sports in the country. It became the day of the traditional nationwide review of the achievements of the Soviet physical culture movement and skill of Soviet athletes. On this day throughout the country were held demonstration performances athletes and competitions at various levels.

Colorful all-Union parades of athletes and mass sports and gymnastic performances were among the most striking events. So, in 1945, 25 thousand participants performed at the All-Union Parade of Athletes on Red Square. There were 22 performances in the sports and gymnastics part of the parade, which lasted more than four hours. Since 1956, the openings of the Spartakiad of the peoples of the USSR, mass sports competitions held every four years, have been timed to coincide with the All-Union Day of Athlete. The date of the Day of the Athlete was set annually. After the collapse of the USSR, the tradition of celebrating the Day of the Athlete was preserved. Athlete's Day is celebrated in Russia on the second Saturday of August.

All-Russian mass ski race "Ski Track of Russia" has been held annually since 1982 and is always a big winter celebration. Both amateurs and professionals participate in it at distances from 5 to 50 km. For decades, it has united fans of one of the most popular and massive sports. This bright, large-scale winter holiday has a glorious history, which is adorned with legendary names and achievements of skiers of different generations. Every year the "Ski Track of Russia" becomes more and more significant event in sports life the whole country. The number of its participants is increasing from year to year.

Cross nation- the most massive sport's event in the territory Russian Federation, race at a distance of 1 km to 12 km. It has been held since 2004. The main goal of the "Cross of the Nation" is the promotion of a healthy lifestyle and the involvement of Russian citizens in physical education. The All-Russian Running Day traditionally takes place in two stages. The first stage of the competition is held in the Russian regions on the third Sunday of September. Distances and conditions of participation are determined by the organizers of the competitions on the ground. Its winners and prize-winners receive the right to participate in the final stage of the "Cross of the Nation" - the Grand Prix, which takes place in Moscow a week after the completion of the first stage. Hundreds of thousands of schoolchildren, students, state employees and civil servants are involved in the runs. Contrary to the name "cross-country", the races most often take place on the track of the stadium or on the highway.

Along with the all-Russian events, almost all regions have developed traditions of holding their own mass sports festivals.

Holiday of the North in Murmansk has been leading its history since March 30, 1934. In 1970, it acquired the status of an international sports festival, and locals It has long been called the "Polar Olympics". In 2004, the 70th anniversary of the holiday was solemnly celebrated. Every year sports competitions are held in March, in "frost and sun", in the midst of the ski season. Competitions are held in almost all winter sports: ski race, biathlon, skiing, hockey, figure skating. At the initiative of the indigenous people, reindeer sleigh races, skiers being towed by reindeer, as well as walrus swims, snowmobile rides, and group paratrooper jumps are organized. Traditionally, the holiday ends with a 50 km ski marathon.

In Tver, the traditional track and field relay race on May 9, dedicated to Victory Day, originates in 1948, when the third anniversary of the victory in the Great Patriotic War. Until 1971, the launch was given on Sovetskaya Square, in subsequent years and until today - at the Obelisk of Victory. Teams of schools, technical schools, institutes, organizations and sports clubs take part in the relay race. The peak of mass participation was reached in 1981 - about 4 thousand participants.

So, history shows that such events contribute to increasing people's interest in physical self-improvement, the disclosure of the value of physical culture and the formation in the mass consciousness of an understanding of the vital need for physical culture and sports activities.

SPARTAKIADA traditional complex
mass sports competitions. S. for the first time in the beginning. 20s 20th century in a number
European countries (Germany, Czechoslovakia, USSR) began to be called (in honor of Spartacus)
competitions
workers sports unions as opposed to bourgeois competitions. sports associations.
In the USSR, the first sporting events were held in 1923 in units of the Red Army and youth athletic
org-tion them. Spartacus in Petrograd. In 1928, the All-Union Conference took place in Moscow.
S., in which more than 7 thousand people participated, including St. 600 representatives
workers sports organizations from 17 countries (the program includes 21 sports). With
early 30s All-Union S. trade unions and physical culture and sports are held
Society Dynamo, with 50s - S. peoples of the USSR, DOSAAF of the USSR, all-Union
S. schoolchildren, intern. C. friendly armies of the socialist. and developing
countries, etc. S. is a review of achievements in the field of physical. culture and
sports, contributes to their further development, identification of talented athletes
to participate in the national and international sports competitions.

WITH. peoples of the USSR have been held since 1956,
usually in the year before Olympic Games. Begin
in physical education teams of enterprises, construction sites, collective farms, uch. establishments
and etc.; then district, city, region, regional, republican,
All-Union S. The combined teams of the All-Union
republics, Moscow and Leningrad.

8 mass competitions of the 1st summer C.
(1956) 20 million people participated, the 6th (1975) - approx. 90 million people (St. 12
thousand athletes in the final, including 8.3 thousand masters of sports). In 1966-75
3 winter skiing events were held (each involved about 20 million people, over 2,000 people).
athletes in the final, incl. approx. 1 thousand masters of sports). In a programme
final competitions - all cultivated in the USSR Olympic sports sports.
S. of the peoples of the USSR are preceded by all-Union S. voluntary sports societies
(DSO),
C. trade unions of the USSR, the Armed Forces of the USSR, DOSAAF of the USSR, etc.

C. trade unions of the USSR have been held since 1932. Participate
physical teams. culture and sports clubs DSO, combined teams of councils
union republics, Moscow and Leningrad. 9 All-Union
summer sports (the last in 1969; 103,400 physical education teams, 27,500,000
people, in the final 7 thousand athletes, including 4.8 thousand masters of sports) and
8 winter (in 1945-75; 650 thousand physical education teams participated in the latter,
more than 10 million people, in the final - 1.1 thousand athletes, including 0.6 thousand masters
sports). The program includes Olympic and national kinds of sports. Summer S. are held
the next year after the Olympic Games, winter - a year before them.

C. Armed Forces of the USSR are carried out as
reviews of physical culture and sports work, which is organic in the army and navy.
part of the combat training of troops; program includes Olympic and military applied
kinds of sports. Starts with mass competitions in military units
and parts, ends with the S. types of the armed forces and the final - S. Armed
Forces of the USSR. In 1923-73, 15 competitions were held (in the final of the last - 8 thousand participants,
including 6.8 thousand masters of sports). Athletes of the Soviet Army participate in the international.
C. friendly armies of the socialist. and developing countries held in
framework Sports Committee of Friendly Armies(SKDA). In 1958-75
3 summer and 5 winter (since 1961) competitions were held in Olympic and military-applied
sports (over 1.5 thousand athletes participate in competitions). S. took place
in the cities of the USSR, GDR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, NRB.

S. DOSAAF of the USSR are carried out according to technical
sports. In 1958-1970, 4 all-Union exhibitions were held, in 1967 and 1975
competitions in military-technical sports were included in the program of S.
peoples of the USSR (in 1974-75 35 million people participated in the competition, in the final
OK. 5 thousand people, including 2.9 thousand masters of sports).

S. about b - in a "D and n a m o". In 1933-73 took place
9 All-Union S. "Dynamo" (2.5 thousand people participated in the final of the latter,
including 1.5 thousand masters of sports). In 1965 and 1968 all-Union S.
"Young Dynamo". Owls. athletes have been participating in annual competitions since 1957
summer and since 1975 winter international. C. related owls. about-wu "Dynamo" sports
socialist organizations. countries.

S. schoolchildren have been held since 1954 (until 1961
annually, then every 2 years). There were 13 all-Union S. (the last in
1974, in mass competitions ca. 20 million students, in the final approx. 4 thousand,
including approx. 1 thousand masters of sports and candidates for masters). Begins
from intra-school competitions; national teams of min-v participate in the finals
education (people's education) of the Union republics, Moscow and Leningrad
departments education (as part of teams, as a rule, schoolchildren of 8-10
classes).

Records of the USSR were repeatedly updated in S.
and peace in various types sports. So, on the 15th S. of the Armed Forces of the USSR there were
99 all-Union and 77 world records were set.

S. are also carried out in other socialist.
countries. P. S. Bogdanov, H. H. Ryashentsev.