All about sports tourism and travel. What is sports tourism (ST)? higher professional education

In the article, the author discusses issues related to sports tourism, which allows you to get acquainted with the culture and life of various countries and peoples; educates patriotism, spirituality, courage, citizenship; has a military-applied purpose; counteracts drug addiction and crime.

Keywords: sports tourism, chronology, youth, travel, courage, education.

Sports tourism is not only a nationwide sport, it is a social movement that unites sports, spirituality, patriotism, the slogan of which is "Spirituality - Sport - Nature".
Sports tourism is a sport that is based on competitions on routes (sports hike), including overcoming obstacles categorized by difficulty in the natural environment (roads and trails with various surfaces and off-road, crossings, passes, peaks, rapids, canyons, caves, water paths and distances laid in the natural environment and on artificial terrain.

Sports tourism refers to a social sport, it is carried out by segments of the population that do not have large incomes - youth, students, intellectuals, teachers, doctors. The public nature of relationships in tourism requires collectivism, mutual assistance, self-sacrifice in the name of a common goal from the participants, it fosters spirituality. Therefore, speaking of sports tourism, we are talking about the education of patriotism, courage, citizenship. Sports tourism has a pronounced military-applied significance.

In addition, sports tourism is a means of environmental education. Sports tourism is an effective counteraction to drug addiction, drunkenness and delinquency. These are sports tourist camps, and trips with difficult teenagers, which make it possible to achieve very effective results.
Sports tourism is travel to open air, natural environment. It should be noted that at present, extreme types of sports tourism are popular among young people.

Unlike other sports, sports tourism requires minimal costs, since the training process and the routes themselves take place in a natural environment that does not require expensive stadiums and special sports halls.

A little history of sports tourism. The tourist movement in Russia originated at the end of the 19th century. At that time, the first tourist organizations began to appear in the country one after another: the Alpine Club in Tbilisi (1877), the Enterprise for Public Travel to All Countries of the World in St. Petersburg (1885), the Crimean Mountain Club in Odessa (1890) with branches in Yalta and Sevastopol (later - the "Crimean-Caucasian Mountain Club"), "Russian Thuring Club" (a society of cyclists) in St. Petersburg (1895) with branches in Moscow, Kyiv, Riga and etc. In 1901, the Turing Club was transformed into the Russian Society of Tourists (ROT), which became the largest tourist association in the country - by 1914, there were about 5 thousand members in its ranks.
The chronicle of tourism has left us the names of enthusiasts who made truly marathon crossings along unexplored routes, the names of pioneers and brave athletes who participated in hiking, skiing, cycling, horseback riding, traveling around the world, in canoeing, boating and sailing trips.

In 1929, the "Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions" was established, whose members in 1935 included up to 790 thousand people. Since 1930, it has become all-Union (OPTE). In the 20-30s of the last century in the USSR, mountaineering and mountain tourism in the modern sense of these words were considered a single type of sports tourism, and were developed by the state in the OPTE system.

At the beginning of the 20th century, fans of mountain climbing were called mountain tourists all over the world. Only those who traveled in the Alps were called climbers. However, gradually this term became common for all mountain lovers. In the 1930s, mountain tourism and mountaineering were not separated in the USSR. The same sportsmen went both to the pass trips and to the peaks. In the 40s, after the defeat of the OPTE, the former members of its mountain section limited themselves to climbing the peaks and became climbers in the modern sense.

By the mid-1930s, two independent directions emerged in the development of tourism (tourist-excursion and amateur). The first direction came under the jurisdiction of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, where the Central Tourist and Excursion Direction (TEU) was created, and the second - under the jurisdiction of the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports, where the All-Union Tourism Section was created. Tourism sections began to be created in DSO and physical education teams. Sports Committee in 1939. the badge "Tourist of the USSR" was introduced, in 1940 the title of tourism instructor was established.

In 1936, the titles of "Master of Sports" and "Honored Master of Sports" were established for athletes, and this year the leadership of tourism in the country was transferred to sports organizations and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.

In the pre-war period, tourism among schoolchildren gained wide scope. In 1932, a central children's excursion and tourist station was created, after which similar stations began to be created in all republics and large cities. The created network of youth tourism stations is still operating, the number of which is more than 400, and the annual number of participants organized by these institutions is about 1.6 million participants. In the prewar period, almost 3 million people took part in amateur campaigns - long-distance and weekend trips.

The war interrupted the activities of tourist organizations. It took many years to reach pre-war levels. The increase in tourists united in tourist sections and clubs by complex sports trips required streamlining the training system based on uniform regulatory requirements.

After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the Central Committee of the Komsomol undertook large-scale actions to develop tourism in the country. Already in 1945, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions made the corresponding decision. In the difficult post-war period, funds are allocated for the restoration and construction of new camp sites and camps. The creation of tourist clubs has received a special scope. They became the centers of consultations on the passage of sports routes, the place of work of the route-qualification commissions for types of tourism, they were the organizers of sports tourism.

In 1949, the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports, by its resolution, included tourism in the Unified All-Union Sports Classification. Amateur tourists began to assign sports categories and titles. Tourism was managed by the Union of Sports Societies and Organizations of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.

Beginning in the 1950s, schools of tourism instructors began to operate, and in the late 1950s, schools for leaders of complex hikes by type of tourism began to operate. Since the mid-50s, the rapid development of amateur tourism and its highest manifestation - sports tourism began. Tourism has become really massive.

In 1962, by decision of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, TEUs were transformed into the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions (TSTE), republican and regional councils, under whose jurisdiction amateur tourism was completely transferred. Sections and commissions on types of tourism began to work under the TSTE and local councils, and regional and city tourist clubs were created.

In 1976, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions decided to create a single public tourism body - the TsSTE Tourism Federation and the formation of relevant local federations.

In 1985, the Federation began to be called the All-Union Federation, and the local federations - republican, regional and regional. By the end of the 80s, 950 regional, city tourist clubs were created in the system of tourism councils, uniting thousands of public activists.

Since the 90s, after the elimination of artificial prohibitions, mountain tourists began to include climbing and traverse peaks in their routes. There are cases when ascents within the framework of tourist trips took prizes in mountaineering championships, remaining just one of several elements of a mountain trip.

In 1992, after the collapse of the USSR, the International Tourism and Sports Union was created, and in 2002 the International Sports Tourism Federation was established, uniting tourists from the CIS and Baltic countries. The Tourist and Sports Union and the Federation of Sports Tourism of Russia began to work under the State Sports Committee of Russia. Sports tourism is included in the Unified All-Russian Sports Classification.

At present, unlike ordinary travel, sports travel includes a set of natural obstacles classified by difficulty. As a rule, in mountain and ski tourism such obstacles are mountain peaks and passes, and in water tourism - river rapids.

Classified obstacles form the basis of the methodology for comparing trips by their difficulty. This is similar to assessing the difficulty of gymnastics or figure skating programs. The most difficult trips performed with brilliance are nominated for the championship of Moscow and the championship of Russia.

The organization and conduct of sports trips are subject to the Rules approved by the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia. These Rules accumulate the experience of many generations of travelers. Therefore, when they are carried out, the level of safety achieved in sports tourism is guaranteed. This is controlled by the system of route qualification commissions (MCC). In particular, the ICC checks the readiness of the group to enter the route and the compliance of the experience of the participants of the trip with its complexity.
The system of sports tourism, created over decades, limits the initiative of travelers to a minimum. Currently, a sports trip can be arranged to anywhere in the world, and everyone can become a group leader, as long as he has the experience of participating in a trip of the same category of complexity and the experience of leading a trip.

Sports tourism is not only sports. It allows you to get acquainted with the culture of the peoples living in the travel area, enjoy the contemplation of amazing landscapes, and experience the thrill of a pioneer explorer. Of course, in the era of total aerial photography, it is impossible to make a geographical discovery, but you can still visit places where no human has gone before. Finally, sports tourism is a school of wisdom. This is an accurate calculation of forces, the ability to foresee events and predict the course of processes generated by them.

Sports tourism in Russia and a number of neighboring countries is a sport with a long tradition. It includes not only the sports component, but also a special spiritual sphere, and the way of life of the wanderers themselves. Non-commercial clubs of tourists (tour clubs) are still the centers for the development of sports tourism, although many tourists are engaged in it on their own.

Many sports tourists are also involved in related sports: orienteering, rock climbing, mountaineering, rafting, skiing, yachting, etc. Sports tourists are, among other things, a reserve for training rescuers in the natural environment.

There are different types of sports tourism:
- hiking - movement on the route is carried out mainly on foot. The main task is to overcome terrain and landscape obstacles on foot, for high categories of difficulty - in areas with difficult terrain and climatic conditions;
- ski tourism - movement on the route is carried out mainly on skis. The main task is to overcome relief-landscape obstacles on snow and snow-ice cover on skis, for high categories of difficulty - in harsh climatic zones and in mountainous areas;
- mountain tourism - hiking in high mountains. The main task is the passage of mountain passes, climbing peaks, traverses of mountain ranges;
- water tourism - rafting on rivers on means of rafting (ships), as a rule, in mountainous areas. The main task is the passage of water obstacles formed by the relief of the riverbed and the features of its course;
- sailing tourism - travel on ships under sail on the sea or water areas of large lakes. The main task is to fulfill the ship's voyage plan in accordance with the rules of navigation in inland waters and on the high seas;
- on vehicles - a section that includes cycling tourism, equestrian tourism and auto-moto tourism. The main task is to overcome relief-landscape obstacles on a long route (roads and paths with different terrain and coverage, up to roads on the verge of passability (passability), tourist, cattle-running and animal migration paths, fords and crossings, mountain passes, traverses, etc. .d.) in difficult conditions, as a rule, in mountainous or rugged terrain that is difficult in terms of climate and topography;
- combined tourism - trips that combine elements of various types of tourism;
- motorcycle tourism is one of the types of tourism in which a motorcycle serves as a means of transportation. The concept of "motorcycle tourism" is ambiguous and refers to both one of the types of outdoor activities and a variety of sports tourism.

In recent years, the following tourist destinations have received their qualification: tourist all-around; trips; sailing tourism; equestrian tourism; combined tourism; extreme tourism; tourism for people with disabilities; tourist all-around indoors on artificial terrain; short routes in the class of sports trips.

Sports tourism, primarily sports trips, is a team sport in which traditions of mutual assistance and mutual assistance, sports discipline, self-improvement and mutual transfer of knowledge and experience are strong.

Passion for sports tourism allows you to get acquainted with the culture and life of various countries and peoples, with wonderful and often even unique corners of nature, interesting sights, enjoy communication, and find reliable comrades. Participation in sports hikes of the initial categories of complexity and in competitions at distances, as a rule, does not require significant financial costs, at the same time it allows you to get the necessary basic skills and enjoy participation in hikes and competitions.

FEDERAL AGENCY OF MARINE AND RIVER TRANSPORT

Federal State Educational Institution

higher professional education

"St. Petersburg State University of Water Communications"

Faculty of Humanities

Department of International Business, Management and Tourism

Course work:

Sports tourism

Completed:

4th year student

group EU-42
Kuznetsova N.N.

Checked:

Divina N.A

St. Petersburg

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..3

1.1 History of sports tourism……………………………………………...4 1.2 Types of sports tourism……………………………………………………6 tourism……………..……………………………...7 1.4 Types of movement in tourism……………………………………………..9

2. Classification of routes………………………………………….……10

3. Ranks in sports tourism……………………………………....…...10

4. Tourist and sports events………………………………………....11

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...13

Bibliographic list…………………………………………………....14

Introduction

Sports tourism is an independent and socially oriented sphere, a lifestyle of a significant stratum of society; an effective means of spiritual and physical development of the individual, education of respect for nature, mutual understanding and mutual respect between peoples and nations; a form of "people's diplomacy" based on a real acquaintance with the life, history, culture, customs of peoples, the most democratic type of recreation, characterized by a specific form of folk art, a free choice of the form of own activity of all socio-demographic groups of the population, from preschool children to pensioners.

Sports tourism in Russia is a national sport with a long tradition. It includes not only the sports component, but also a special spiritual sphere, and the way of life of the wanderers themselves. Non-commercial tourist clubs (“tour clubs”) are still the centers for the development of sports tourism, although many tourists are engaged in it on their own.

The sport "Sports tourism" is included in the All-Russian register of sports under the number 0840005411Я (2006-2009).

1.1 History of sports tourism

Sports tourism is a sport based on competitions on routes that include overcoming categorized obstacles in the natural environment (passes, peaks (in mountain tourism), rapids (in water tourism), canyons, caves, etc.), and at distances laid in the natural environment and on artificial relief.

Sports tourism in the USSR, as a sport, was included in the Unified All-Union Sports Classification in 1949. When assigning sports categories and the title of master of sports, the number and complexity of completed trips, as well as the experience of independent management of them, are taken into account. Difficulty is determined by the duration and length of the routes, the number and variety of natural obstacles. Multi-day trips (walking, skiing, water, mountain, cycling, automobile, on motorcycles and mopeds) are carried out along routes of 5 categories of difficulty. Routes of increased complexity, especially of the 4th-5th categories, require good general physical and special training. Camping trips are carried out, as a rule, with the assistance of sports and tourist clubs, councils of sports societies, physical education teams. As a means of year-round training of tourists, the so-called. weekend hikes and competitions in types of tourist equipment (for some, all-Union competitions are held).

The procedure for the formation of tourist groups, the rights and obligations of their participants and leaders, paperwork, development and preparation of routes, etc. are regulated by the "Rules for organizing and conducting amateur tourist trips and trips on the territory of the USSR" (approved by the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions in 1972).

Sports tourism is the preparation and conduct of sports trips with the aim of overcoming the vast expanse of wild nature on skis (ski tourism), by means of rafting (water tourism) or on foot in the mountains (mountain tourism). The sports trip is carried out by an autonomous group of 6-10 people. It happens that travelers do not meet any traces of civilization for a month. To pass the route you need to be not only strong, agile, courageous and stubborn, but also to have a wide range of special knowledge from the technique of overcoming obstacles to human physiology in extreme conditions. Unlike conventional travel, sports travel includes a set of natural obstacles classified by difficulty. As a rule, in mountain and ski tourism such obstacles are mountain peaks and passes, and in water tourism - river rapids. Classified obstacles form the basis of the methodology for comparing trips by their difficulty. This is similar to assessing the difficulty of gymnastics or figure skating programs. The most difficult trips performed with brilliance are nominated for the championship of Moscow and the championship of Russia.

The organization and conduct of sports trips are subject to the Rules approved by the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia. These Rules accumulate the experience of many generations of travelers. Therefore, when they are carried out, the level of safety achieved in sports tourism is guaranteed. This is controlled by the system of route qualification commissions (MCC). In particular, the ICC checks the readiness of the group to enter the route and the compliance of the experience of the participants of the trip with its complexity. In accordance with the Rules, sports trips can have six categories of complexity (c.s.). If the travels of the first k.s. feasible for beginners, then travel sixth k.s. extreme even for the strongest and most experienced travelers. Indeed, mountain "sixes" in some areas can include climbing to peaks over 7000 m high, ski "sixes" are hundreds and hundreds of kilometers of way in forty-degree frost along endless Siberian ridges, water "sixes" are breathtaking rafting along the frenzied rivers of Altai and the Middle Asia.

1.2 Types of sports tourism

We can name the following forms of sports tourism, depending on its organization: sports tourism can be individual and mass.

Individual (custom) tours are tours that are formed at will and with the direct participation of the tourist. He is offered a choice of different service options for each type of service in the proposed place of rest. The services chosen by the tourist are formed into the tour program. Typically, such orders are formed in agencies and then come to the tour operator for implementation. The main advantage of individual trips is that they allow you to visit anywhere in the world and, even in classical Europe, find an original route. After all, such a product is created according to the requirements of each individual tourist.

Group tours involve the sale of a pre-planned standard set of services, focused on a certain type of holiday, as well as on the social class of tourists and their age, and sold to tourists in one package. The peculiarities of preparing and conducting this type of tour (a single program for all, strictly linked to the timing and schedule of the trip) do not allow making any changes to the composition of the services offered, so the tourist can either buy it entirely or refuse to purchase it altogether. This type of comprehensive service is called package tours (from the English package tour - package tour). Ready-made package tours allow tour operators to use special rates, and their cost is usually lower than the combined retail prices for the individual services included in the package.

1.3 Forms of sports tourism

It is customary to distinguish forms of tourism depending on the origin of tourists, on the length of stay, on the age of travelers, and on the time of year.

1. Forms of tourism depending on the origin of tourists. Depending on the origin of travelers, tourism is divided into internal (travel within the Russian Federation by persons permanently residing in the Russian Federation); and international (travels for tourism purposes outside the country of permanent residence. This is a travel system carried out on the basis of international agreements, taking into account existing international customs).

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Currently, tourism is a sphere of human life, which allows him to satisfy a variety of needs - in relaxation, communication, knowledge, new experiences, etc. The first level of motives that encourage a person to travel is physical motivation, which is aimed at restoring the body and soul, health goals, pleasure and sports.

This is largely determined by the rapid rhythm and high level of stress in the life of a modern person, which increasingly stimulates him to actively spend his free time. These factors largely explain the growing popularity of active tourism. One of the types of active tourism is sports tourism, which, on the one hand, satisfies a person's need for sports (active tourism), and on the other hand, the need for participation in sports competitions, when a tourist travels to attend sports events where he enjoys being a cheerleader (passive tourism).

It should be noted that today sports tourism is an underdeveloped, but nevertheless a promising area of tourism both in Russia as a whole and in its individual regions.

Currently, about 400 centers, stations for young tourists, tourist camps, as well as many departments of tourism and Houses of creativity for children and youth operate in Russia, according to state statistics, about 425 thousand students are engaged in 28 thousand integrated institutions of additional education. More than 1.6 million children take part in the hikes every year. Up to 3 million people are engaged in sports tourism in Russia. The development of sports tourism in Russia is carried out by the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia and its technical committee - the Federation of Sports Tourism of Russia, which unite more than 70 collective members, subjects of the Russian Federation.

Hiking trips differ in duration, distance, modes of transportation and route complexity. For the fulfillment of certain standards, a participant in a sports tourist trip is assigned ranks and titles in accordance with the requirements of the Unified Sports Classification approved by the State Sports Committee. Hiking trips are divided into types according to certain classification criteria. According to the form of conducting, walks, hikes, travels, rallies, competitions, expeditions are distinguished. According to territorial features, it is customary to distinguish between local (for example, within the same administrative region) and long-distance trips. According to the method of movement and types of route, hiking trips are divided into hiking, skiing, mountain, water, speleological, cycling, motorcycle, automobile combined.

Hiking- most often the first type, from which the passion for tourism begins, is the easiest and most accessible, the organization of which is not very difficult. A group of average preparedness (4 - 12) people can walk 25-30 km per day. The weight of the backpack depends on the duration and distance from settlements. In 2-3-day hikes it is 12-15 kg for men, 6-10 for women. In categorical, at the beginning of the route, the weight of a backpack can reach 25-30 kg for men, 15-20 for women. The driving time is 5-6 hours, usually from 9.00 to 16.00, in hot weather it is recommended to use the morning and evening hours.

Specificity ski tourism makes high demands on special, physical and volitional training. Skis should be wider than usual, with various rigid bindings, allowing you to wear boot covers on your feet from snow and cold. For overnight stays, double-walled tents, tourist stoves, warm sleeping bags (down) and suits are used. The open area assumes an untouchable supply of fuel (firewood, dry alcohol, stoves) in case of a forced stop (weather, illness, short daylight hours, frost, heavy cover, change of route, etc.). A special repair kit is also required. Due to the additional warm clothes and food, the backpack of a skier is 15-20% heavier. In addition, when crossing, you must carry a thermos with hot tea and broth. Putting up a tent, building a fire and cooking in the snow and low temperatures presents its own difficulties. The group should be at least 10-12 people.

mountain tourism- a kind of hiking or skiing, but due to specific mountain conditions, it is separated into an independent species.

Water tourism is one of the most popular types of tourism, usually organized using watercraft (kayaks, catamarans, rafts). The peculiarity lies in the fact that most of the time passes on the water, and there is no need to carry the load on yourself. So you can take more equipment, food, personal items. Water trips usually take place along rivers and lakes, of varying complexity, using various rescue equipment (vests, air tanks). Things, products must be in impermeable shells and be securely attached to the craft. Mandatory repair kit for the craft.

Cycling tourism has a number of advantages, it is especially important that the speed of movement is 5-6 times higher and you do not need to carry powered equipment on your shoulders. In this form, trained people most often participate, who own the technique of riding, who are familiar with the rules of movement and the device of a bicycle. Usually use tourist, road or mountain bikes. The role of competent management of the hike and compliance with safety standards by the participants is very important. A repair kit, first aid kit and bicycle spare parts are also required.

According to the construction of the route, hikes are differentiated into linear, ring and radial. Linear routes pass through several (at least two) geographical points or tourist sites (bases), and the start and end points of such a route do not coincide and are located at a certain distance from each other. Ring tourist routes pass through a number of geographical points or tourist sites, while the start and end points of the route coincide. Radial routes involve the stay of tourists during the entire period of the hiking program in one tourist site, which does not exclude their participation in multi-day hiking trips with overnight stays outside the tourist site. By duration, weekend trips and multi-day trips are distinguished. By the time of functioning, tourist trips can be year-round and seasonal. According to the organizational duration, trips organized by travel companies, stations for young tourists, tourist clubs and sections can be distinguished. According to the age composition of travelers, they are divided as follows: children, young people, middle-aged people, and the elderly.

Hike goals

“Why are we going on a hike?” - everyone should ask themselves this question: both you and your friend who is going to go with you, since the purpose of the trip determines a lot: the composition of the group, equipment, route.

Unfortunately, it happens that an inexperienced tourist group goes on a hike without thinking through the route. Such a trip will not bring pleasure, because the picturesque corners of nature can be left out, and you will not be able to swim in the river because of the difficult approach to it. This happens to those who set off on a journey according to the principle: "We go wherever our eyes look." The success of every expedition depends on how well prepared it is.

Hike - the same expedition. So, without preparation, it cannot take place. First of all, determine the purpose of the trip. Goals - and hence campaigns - are different: . health-improving (walks in the forest, in the mountains, along the river); . cognitive, excursion (acquaintance with the republics, cities, museums, historical monuments, protected areas, etc.); . military-patriotic (studying the military path of famous military formations, meetings with participants in the civil and Great Patriotic wars, collecting materials about fellow countrymen-heroes); . local history (such trips help to replenish the expositions of local museums, collect information on the history of the school, village, town, city); . environmental protection (installation of feeders for birds and animals, cleaning the banks of rivers, forests and other places of mass visits from debris); . training (beginners master the basic tourist skills); . sports (participants of the trip compete, fulfilling the standards approved by the Council of the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia).

Purpose of Travel may be associated with the performance of any public assignments (conduct biological observations, compile a geological collection, collect useful plants, medicinal herbs, examine the state of cultural and historical monuments, small rivers, etc.). Do not set too many goals, it is better to choose one. If there are several of them, select the main one. The rest are considered related. It will be possible to implement them - well, no - it does not matter. Postpone until another trip. Beginners generally should not set any goals other than educational ones. The purpose of each trip must be indicated in the itinerary and known to all participants. Let everyone, after thinking, decide for himself whether he should go on such a trip or not. The organization of the trip also depends on the purpose of the trip. For example, in a sports trip, duties are distributed so that everyone does what he does best; in training, it’s the other way around: it’s better for everyone to do what they’re doing poorly so far, in order to learn, to acquire skills.

Route selection and development

Beginning tourists often have a desire to immediately go on a trip "over the three seas". It seems to many that there is some kind of miracle land where everything is much more interesting than where they live. However, first of all, it is necessary to know exactly one's native places and one should start with travels in the vicinity of one's city or village. Do not get carried away immediately with large kilometers. It often happens that the less you walk, the more you learn, see and have a better rest. Choosing a route is the most important step in preparing for a hike. Look at the literature that tells about the geographical features of the area and its history. Maps of the surroundings of a city or region can be found in libraries or local history museums. It's good to talk to people who know the area. In any case, try to choose a route that passes through picturesque places. To avoid monotony, do not return to the house the same way you went. It is better for beginners to use already known routes passed by someone. Do not be embarrassed that they have already been passed by someone. That doesn't make them any less interesting. Most often, routes are compiled according to the ring principle. In the vicinity of large cities, where railways and highways diverge from the city in radii, you can start the route from the railway station of one line and finish it at the station of the other line.

For walking routes, it is better to choose small country roads and paths. Major freeways are not only dangerous, but also harmful: dust and exhaust gases from cars will not improve the health and will not bring pleasure to the hikers. Looking through maps, diagrams, one should note places convenient for halts, forests where you need to follow the compass, various natural obstacles - ravines, swamps, thickets, and the like. Learn everything about local transport, settlements, roads, trails, forests. Do not forget to ask about shops, canteens, bakeries. Be sure to contact the forestry and inform about the upcoming trip. They will help you to clarify the route so as not to damage nature along the way, they will suggest convenient places for halts. If your path passes through nature reserves, you will be given a special permit, without which you cannot collect medicinal plants here, prepare firewood for a fire. Make a schedule of movement: break the route by day, determine the distances of daytime crossings, roughly mark parking lots, replenishment of supplies.

Experienced tourists are advised to draw a route diagram - a clear illustration of the traffic schedule - and accurately show the entire path of the group on it. When drawing up a route, you need to accurately set the hours of departure and return in order to have time to relax after the trip. The norm for beginners is 10-15 km per day. More experienced hikers can walk 25 km a day. Determine the task, what you will have time to do on the hike, based on the duration of the hike: take into account the time it takes to see interesting places, stops and halts, swim, play, etc. It is desirable that all participants of the hike are involved in the development and discussion of the route. If the route is being developed by one leader or preparatory group, it is necessary to inform everyone of the details of the upcoming trip. Long before the exit, you should register a trip. If it takes no more than five days, it is enough to register with your educational institution (university, school, health camp). If the route is designed for a longer time, you need to register with the Ministry of Emergency Situations, with a tourist organization: in a club or at a station for young tourists.

Acquisition of tourist groups

The recruitment of a group is an important moment in the work of its leader. The success of the route largely depends on the size of the group, the social, age composition of its participants. The cohesion of the group, its organization, and the effectiveness of its management depend on the optimal combination of these characteristics. However, the head of the tourist group must be ready to work with any contingent, gently but persistently and consistently form the behavioral skills of tourists. For the trip to go well, the team must be homogeneous in strength and interests. The participation of too many people quickly brings out the difference in tastes and their physical fitness. Some are active, they want to see more, others are attracted by long stops; some go fast, some go slow.

Therefore, the maximum number of participants in the trip is no more than 25-30 people. However, if a lot of children signed up, you should not worry: in the process of preparation, some of them will drop out for various reasons (parents will not let one go, the other will change his mind). On a campaign, such guys are good who do not push unnecessary worries off themselves, do not refuse to bring a backpack of a sick comrade, do not save, do not leave in trouble, with whom, as experienced soldiers say, you can safely go on reconnaissance. Therefore, before the trip, discuss and approve each. At the same time, take into account his interests and inclinations. For example, if a local history trip is planned, then guys who have the skill of pathfinder work, members of the historical circle or the museum section are very much needed. In no case should there be "passengers" on the journey. Everyone has a specific job, everyone has certain responsibilities.

The task of the head of the tourist group is to unite into a single friendly team of people of different ages, education, social status: pensioners and students, newlyweds and elderly spouses, workers and businessmen, for this he should study the socio-psychological characteristics of each tourist. In addition, the team leader must: . be able to maximally smooth and (or) eliminate conflicts that arise both within the group and outside it; . take measures to unite the team of the group; . identify informal leaders in the group who can (or cannot, or do not want, i.e. oppose) help the group leader in his work, and if there is “opposition”, find ways to neutralize it. The motivation for recruiting tourists into groups can be very different, for example, based on common interests.

So, skiers, mushroom pickers, fishing enthusiasts, as a rule, use weekends, vacations, holidays for travel. The travel of such groups of people is best organized on buses, on local and suburban trains, as well as on sea and river vessels. Groups of tourists can be united by one profession, occupation. For students and schoolchildren, these trips serve as one of the forms of study and practice, they provide an opportunity to see much of what they study in the lessons of geography, local history, zoology, botany, and history. In addition, when recruiting groups, one should take into account not only the common interests of its members, but also the time convenient for the trip. For schoolchildren and students, this is a vacation, for the majority of workers, it is vacation time.

The effectiveness of the organization and conduct of the campaign largely depends on the size of the group. If the group is small, it is more difficult to organize the passage of difficult sections of the route, equip a place for the night, and, if necessary, provide assistance to the victim and his transportation. An overly large group is difficult to manage, especially on difficult hikes. Finally, numerous groups of tourists cause significant harm to the environment. Practice shows that the optimal size of a tourist group on a hike ranges from 6 to 10 people, and for a tourist group participating in a weekend hike, non-categorical hike or trip, it should be at least four and not more than 50 people. The rules for conducting tourist sports trips set the minimum composition of participants: in trips of the lowest categories of complexity - from 2 to 4 people; in groups of tourists - schoolchildren - 8 people, except for skiing and mountaineering.

Depending on the age composition and complexity of the trip, the maximum number of participants can be from 12 to 30 people. Requirements for leaders and participants of tourist and sports trips are presented depending on the category of complexity of the route. When forming a tourist group for traveling along categorical routes, it is necessary to take into account the experience of participation in the trips of the instructor leader, the quantitative composition of the group and the minimum allowable age of the participants. Participants of categorical trips and trips for all types of tourism should be able to swim and know the rules for rescuing drowning people, and tourists traveling in winter and during off-season periods should have experience in organizing a field overnight stay. Participants of category trips and trips must have special knowledge and skills, as well as have relevant experience in participating in certain types of trips and trips (water, mountain, ski, etc.).

Appropriate training is provided by the organization conducting the hike or trip. At the time of recruiting a tourist group or at the beginning of a trip, the leader can choose assistants from the most active and disciplined tourists, find out if there is a medical worker (doctor, nurse) among the tourists. Each tourist on the route performs one or another social work in accordance with his abilities and desires. The leader of the route thinks over proposals for the distribution of responsibilities and expresses them at the organizational meeting of the group. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the wishes and abilities of each.

There are usually several main public "positions" in a tourist group:

. headman- First Assistant Instructor. Usually this is the most experienced or most reputable tourist. He participates in all organizational activities of the preparation of the route, monitors the well-being of all members of the group, regulates their load on the route. In the campaign, at the direction of the instructor, he is usually either guiding or trailing. In addition, the headman assists the leader in organizing tourists, in maintaining discipline and order in the group, and in some cases replaces the absent leader of the tourist group;

. responsible for equipment Responsible for the receipt and proper use of public inventory, distributes it among the participants of the trip. Monitors the condition of the equipment, supervises all repair work, and at the end of the trip, rents everything to a tourist club or rental office;

. responsible for nutrition must be an energetic, efficient and accurate tourist. He organizes the receipt of the required amount of products, their packaging. He also distributes the entire stock of moving products among the participants. On the route, it keeps records of the consumption of products in accordance with the layout by day, daily redistributes the remaining products among tourists. Gives food to attendants. 2-3 people are usually allocated to help him;

. treasurer draws up an estimate, makes all monetary calculations, keeps a strict record of expenses, collects and files documents for reporting - transport tickets, receipts, copies of sales receipts; . a sports organizer conducts morning exercises, organizes sports games and camping competitions. Stores and is responsible for sports equipment;

. orderly is responsible for observing the daily routine, the sanitary condition of tourists, stores and replenishes the first-aid kit, and dispenses medicines. He cares about the quality of the products, about the observance of the drinking regime. He also provides first aid; . the cultural organizer prepares and organizes entertainment and cultural programs, singing songs by the fire and other events;

. photographer takes all the interesting moments of the trip, prepares photos for the report;

. chronicler writes travel notes, prepares a report on the campaign. Depending on the goals of the trip, the participants may have other “positions”, for example, a mechanic, a local historian, a topographer, a meteorologist responsible for collecting herbariums, medicinal herbs, mineral collections, etc. Depending on the needs of the group, several tourists. All participants take turns on duty.

Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations of the organization of sports tourism

Basic concepts and definitions of sports tourism

Sports Tourism is a kind of sport - competitions in various types of tourism (skiing, water, mountain, speleotourism, etc.).

Sports tourism is a sport based on competitions on routes that include overcoming categorized obstacles in the natural environment (passes, peaks (in mountain tourism), rapids (in water tourism), canyons, caves, etc.), and on distances laid in the natural environment and on artificial terrain.

Sports tourism is a kind of sport for overcoming an extended segment of the earth's surface, called a route. At the same time, the "terrestrial surface" means not only the stone surface of the Earth, but also the water surface, and located under the daytime surface (caves). During the passage of the route, various specific natural obstacles are overcome. For example, mountain peaks and passes (in mountain tourism) or river rapids (in river rafting).

Sports tourism in Russia is a national sport with centuries-old historical traditions, and includes not only a sports component, but also a special spiritual sphere and lifestyle of the wanderers themselves. Non-commercial tourist clubs ("tour clubs") are still the centers for the development of sports tourism, although many tourists are engaged in it independently.

Unlike conventional travel, sports travel includes a set of natural obstacles classified by difficulty. As a rule, in mountain and ski tourism such obstacles are mountain peaks and passes, and in water tourism - river rapids.

The system of sports tourism, created over decades, limits the initiative of travelers to a minimum. At present, a sports trip can be arranged to anywhere in the world, and everyone can become a team leader, as long as he has experience of participating in a trip of the same category of complexity and experience of leading a trip that is one category easier. The remaining members of the team must have experience of participating in a simpler (one category) trip. In addition to this basic principle, the Rules provide for exceptions to better take into account the actual experience of travelers (for example, mountaineering experience or experience in other types of sports tourism). The master level in sports tourism is associated with the leadership in travel of the highest categories of complexity. Therefore, making two trips a year, a gifted athlete reaches this level in 5-6 years. Sports tourism is not only sports. It allows you to get acquainted with the culture of the peoples living in the travel area, enjoy the contemplation of amazing landscapes, and experience the thrill of a pioneer explorer. Of course, in the era of total aerial photography, it is impossible to make a geographical discovery, but you can still visit places where no human has gone before. Finally, sports tourism is a school of wisdom. This is an accurate calculation of forces, the ability to foresee events and predict the course of processes generated by them.

Formation and development of sports tourism

Sports tourism is a relatively young phenomenon in the national history of the development of the tourist movement, which originated at the end of the 19th century. The tourist and sports movement in Russia at that time did not acquire a mass character, remaining the business of a small circle of people. This was due to a number of reasons: economic, psychological, etc. This was also hampered by artificially created restrictions on sports (including tourism). After the establishment of the power of the Bolsheviks in the country, the state began to pay more attention to the issues of physical culture and sports. The creation of a system of mass physical education began in the country. Parallel to this, there was a process of cutting off pre-existing organizations that did not fit into the new system.

However, at that time, the first tourist organizations began to appear in the country one after another: the Alpine Club in Tbilisi (1877), the Enterprise for Public Travel to All Countries of the World in St. Petersburg (1885), the Crimean Mountain Club in Odessa (1890) with branches in Yalta and Sevastopol (later - the "Crimean-Caucasian Mountain Club"), "Russian Turing Club" (a society of cyclists) in St. Petersburg (1895) with branches in Moscow, Kyiv, Riga, etc. In 1901 The Turing Club was transformed into the ROT (Russian Society of Tourists), which became the largest tourist association in the country - by 1914, there were about 5 thousand members in its ranks. By a happy coincidence, the Russian Society of Tourists escaped the fate of other bourgeois sports organizations and was not liquidated in the first years of Soviet power. On the contrary, this association was included in the state system of universal physical education. This was partly due to the efforts of people who were involved in the organizational issues of the movement, its formation: N. Krylenko, I. Tamm, A. Frumkin, V. Nemytsky, etc. . But ROT did not become the only organization that united participants in the tourist movement in the country. Tourist groups were created on the basis of the excursion organizations of the People's Commissariat of Education, the NKVD (People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs), the Supreme Economic Council (Supreme Council of the National Economy), at the regional executive committees and other state institutions. Back in 1918, the first Soviet tourist organization, the Bureau of School Tours of the Narkompros, was created under the People's Commissariat of Education, and in 1920, the "joint lecture and excursion bureau" - the prototype of modern tourist and excursion institutions.

The 20th century in the history of the development of sports tourism is characterized by three main periods: pre-war, pre-war, post-war.

In the pre-war period, two independent directions emerged in the development of tourism (tourist-excursion and amateur). The first direction came under the jurisdiction of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, where the Central Tourist and Excursion Administration was created, and the second under the jurisdiction of the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports, where the All-Union Tourism Section was created. In 1929, the ROT was renamed the OPT, which set itself the following tasks: acquaintance with the country for the purpose of self-education; development of moral and physical qualities; better use of leisure opportunities; as well as providing assistance to backward peoples in the development of cultural heritage; carrying out research work to identify the natural wealth of the country. In its work, the OPT relied on cells in institutions, industrial enterprises, state farms and collective farms; There were district and regional PNT branches in all the republics. Routes were developed, methodical literature was published. In 1930, by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the All-Union Voluntary Society for Proletarian Tourism and Excursions (OPTE) was created on the basis of the OPT and JSC (Joint Stock Company) "Soviet Tourist". OPTE carried out a lot of work to involve the population in hiking and excursions, to develop a network of tourist centers and routes. At the same time, tourism among schoolchildren has gained wide scope. In 1932, a central children's excursion and tourist station was created, after which similar stations began to be created in all republics and large cities. The created network of youth tourism stations is still operating, the number of which is more than 400, and the annual number of participants organized by these institutions is about 1.6 million participants. Tourism sections began to be created in DSOs and physical education teams. On March 26, 1939, the Sports Committee introduced the “USSR Tourist” badge, and in 1940 the title of tourism instructor was established. When in 1936 the titles “Master of Sports” and “Honored Master of Sports” were established for athletes, a tourist appeared among the Honored Masters: N.M. Gubanov. In the same year, by a decree of the Central Election Commission of the USSR, the management of work in the field of tourism was entrusted to the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. At this time, the tourist movement within the country acquired a mass character: 500 thousand people were already engaged in tourist clubs and cells, against 5 thousand in 1914. Tourism has become a common form of recreation for hundreds of thousands of people. At the same time, there were still many problems, among which the underdevelopment of the material and technical base stood out. But, despite this, the tourist movement, thanks primarily to the enthusiasm of individuals, continued to grow and strengthen. In 1940, several thousand tourist sections operated at enterprises and educational institutions, 165 tourist bases and camps were created. Since January 1, 1940, tourism has been included in the GTO complex (“Ready for Labor and Defense” - a program of physical education in general education, professional and sports organizations).

In the prewar period, almost 3 million people took part in amateur campaigns - long-distance and weekend trips. The war interrupted the activities of tourist organizations. It took many years to reach pre-war levels. The increase in tourists united in tourist sections and clubs by complex sports trips required streamlining the training system based on uniform regulatory requirements.

After the end of World War II, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the Central Committee of the Komsomol (Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union) undertook large-scale actions to develop tourism in the country. Already in 1945, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions made the corresponding decision. In the difficult post-war period, funds are allocated for the restoration and construction of new camp sites and camps. The creation of tourist clubs has received a special scope. They became the centers of consultations on the passage of sports routes, the place of work of the route-qualification commissions for types of tourism, they were the organizers of sports tourism. Sports tourism was first introduced into the Unified Sports Classification in 1949. This entailed the development of route and qualification (later route-qualification) commissions, the development of a classification of hiking trips.

Schools of tourism instructors began to operate in the 1950s. Since the mid-50s, the rapid development of amateur tourism and its highest manifestation - sports tourism began. In 1957, more than 50 tourist clubs operated in the country, while before the war there was only one in Rostov-on-Don. Tourism has become really massive.

In 1962, by decision of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, TEU (Tourist and Excursion Administration) were transformed into TsSTE, republican and regional councils, under whose jurisdiction amateur tourism was completely transferred. Sections and commissions on types of tourism began to work under the TSTE and local councils, and regional and city tourist clubs were created. Starting from 1965, category requirements began to function, including the award of categories and titles up to the title of Master of Sports for performing sports trips of the 5th category of complexity. (Resolution of the Presidium of the Central Council of the Union of Sports Societies and Organizations of the USSR. Protocol "4 of March 19, 1965").

Since 1970, all-Union competitions for the best tourist trip have been organized annually. Tourist trips were included in the TRP physical culture and sports complex. Since 1971, All-Union, republican, regional competitions for the best tourist trip have been held, which since 1981 have been transformed into Championships of the USSR, republics, etc. (Resolution of the TsSTE, protocol No. 16 b p. 5 of May 22, 1980, agreed with the Committee on Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the USSR). By the Decree of the Committee for Physical Culture and Sports of August 22, 1980, protocol No. 6, the winners of the USSR championships are awarded with gold, silver and bronze medals of the II degree. 100-150 teams participated in all-Union competitions and championships annually. In 1976, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions decided to create a single public tourism body - the TsSTE Tourism Federation and the formation of relevant local federations. S.V. was elected Chairman of the Federation. Zhuravlev - deputy. chairman of the All-Union Council of the DSO Trade Unions.

In 1985, the Federation began to be called the All-Union Federation, and the local federations - republican, regional and regional. A well-known tourist, Honored Master of Sports V.D. became the Chairman of the Federation. Tikhomirov. By the end of the 80s, 950 regional, city tourist clubs were created in the system of tourism councils, uniting thousands of public activists. Tourist sections and clubs worked in tens of thousands of physical education teams, which covered up to 10 million people with competitions and sports trips. More than 500,000 instructors, trek leaders, and competition judges have been trained at various levels of seminars, schools, and camps. More than 200 thousand sports tourists (about 20 thousand tourist groups) annually participated in sports trips.

At the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, more than 40 thousand public commissions operated on the territory of the former USSR, in which about 700 thousand tourists participated. In 1990, the title of master of sports was awarded to 124 tourists, 1-3 category - to 80 thousand tourists, and the "USSR tourist" badge was awarded to 250 thousand tourists.

In 1992, after the collapse of the USSR, the International Tourist and Sports Union was created, and in 2002 the International Sports Tourism Federation was established, uniting tourists from the CIS and Baltic countries. The Tourist and Sports Union and the Federation of Sports Tourism of Russia began to work under the State Sports Committee of Russia. ZMS (Honored Master of Sports) I.E. became the president. Vostokov.

Starting from 1994, the category requirements for sports tourism introduced the awarding of the title of Master of Sports of international class for performing sports trips of the 6th category of complexity, corresponding to world achievements, and also included competitions in tourist all-around, which were previously called competitions in tourism techniques. The parent organization is a public organization - the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia (Federation of Sports Tourism). Abbreviated as TSSR.

Beginning in 1998, ST passed the critical point of its downfall; there are positive trends in its development. This became possible thanks to the organizational, methodological and financial support from the state committees for physical culture, sports and tourism, the efforts of the public tourism asset and, most importantly, the desire of the socially unprotected segments of the population themselves to solve the problem of their recreation and a healthy lifestyle in a difficult city situations. Against this background, a steady process of creating full-time departments involved in the development of sports tourism is underway in the territorial state committees.

In Russia, in terms of the number of people involved, sports tourism is among the top ten places among all sports. In 2008, according to the official statistics of the Ministry of Sports and Tourism, this is more than 340 thousand athletes, and taking into account the mass physical culture movement, which includes children's and youth sports and health tourism - more than 3 million people.

To date, sports tourism, in modern society, manifests itself as one of the most important types of tourism activities, which for many people is an integral component of life, an effective means of restoring physical and mental health, as well as a necessary condition for exciting spending their free time. This is a whole social movement, the most important goal of which is the formation of a healthy lifestyle for each individual and society as a whole.

But at the same time, since 2009, there has been a tendency to misunderstand the importance of this movement. A number of problems have accumulated that lead to a decrease in the status of sports tourism, the destruction of the movement and the sport, and a decrease in security, which does not correspond to the national interests of the country. There is a tendency to ignore and neglect the opinion of public sports organizations. It takes years to approve norms - rules and discharge requirements and other documents. There is a fear of the responsibility of officials and distrust of the public, which blocks decisions, the adoption of regulatory documents and the development of this sport. Over the past three years, the category requirements for sports tourism in the basic group of disciplines "route" for performing sports routes (hikes) have not been approved, the titles of Master of Sports and Master of Sports of international class have been eliminated, even youth categories are not assigned. All this leads to a decrease in safety and an increase in injuries on the routes due to a decrease in traffic control, since the lack of proper incentives leads to an increase in the number of unorganized "wild", unregistered groups that do not comply with the strict safety requirements of the competition rules. Decreased motivation affects both participants and coaches. Athletes with sports titles have always been an example and a driving force in the education of young people. This position contradicts the main directions of national policy set by the President of the Russian Federation D.A. Medvedev to raise mass sports, improve health and social support for the population, causing a great negative public response. State support for tourist sports organizations is insufficient. There is practically no funding for competitions and other tourist events. As before, there is a trend of development at one's own expense.

Given the above, we can conclude that ST is a nationwide sport in Russia, reflecting national traditions. There are three main periods in the history of the emergence of sports tourism in Russia - pre-war, pre-war and post-war. Considering these periods, there is a certain trend in the development of sports tourism: the wide spread of the sports and tourism industry - the transition from a professional approach to sports and tourism events to an amateur one - large-scale actions to develop this tourism in the country.

Sports tourism is not only sports. It allows you to get acquainted with the culture of the peoples living in the travel area, enjoy the contemplation of amazing landscapes, and experience the thrill of a pioneer explorer. As for the direct development of this type of tourism, a number of certain trends can be traced here. If in the 90s sports tourism was mainly developed with the help of state funds, then in modern times, instead of state funds, commercial ones have become - i.e. development at your own expense. As a result, public funding has been reduced to a minimum. In addition to budget cuts, the number of people involved in sports tourism has sharply decreased, there is a noticeable democratization of relations between man, the state and nature, the disappearance of some and the emergence of other prohibitions and restrictions. Also quite an important trend is the problem of emasculation of the main essence of sports tourism - its natural habitat. There are events that can hardly be called touristic. The legislative and regulatory framework, which is the basis for the implementation of state policy in the field of socially oriented sports tourism, does not currently guarantee its development. There is a tendency to misunderstand the importance of the tourist and sports movement, mainly on the part of the authorities. However, recently there have been positive trends in its development, in the territorial state committees there is a steady process of creating full-time units involved in the development of this tourism.

Types of sports tours

The purpose of sports tours is adventure, overcoming difficulties. Active tours are divided by means of transportation.

Allocate hiking, skiing, water (rafting on kayaks, wooden or inflatable rafts - rafts, catamarans, boats, yachts, etc.), horse riding, cycling. Speleotourism is also distinguished separately - visiting caves, mountaineering - climbing mountain peaks. In Russia, mountain tourism is distinguished separately - hiking in the mountains in order to overcome a certain number of mountain passes. Stationary sports tourism - various types of recreation at sea (diving, surfing, yachting, water skiing, etc.) and in the mountains (skiing, sleighing, snowboarding, para - and hang gliding, etc.).

Types of sports tourism

By type of movement are distinguished:

Automototourism - travel (hiking) along the chosen route on cars and motorcycles for personal use;

Bicycle tourism (bicycle tourism) is one of the types of tourism in which the bicycle is the main or only means of transportation. The concept of "bicycle tourism" is ambiguous and refers to both one of the types of outdoor activities and a variety of sports tourism;

Water tourism is one of the types of sports tourism, which consists in overcoming the route along the water surface. There are several types of water tourism: river rafting, rafting, sailing tourism, sea kayaking;

Sailing tourism - travel along inland waterways and in the coastal waters of the seas and oceans on sailing ships;

Equestrian tourism (horse tourism) - travel on horseback or in carriages. One of the types of sports tourism, which consists in the passage on a horse of routes containing obstacles specific for equestrian tourism (passes, forests, rivers);

Ski tourism - movement on the route is carried out mainly on skis. Tourist skis are used to overcome natural obstacles;

Motorcycle tourism;

Hiking - movement on the route is carried out mainly on foot. The main goal is to overcome the route on foot by the group along the slightly rugged terrain;

Mountain tourism - hiking in high mountains;

Speleotourism is a kind of sports tourism, the meaning is to travel through natural underground cavities (caves) and overcome various obstacles in them (siphons, wells) using various special equipment (scuba gear, carabiners, ropes, hooks, individual safety systems, etc.). The opening of new speleotourist routes is associated with the study of caves - speleology.;

Combined tourism is a type of competition in sports tourism, which consists in passing an extremely oriented distance, combining several types of tourism, and practicing rescue, life support and survival in the natural environment.

According to age and social characteristics, sports tourism is divided into:

Children's tourism;

youth tourism;

adult tourism;

Family tourism;

Tourism for people with disabilities.

In recent years, the following areas of sports tourism have been actively developed: travel (including solo travel); extreme tourism; distance discipline; distance discipline indoors on artificial terrain; short routes in the class of sports trips.

Forms and activities:

organization of sports trips and trips;

Carrying out sports and scientific expeditions;

holding championships and competitions, including international ones;

· conducting sports schools for training personnel - instructors and guides for sports tourism;

commercial sports tourism;

organization of fairs, rallies, tours;

· maintenance of data banks of collective members, novelties of tourist equipment, routes, passes, peaks and other technically difficult obstacles;

· activity on the account and assignment of sports, instructor and judicial ranks;

organization of youth and family tourism.

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