Due to the fact that a number of deviations have been established in the state of motor skills, we considered it necessary to describe the methods and techniques for examining it in children. preschool age. An examination is necessary to establish the nature of voluntary motor disorders, as well as to identify the degree of delay or lag in motor development. These data serve as additional material for the differential diagnosis of speech disorders. They help to determine the means of differential corrective action in the process of training and to choose ways of individual work. The examination is carried out in three stages and reflects the dynamics of the state of the motor sphere: at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of remedial classes.
According to the anamnestic data, the speech development of the child from birth to three years, the features of the development of motor functions, the nature of manipulative and play activities, the presence of self-service skills (in relation to age norms) are specified.
Examination of the state of voluntary motor skills includes the following points:
examination of voluntary facial motor skills (quality and volume of movements of the muscles of the forehead, eyes, cheeks);
examination of speech motor skills (strength, accuracy, volume, switchability of movements of the lips, tongue, cheeks);
the state of individual components of general voluntary motor skills: static and dynamic coordination, simultaneity, distinctness of movements;
examination of fine motor skills of the fingers (quality and degree of differentiated movement, the possibility of actions with objects).
To examine children from 4 to 6 years old, we used JI tests. A. Quinta in the modification of G. Gelnitz (the technique is adapted for different ages):
Raise your eyebrows ("Surprise").
Lightly close your eyelids.
squint your eyes ("Bright sun"),
Close your eyelids tightly ("It's getting dark").
Squeeze your lips.
Give the lips the position required for playing a wind instrument.
Pull out the lips as for pronouncing the sound "o".
Puff out your cheeks.
Bare your teeth ("Fence"),
Draw out the lips, as for a whistle.
Evaluation is made on a three-point system. Full-fledged, clear implementation is estimated at 1 point; partial, not clear enough - 2 points; failure to complete more than 7 tasks - 3 points.
given general characteristics facial expressions for observing a child (lively, lethargic, tense, calm, lack of facial expressions - amimia, grimacing, differentiated and undifferentiated facial expressions).
Examination of speech motor skills
Opening and closing the mouth.
Mouth half open, open wide, close.
Alternate puffing of the cheeks.
Cheek retraction.
Pulling the corners of the mouth as for pronouncing the sound "and", then make the lips round - "o"; stretch out the lips - "y".
Sticking out a "wide" and "narrow" tongue, holding a given pose for a count of up to five.
Biting the tip of the tongue.
Touching the tip of the tongue alternately with the right and left corners of the mouth, upper and lower lip ("Clock").
The emphasis of the tip of the tongue in the lower teeth with simultaneous arching of the back of the tongue ("The cat is angry").
Suction of the back of the tongue to the sky, clicking ("Potsok eat", "Let's go on a horse"),
Raise the tip of the tongue up, lick the upper lip from top to bottom (" Delicious jam."
Pronunciation of vowels on hard and soft attack. Tasks are presented in a playful way, each movement is repeated 3 times.
Evaluation: 1 point - clear execution of movements; 2 points - slight changes in the volume, strength and accuracy of movements; 3 points - no posture retention; pronounced changes in strength, accuracy, volume; difficulty switching speech movements; language deviation.
Examination of general voluntary motor skills
For this purpose, tests of the Ozeretsky-Gelnitz motometric scale are used. Both static and dynamic coordination, simultaneity, distinctness of movements are examined.
of the year
Standing for 15 s with closed eyes; the arms are extended at the seams, the legs are placed in such a way that the toe of the left foot closely adjoins the heel of the right foot, the feet are located in a straight line. (Convergence, balancing when deriving a score is taken into account as a minus).
Finger-nose test. Touch, closing your eyes, with the index finger of the right and left hands (in turn) the tip of the nose. (The task is considered failed if the child touches not the tip of the nose, but some other place, or first touches another place, and then the tip of the nose. It is allowed to repeat the task 3 times for each hand. correct execution tasks.)
bouncing. At the same time, both legs are separated from the ground. Jump height is not taken into account. The task is considered failed if the subject is not able to immediately separate both legs from the ground, lands on his heels, and not on his toes] performs less than 7 bounces within 5 s. Repetition is allowed.
The subject is asked to describe in the air circles of arbitrary, but the same size, for 10 with index fingers of horizontally outstretched hands. The circles are described with the right hand in a clockwise direction, with the left - in the opposite direction. (The task is considered failed if the child rotated his arms in the same direction, described twists of irregular shape or unequal size. The task can be repeated no more than 3 times.)
Give a hand, ask to shake it firmly, first with the right, then with the left, and finally with both hands. If there are unnecessary movements, the task is considered failed.
years
Bouncing with open eyes alternately on the right and left legs at a distance of 5 m. The child bends the leg at the right angle at the knee joint, hands on the hips. On a signal, he begins to jump and, having jumped to the place indicated to him in advance, lowers his bent leg. Speed is not taken into account. (The task is considered failed if the subject deviates more than 50 cm from a straight line, touches the floor with a bent leg and swings his arms. It is allowed to repeat the task 2 times for each leg.)
On the right and left sides of the matchbox (at a distance equal to the length of the match) are located closely in a row (vertically) of 10 matches on each side. On a signal, the subject begins to put the matches in the box, for which he must simultaneously take a match from each side with the thumb and forefinger of both hands and simultaneously put them in the box. Matches closest to the walls of the box are taken first. Within 20 seconds, at least 5 matches must be laid. (The task is considered failed if the child makes movements at different times or puts less than 5 matches in 20 seconds. The task can be repeated.)
The subject is asked to bare his teeth (smile broadly). Make sure that there are no unnecessary movements.
Standing with eyes open for 10 s alternately on the right and left legs. One leg is bent at a right angle at the knee joint, arms are extended at the seams. The task is considered failed if the subject lowered his raised leg, touched the floor with his bent leg, and left the place. The raising of the bent leg, balancing, bouncing is also taken into account.
The ball hits the target from a distance of 1 m. The target is a square board 25X25 cm on the wall, at chest level of the subject. The child throws a ball with a diameter of 8 cm from the “turned shoulder”, first with the right, then with the left hand. The task is considered completed if out of 3 throws with the right hand, boys 2
Jump from a place without a run-up over a rope stretched at a height of 20 cm from the floor. When jumping, it is necessary to bend both legs and at the same time separate them from the ground. Of the three tests, the subject must jump over the rope 2 times without hitting it. The task is considered failed when the hands touch the floor, fall.
The subject marches around the room at any pace. While marching, he must, taking the coil in his left hand, unwind the thread from it and wind it around the index finger of his right hand for 15 seconds. After a break of 5-10 s, they suggest taking the coil to right hand. The task is considered failed if the subject during the march changed the pace more than 3 times or did the task at different times (it is noted for which hand the execution failed). Repetition is allowed 2 times.
The child is invited to pick up a percussion hammer and hit it hard on the table several times. Make sure that there are no unnecessary movements. The performance of tasks is evaluated on a three-point system.
Determination of the quality and degree of differentiation of movements:
Clench your fingers into a fist.
Bend each of the fingers alternately on the right, then on the left hand ("Fingers are hiding").
Connect the fingers of one hand with the fingers of the other (“Fingers say hello”).
Lay out the mosaic pattern.
Fasten your own buttons.
Draw vertical sticks with a pencil in a lined notebook.
String beads on a string.
Put 5 matches (sticks) one by one in the box with the right and left hands.
During the examination and in the process of observation, the following are taken into account: general form child, posture, attitude to speech instructions, activity, orientation in space, coordination of words with movement, presence of pathological or accompanying speech movements, condition muscle tone, signs of fatigue, pace of movements, exercise in motor skills.
FINGER RECOGNITION TEST
It will help assess the functioning of the parieto-occipital regions of the child's cerebral cortex.
Sit at the table opposite the child, ask him to extend his hand, cover the palm and fingers of this hand with your hand. With your other hand, touch the fingers of his outstretched hand. Ask them to stretch out on the other hand the finger that you are touching.
3-year-old child - correctly identifies thumb.
summer child - distinguishes between the thumb and little finger.
summer - freely distinguishes between the thumb, little finger and index finger.
Test tasks
The elbows rest on the table, the palms are free in the air, one hand is palm up, and the other is back. Ask the child to simultaneously turn their palms one up with the back side, the other down, and do this as quickly as possible. Place your dominant hand in front of you. The task consists in continuous tapping with the index finger at the highest possible pace.
The task is to tap out the rhythm " one-two-three, one-two-three alternately with the index finger of the right hand; "one-two" and the left "three" with a smooth transition from one hand to another.
FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANUAL PRAXIS, THESE EXERCISES ARE VERY USEFUL:
Fingering, twist a pencil, a spool of thread, a smooth bar. The exercise is performed first with all fingers, then with three, two, changing them.
Unscrewing and screwing plugs of various sizes and configurations.
Drawing and shading with pencils (polycolor, felt-tip pens are not recommended, as they write if the rod is perpendicular to the sheet).
It is good to teach to work at a certain pace, counting, but the child must set the pace and instructions for himself.
For the development of visual-spatial perception and visual-motor coordination, the tasks “draw the missing details” are effective (first to the drawings, then to the letters).
Speech therapist Koplikova N.N.
For an in-depth examination of motor skills and speech, I selected the methods of the authors, which give more accurate results.
An important point in the conduct of the survey is the knowledge of the norm, those average indicators, which must correspond to the development of the function under study in one or another age period. Also, the requirements for the level of development of motor skills in school-age children are defined, in particular, in methodological guide Garkushi Yu.F. "Pedagogical examination of children". The author notes the special importance of the pedagogical examination of children with speech disorders, since on the basis of the data of such an examination it is possible to develop a system of corrective work.
For the examination of motor skills and speech, a plan for the practical part was drawn up:
1. Examination of general motor skills according to the Ozeretsky-Gelnitz motometric scale.
2. Examination fine motor skills(G.A. Volkova, N.V. Nishcheva).
3. Examination of voluntary mimic motor skills (L.A. Quint, G. Gelnitz).
4. Examination of the motility of the articulatory apparatus (G.V. Babina).
5. Examination of the sense of rhythm (N.V. Miklyaeva).
6. Speech examination (R.I. Lalaeva, E.V. Maltseva, A.R. Luria).
For each item of the survey, various tasks are selected.according to agechild, as well as mental, physical and speech development, which were taken from diagnostic methods from various authors. Also, we have developed a scoring system for calculating the results of the survey and developed levels: high, medium, low, very low. All results were recorded in the protocols, which were presented in the form of tables.
And so, for the examination of general motor skills was usedmotorometric scale of Ozeretsky-Gelnitz. Eight tasks were used in their practical work:
1 task . Standing for 10 sec. on toes ("on tiptoe") with open eyes.
Instruction: the subject rises to the toes, stands on tiptoe, arms extended at the seams, legs tightly clenched, heels and toes closed.
Evaluation of results; 1 point - the child completed the task.
0 points - the child did not complete the task. The test is considered failed if the subject: stepped down from the initial position, touched the heels to the floor.
Reeling, balancing when lifting and lowering on the toes, are not taken as a minus, but are specified in the protocol. In case of failure, the test can be repeated, but not more than three times.
2 task . Jumping with open eyes alternately, right and left legs for a distance of 5 m.
Instruction : the child bends the leg at the right angle at the knee
joint, hands on hips. At the sound signal, he starts to jump and, having jumped
to a predetermined place, lowers the leg; after a break of 30 sec. jumping
on the other leg.
Evaluation of results:
1 point - the test is considered completed if the task is completed for both limbs
0.5 points - when performing a task for one leg, the protocol indicates for which leg the task was completed.
0 points - the test is considered failed if the subject deviates more than 50 cm from a straight line, touches the floor with a bent leg or swings his arms.
In case of failure, the test may be repeated, but not more than twice for each leg. Speed is not taken into account.
3 task . Standing on one leg with open heads for 10 seconds. (alternate on the right and on the left).
Instructions I: left leg bent at a right angle at the knee
joint; left thigh - parallel to the right, slightly abducted, arms arched, at the seams. In case of spontaneous lowering of the elevated leg, the child should be prompted to immediately align the leg to a right angle. After 30 sec. break, the same test is done on the other leg.
1 point - assigned for completing the task on both limbs;
0.5 points - with instability on one leg and in the protocol
which leg is more stable.
0 points - the test is considered failed if the subject, after a three-time reminder, nevertheless lowered his raised leg; the test is also considered failed if the test subject at least once touched the ground with his bent leg, stepped down, jumped up, rose on his toes, and balanced. It is allowed to repeat the test, but not more than two times for each leg.
4 task Throwing a ball 8 cm in diameter at a target.
Instruction : at the height of the chest of the subject, a target board measuring 25x25 cm is attached to the wall. The ball is thrown from a distance of 1.5 m. Out of 5 throws with each hand, there should be three hits with the right hand, two hits with the left hand. It is advisable not to throw the ball from below. However, hits are decisive. Retry attempts are not allowed.
Evaluation of results
5 points - hit the target with both right and left hands the required number of times.
4-3 points - hit the target with both left and right hands, but made mistakes.
2-1 point - I made a lot of mistakes, but at the same time I was able to hit the target.
0 points - did not hit the target, did not cope with the task.
5 task : Jumping from a place (run-up is not allowed) through a rope stretched at a height of 20 cm from the floor.
Instruction : when jumping, it is necessary to bend both legs at the knee joints and at the same time separate them from the ground (jumping, not stepping over).
Evaluation of results:
1 point - out of three trials, the child must jump over twice without hitting the rope.
0 points - this number of points is given to the child if he refused to complete the task or fell, also touched the floor with his hands. The protocol notes whether the child stood on his toes or on his heels.
6 task Standing for 15 sec. with closed eyes.
Instruction : arms extended at the seams, legs set so that the toe of the left foot closely adjoins the heel of the right; feet should be in a straight line.
Evaluation of results:
1 point - the child stood for 15 seconds. with closed eyes, did not leave the place and did not balance.
0 points - did not cope with the task: he left his place and balanced. It is allowed to repeat the test.
7 task . Touch, closing your eyes, with the index finger of the right and left hands (in turn) the tip of the nose.
Instruction : the child is offered to touch the tip of the nose, first with the right hand, and then with the left.
Evaluation of results:
1 point - quickly touched the tip of the nose.
0 points - set if the subject touched not the tip of the nose, but some other place and only then the tip of the nose.
It is allowed to repeat the test, but not more than three times with each hand separately. Of the three samples, two must be positive.
8 task The subject is offered for 10 seconds. With the index fingers of horizontally outstretched hands, describe circles in the air, the size of which is arbitrary, but should be the same for both hands.
Instruction : the child should draw circles with his right hand in a clockwise direction, with his left hand in the opposite direction.
Evaluation of results:
1 point - the task is considered completed, the child correctly made rotations with both the right and left hands.
0 points - the task is considered failed if the subject rotated his hands simultaneously in one direction, described circles of irregular shape or described one circle less than the other. In case of failure, the test is repeated, but no more than 3 times.
The total scores and levels of development of general motor skills according to the Ozeretsky-Gelnitz motometric scale are presented in Table 2.
General scoring and levels of development of general motor skills according to the Ozeretsky-Gellnitz motorometric scale
table 2
The overall result in the development of general motor skills according to the Ozeretsky-Gelnitz motometric scale
High level- 10 - 12 points.
The average level is 4-9 points.
Low level - 1 -3 points.
Very low level- 0 points.
Tasks for fine motor testswere taken from the diagnostic methods of G.A. Volkova and N.V. Nishcheva. The examination of fine motor skills is divided into three blocks (10, p. 145):
Diagnosis of voluntary motor skills of fingers;
Diagnosis of skills in working with a pencil;
Diagnosis of the skill of manipulating objects.
Different tasks are selected for each block, taking into account the age, physical and mental development of the child. For each correctly completed task, the child receives 1 point, if the child did not cope with the task, then 0 points are put. At the end of the survey, it is calculated overall result development of fine motor skills and the average score is displayed.
When calculating the results, it was necessary to note: whether the child performs tasks smoothly, accurately and simultaneously and whether there is tension, stiffness of movements; violation of the pace of movement (not at the expense of a speech therapist); non-compliance; the presence of left-handedness.
1 block: diagnostics of voluntary motor skills of the fingers.
Instruction: The children were given the following tasks to complete:
1. Clench your fingers into a fist - unclench (5-6 times);
2. Keeping the palms on the surface of the table, separate the fingers, connect them together (5-6 times);
3. Put your fingers in a ring - open your palm (5-6 times);
4. Test "fist - rib - palm" - this test is performed with both the right and left hands in turn and together,
Total score for 1 block:
High level - 4 points.
2nd block: diagnostics of skills in working with a pencil.
Instruction : the children were offered colored pencils, a sheet of paper and stencils and were given the following tasks:
1. Draw a straight, broken, closed and wavy line.
2. Circle the stencil.
3. Draw a person.
Total scoring for block 2:
High level - 3 points.
Average level - 2 points.
Low level - 1-0 points.
Block 3: diagnostics of the skill of manipulation with objects.
Instruction: The children were offered the following games:
1. "Button" - children need to quickly unbutton and fasten the buttons.
2. "Lace" - children need to quickly tie and untie their shoelaces.
3. "Mosaic" - children need to lay out the pattern proposed by the speech therapist.
4. "Beads" - quickly string beads on a rope
The total count of results for block 3:
High level - 4 points.
The average level is 3-2 points.
Low level -1-0 points.
General scoring and levels of development of fine motor skills according to the methods of G.A. Volkova and N.V. The beggar is presented in table 3.
General scoring and levels of development of fine motor skills according to the methods of G.A. Volkova and N.V. Beggarly.
Table 3
The overall result on the development of fine motor skills according to the methods
G.A. Volkova and N.V. Beggarly
High level - 9 -11 points.
The average level is 4-8 points.
Low level - 0-3 points.
H. Examination of arbitrary facial motor skills
For examination, L.A. tests are used. Quinta modified by G. Gelnitz (the technique is adapted for different ages.
Instruction The children were given the following tasks:
1. Raise eyebrows ("Surprise"),
2. Slightly close the eyelids,
3. Squint your eyes ("Bright sun").
4. Close the eyelids tightly ("It became dark").
5. Squeeze your lips.
6. Give the lips the position required for playing a wind instrument.
7. Pull out the lips, as for pronouncing the sound "o".
8. Puff out your cheeks.
9. Bare your teeth ("Fence")
10. Pull out the lips, as for a whistle.
Tasks are repeated 3 times in a row. The survey is conducted in the form of a game. It also gives a general characteristic of facial expressions by observing the child (live, sluggish, tense, calm, amimia, grimacing, differentiated and undifferentiated facial expressions).
Evaluation of results:
Evaluation is made on a three-point system. As conceived by the authors of the methodology, it should reflect the severity of dysfunction, therefore, full, accurate performance is estimated at 3 points; partial, fuzzy execution - 2 points; failure to complete tasks -1 point.
The general result of the examination of voluntary facial motor skills according to the tests of L.A. Quint and G. Gelnitz.
High level - 25-30 points.
The average level is 11-24 points.
Low level -0-10 points.
4.0examination of the motility of the articulatory apparatus (method of G.V. Babina)
The examination of the motility of the articulatory apparatus was carried out according to the method of G.V. Babina. It has been divided into 4 sections:
1 section , The study of the motor function of the lips.
Instruction : children are offered tasks that they must complete quickly, clearly and counting.
1. close your lips;
2. round the lips, as when pronouncing the sound “o”, hold the count to 10;
3. stretch your lips into a tube, as when pronouncing the sound “y”, keep counting up to 10;
4. stretch out the lips, close their "proboscis", keep counting up to 10;
5. stretch lips in a smile (teeth are not visible), keep counting up to 5;
6. stretch lips as much as possible in a smile (teeth are bared), keep counting up to 10;
7. raise the upper lip, the upper teeth are visible;
8. lower the lower lip, the lower teeth are visible;
9. repeatedly pronounce labial sounds (b-b-b, p-p-p).
Evaluation of results for 1 section:
The results are calculated in this way: for each correctly completed task, the child receives 1 point, if the task is not completed, the child receives 0 points, and after the child has completed all the tasks, the overall result is calculated and the level of development of the motor function of the lips is displayed.
The average level is 4-7 points.
Low level - 3-0 points,
2 section . Study of the motor function of the jaw.
Instruction: Children need to complete the following tasks:
1. open your mouth wide, as when pronouncing the sound "a", and close it;
2. move the lower jaw to the right;
3. move the lower jaw to the left;
4. move the lower jaw forward,
Evaluation of results for section 2:
Scoring
High level - 4 points.
The average level is 2-3 points.
Low level - 1-0 points,
3 section . Study of the motor functions of the language.
Instruction : the child is asked to find his tongue, show it to a speech therapist and complete all the proposed tasks quickly and clearly:
1. put a wide tongue on the lower lip and hold the count to 5;
2. put a wide tongue on the upper lip and hold the count to 5;
3. move the tip of the tongue from the right corner of the mouth to the left, without touching the lips;
4. stick out the tongue ("with a spatula, a needle");
5. bring the tip of the tongue in turn to the upper and lower teeth with inside with a medium open mouth;
6. raise the tip of the tongue to the upper teeth, hold the count to 5, lower it to the lower teeth:
7, protrude the right, then the left cheek with the tongue;
8. close your eyes, stretch your arms forward, put the tip of your tongue on your lower lip;
9. move the tongue back and forth.
Evaluation of results for section 3:
Scoringis performed in this way: for each correctly completed task, the child receives 1 point, if the task is not completed, the child receives 0 points, and after the child has completed all the tasks, the overall result is calculated and the level of development of the motor function of the jaw is displayed.
High level - 8-9 points.
The average level is 7-4 points.
Low level - 3-0 points.
4 section . Study of the motor function of the soft palate.
Instruction : children need to open their mouths wide and complete the proposed tasks:
1. open your mouth wide and clearly pronounce the sound "a" (on a hard attack);
2. draw a spatula or probe over the soft palate,
3. With the tongue sticking out between the teeth, inflate the cheeks and blow strongly as if the flame of a candle is blown out.
Evaluation of results for section 4:
Scoringis performed in this way: for each correctly completed task, the child receives 1 point, if the task is not completed, the child receives 0 points, and after the child has completed all the tasks, the overall result is calculated and the level of development of the motor function of the jaw is displayed.
High level - 3 points.
The average level is 2-1 points.
Low level - 0 points.
The overall result of the articulatory motility examination
Apparatus according to the method of G.V. Babina
High level - 20-25 points.
The average level is 10-19 points.
Low level - 0-9 points.
5.0examination of the rhythmic abilities of the child
(method N.V., Miklyaeva)
The study of the level of development of rhythmic ability includes several components.
1. Evaluation of rhythms
Instruction : the researcher knocks on the table and asks the child to determine how many times he knocks or how many blows are contained in each "pack":
Single "packs" (// or ///);
Series of "packs" (// // // or /// /// ///).
2 Playing rhythms from an auditory pattern
Instruction: First, simple rhythms are evaluated:
- // // //;
- /// /// ///;
- // // //.
Then - accented:
- // /// // /// //;
- /// // /// // ///
3. Playing rhythms according to verbal instructions
Instruction: the child is invited to perform rhythms according to speech
instructions:
Knock "2 times";
Knock "3 times";
Knock "2 times hard and 3 times weakly."
4. Playing rhythms according to a graphic model
Instruction : the child is invited to knock as shown:
/ / /
// // //;
Repeat rhythm (cards are the same)
Rhythm of alternation (cards of two colors alternate)
/ ////// / ///////
/ / / //
// // // //;
Rhythm of opposition (cards of two colors alternate and
sizes).
/ // / //
// / // /
// / // /.
/ // / //.
To assess the severity of indicators, you can use the following scale:
The child receives 1 point if he completed the task correctly, tapped clearly, quickly switched from one task to another.
The child receives 0 points if he cannot cope with the task on his own, makes a mistake when completing the task.
The overall result of the examination of the rhythmic abilities of the child according to the method of N. V. Miklyaeva
High level - 18-20 points.
The average level is 9-17 points.
Low level - 0-8 points.
6. Speech examination
The method uses speech tests proposed by Lalaeva R.I., Maltseva E.V., Luria A.R. This is a speech examination technique with a point-level evaluation system. It is convenient for:
diagnostics;
Clarification of the structure of the speech defect and assessment of the degree
the severity of violations of different aspects of speech (obtaining speech
profile);
Building a system of individual correctional work;
Completion of groups based on the commonality of the structure of violations
speech;
Tracking the dynamics of the child's speech development and evaluation
effectiveness of corrective action.
The structure of the methodology
The express version consists of four episodes.
Series I - Study of the sensorimotor level of speech:
1. Checking phonemic perception - 5 points;
2. Study of the state of articulatory motility - 5 points;
3. Sound pronunciation - 15 points;
4. Checking the formation of the sound-syllabic structure of the word -5
points;
For the entire series, the highest score is 30 points.
Series II - Study of the grammatical structure of speech:
Five types of tasks. Five samples were left in the tasks, the fifth task should be used entirely. The maximum number of points is 30.
Series III - Exploring Vocabulary and Word-Building Skills:
Name of baby animals. Formation of relative, qualitative and possessive adjectives. The maximum number is 30 points.
Series IV - Connected Speech Research:
Story based on a series of plot pictures and retelling. The maximum number - points - 30.
The express method includes 77 tasks, not counting the sound pronunciation test. All tasks are combined into four series with the same maximum marks of 30 points. The highest score for the entire technique is 120. Taking this figure as 100%, we can calculate the percentage of the success of speech tests. The resulting value can also be correlated with one of the four levels of success.
VI level - 100-80% - high level;
III level - 79.9-65% - average level;
P level - 64.9-45% - low level;
I level - 44.95% and below - a very low level.
So: having calculated the percentage of success for each series,an individual speech profile is drawn: phonemic perception; articulatory motility; sound pronunciation; sound-syllabic structure of the word; grammatical structure of speech; word formation; connected speech.
Thus, based on the data of such a survey, it is possible to develop exact system corrective work with the child.
As you know, corrective work with stutterers is based on the data of a medical and pedagogical examination carried out by specialists in various fields.
Due to the fact that a number of deviations have been established in the state of motor skills during stuttering, we considered it necessary to describe the methods and techniques for examining it in preschool children.
An examination is necessary to establish the nature of violations of voluntary motor skills, as well as to identify the degree of delay or lag in motor development. These data serve as additional material for the differential diagnosis of neurotic and neurosis-like stuttering. They help to determine the means of differentiated corrective action in the process of logarithmic exercises and to choose ways of individual work.
The survey is best done in three stages
, reflecting the dynamics of the state of the motor sphere:
- at the beginning,
- in the middle,
- at the end of remedial sessions.
- speech development from birth to three years,
- features of the development of locomotor-static functions and manipulative activity,
- the nature of the gaming activity,
- availability of self-service skills (in relation to age norms).
- examination of voluntary facial motor skills (quality and volume of movements of the muscles of the forehead, eyes, cheeks);
- speech motor skills (strength, accuracy, volume, switchability of movements of the lips, tongue, cheeks);
- states of individual components of general voluntary motor skills: static and dynamic coordination, simultaneity, distinctness of movements;
- examination of fine motor skills of the fingers (the quality and degree of differentiation of movements, the possibility of actions with objects).
Examination of voluntary facial motor skills
- Raise your eyebrows ("Surprise").
- Lightly close your eyelids.
- Squint your eyes (“Bright Sun”).
- Close your eyelids tightly ("It's getting dark").
- Squeeze your lips.
- Give the lips the position required for playing a wind instrument.
- Pull out the lips as for pronouncing the sound "o".
- Puff out your cheeks.
- Bare your teeth ("Fence").
- Draw out the lips, as for a whistle.
- Tasks are repeated 3 times in a row.
It is advisable to conduct a survey in the form of a game.
- full, accurate performance is evaluated 1 point;
- partial, fuzzy execution - 2 points;
- failure to complete more than 7 tasks - 3 points.
Examination of speech motor skills
- Opening and closing the mouth.
- Mouth half open, open wide, close.
- Imitation of chewing movements.
- Alternate puffing of the cheeks.
- Cheek retraction.
- Pulling the corners of the mouth as for pronouncing the sound “and”, making the lips round - “o”; stretch out the lips - "y".
- Sticking out a "wide" and "narrow" tongue, holding a given pose for a count of up to five.
- Biting the tip of the tongue.
- Touching with the tip of the tongue in turn the right and left corners of the mouth, the upper and lower lips (“Hours”).
- The emphasis of the tip of the tongue in the lower teeth with simultaneous arching of the back of the tongue ("The cat is angry").
- Clicking the tongue ("Let's ride horses").
- Raise the tip of the tongue up, lick the upper lip (“Delicious jam”).
- Suction of the back of the tongue to the sky and clicking ("Click").
- Pronunciation of vowels on hard and soft attack. Tasks are presented in a playful way, each movement is repeated 3 times.
Grade:
- 1 point- accurate execution of movements;
- 2 points- minor changes in volume, strength and accuracy of movements;
- 3 points- lack of retention of postures, pronounced changes in strength, accuracy, volume, difficulty in switching speech movements, language deviation.
Examination of general voluntary motor skills
4 years
- Standing for 15 s. closed eyes; the arms are extended at the seams, the legs are placed in such a way that the toe of the left foot closely adjoins the heel of the right foot, the feet are located in a straight line. (Convergence, balancing when deriving a score is taken into account as a minus.)
- Touch, closing your eyes, with the index finger of the right and left hands (in turn), the tip of the nose. (The task is considered failed if the child touches not the tip of the nose, but some other place, or first touches another place, and then the tip of the nose. It is allowed to repeat the task 3 times for each hand. A positive mark is given when the task is completed twice correctly.)
- bouncing. At the same time, both legs are separated from the ground. Jump height is not taken into account. The task is considered failed if the subject is not able to immediately separate both legs from the ground, becomes when bouncing on his heels, and her on toes, during 5 s produces less than 7 bounces. Repetition is allowed.
- The subject is offered for 10 s. with the index fingers of horizontally outstretched hands, describe in the air circles of arbitrary, but the same size. The circles are described with the right hand in a clockwise direction, with the left - in the opposite direction.
The experimenter gives the subject a hand and asks him to shake it firmly, first with his right, then with his left, and finally with both hands. If there are unnecessary movements, the task is considered failed.
5 years
- Standing for 10 s. on toes ("on tiptoe") with open eyes. The arms are extended at the seams, the legs are tightly compressed, the heels and socks are closed. The task is considered failed if the examined child has left the initial position or touched the floor with his heels. Staggering, balancing, raising and lowering on the toes are taken into account. You can repeat up to 3 times.
- Jumping with open eyes alternately on the right and left legs at a distance of 5 m. The child bends the leg at the right angle at the knee joint, hands on the hips. On a signal, he begins to jump and, having jumped to a place indicated to him in advance, lowers his bent leg. Speed is not taken into account. The task is considered failed if the subject deviates more than 50 cm from a straight line, touches the floor with a bent leg and swings his arms. It is allowed to repeat the task 2 times for each leg.
- On the right and left sides of the matchbox (at a distance equal to the length of the match) are located closely in a row (vertically) of 10 matches on each side. On a signal, the subject begins to put the matches in the box, for which he must simultaneously take a match from each side with the thumb and forefinger of both hands and at the same time put them in the box. Matches closest to the walls of the box are taken first. Within 20 seconds, at least 5 matches must be laid.(The task is considered failed if the child made movements at different times or laid less than 5 matches in 20 seconds. The task can be repeated.)
- The subject is asked to bare his teeth (smile broadly). Make sure that there are no unnecessary movements.
6 years
- Standing with eyes open for 10 s alternately on the right and left legs. One leg is bent at a right angle at the knee joint, arms are extended at the seams. The task is considered failed if the subject lowered his raised leg, touched the floor with his bent leg, and left the place. The raising of the bent leg, balancing, bouncing is also taken into account.
- The ball hits the target from a distance of 1 m. The target is a square board 25X25 cm on the wall, at chest level of the subject. The child throws a ball with a diameter of 8 cm from the “turned shoulder”, first with the right, then with the left hand. The task is considered completed if out of 3 throws with the right hand, the boys hit the target 2 times (girls - 2 times out of 4 throws). The protocol indicates for which hand the task was not completed. You can repeat the task.
- Jump from a place without a run-up over a rope stretched at a height of 20 cm from the floor. When jumping, it is necessary to bend both legs and at the same time separate them from the ground. Of the three tests, the subject must jump over the rope 2 times without hitting it. The task is considered failed when the hands touch the floor, fall.
- The subject marches around the room at any pace. While marching, he must, taking the coil in his left hand, unwind the thread from it and wind it around the index finger of his right hand for 15 seconds. After a break of 5-10 s, they offer to take the coil in the right hand. The task is considered failed if the subject during the march changed the pace more than 3 times or did the task at different times (it is noted for which hand the execution failed). Repetition is allowed 2 times.
- The child is invited to pick up a percussion hammer and hit it hard on the table several times. Make sure that there are no unnecessary movements. The performance of tasks is evaluated on a three-point system.
Examination of fine finger movements
Determination of the quality and degree of differentiation of movements:
- Clench your fingers into a fist.
- Bend each of the fingers alternately on the right, then on the left hand ("Fingers are hiding").
- Connect the fingers of one hand with the fingers of the other ("Fingers greet").
- Lay out a mosaic pattern.
- Fasten your own buttons.
- Draw vertical sticks with a pencil in a lined notebook.
- String beads on a string.
- Put 5 matches in a box with right and left hands, one at a time.
- 1 point- accurate performance of all tasks;
- 2 points- performance of no more than 5 tasks from the proposed ones;
- 3 points- performance of one or two tasks from among the proposed ones, poor coordination, awkwardness of movements.
Revealing the development of a sense of rhythm
1. "Andrey the Sparrow"
Children 4 years of age are invited to play only a meter of a familiar melody.
Grade:
- 1 point- the correct reproduction of the rhythm;
- 2 points- Failure to complete the last two tasks;
- 3 points- the ability to reproduce a rhythmic pattern.
- general view of the child
- posture,
- relation to verbal instruction,
- activity,
- orientation in space
- word coordination with movement
- the presence of pathological and accompanying speech movements,
- state of muscle tone
- signs of fatigue
- movement pace,
- exercise in motor skills.
Let's bring sample diagram motor examinations.
Date of birth ______ Age _______
Relation to speech instruction:
1. Mimicry (volume, quality, degree of differentiation of movements),
__________________________________________ gestures (live, sluggish, natural, impetuous, sharp, smooth, predominant gestures)
__________________________________________
2.
Speech motor skills (accuracy, volume, mobility, switchability of speech articulation organs)
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
3.
The pace of movement (fast, slow, normal). Rhythm (accurate, inaccurate reproduction of a rhythmic pattern, impossibility of rhythm reproduction)
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
4.
Static coordination (holds the pose well, with difficulty, does not hold)
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
5.
Dynamic coordination _______________
__________________________________________
6.
Simultaneity of movements _______________
__________________________________________
7. Distinctness of movements (presence or absence of synkinesis) ______________________
8.
subtle movements fingers (degree of differentiation of movements, quality, pace, actions with objects)
__________________________________________
9.
Coordination of the word with the movement (a clear combination of the word with the movement, the word is ahead of the movement, behind it, lack of coordination of the movement and the word)
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
10.
Accompanying speech movements
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
11.
Orientation in space
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
12.
State of muscle tone
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
13.
Fatigue (fast, slow signs of fatigue, ability to work for a long time)
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
14.
Exercise in motor skills.
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Conclusion.
Subject S. (age 6 years 2 months).
Diagnosis: neurotic stuttering.
Conclusion of a speech therapist: clonic stuttering of the articulatory type of moderate severity. Dyslalia.Motility state.
mimic motility. The volume of movements of the muscles of the forehead, eyes, cheeks is sufficient. Facial expressions are differentiated, lively. Performs mimic tests for children of 6 years of age.
Speech motility. The movements of the organs of speech articulation are inaccurate, incomplete in volume, the switchability and strength of the movements are sufficient. Can hold the tongue in any position.
Tempo and rhythm. The pace of movement is normal. The sense of rhythm is good.
General motor skills. The test for static coordination is performed only on the third attempt, it is difficult to hold the pose. Performs tests for static and dynamic coordination. Switching movements sufficient. Performs a series of successive movements correctly, but with some uncertainty. Orientation in space is sufficient. Performs exercises well with objects. During the performance of tasks, he is constrained, tense. The movements are sharp, sweeping.
Fine motor skills of fingers. The movements are precise, differentiated. Tasks are performed at a slightly accelerated pace. Actions with small objects are successful, he puts together a mosaic well, draws, knows how to write letters. Word coordination with subtle movements succeeds.
Dynamic observation. There is a high level of exercise in motor skills. Under the influence of treatment and systematic logarithmic exercises, the performance of all motor tests reaches the age norm. Movements became free, precise, unconstrained. Appeared rhythm and smoothness of movements. Increased activity in the classroom, improved emotional state. Speech in the classroom became almost correct.
***
Diagnosis: neurosis-like stuttering.
Conclusion of a speech therapist: severe tono-clonic stuttering of the articulatory-voice form against the background of a slow speech rate. Erased form of dysarthria.
State of motor activity.
mimic motility. Amicable face. voluntary movements of individual muscle groups are difficult.
Speech motility. The movements of the organs of speech articulation are incomplete in volume, inaccurate, switching is slow. Difficulty lifting the tongue up. There is a deviation of the tongue to the left.
Tempo and rhythm. The pace of movement is slow. The sense of rhythm is weak.
General motor skills. Performing tests for the study of static, dynamic coordination and simultaneity of movements is difficult. When trying to maintain a pose, the child is unstable, balances, sways, looking for support with his hands. Poor catching and throwing the ball. Jumps fail. When performing the task, synkinesis was noted (movement of the hand is accompanied by movements of the muscles of the face). Coordination of the word with the movement fails due to pronounced stuttering. During speech, accompanying hand movements are noted. Motor memory is satisfactory. Orientation in space is weak. During the performance of tasks, she is sharply tense. Some signs of left-handedness are noted. Symptoms of fatigue quickly appear, and is not capable of long-term work.
Fine motor skills of fingers. Performs tasks on the study of fine movements with difficulty. Actions with objects are awkward.
Exercise in motor skills is low.
Dynamic observation. During the correctional work, frontal and individual speech therapy and logorhythmic classes were carried out, physiotherapy, psychotherapy, drug treatment.
By the end of the year mimic tests are partially successful. Speech movements have become more precise and differentiated. Fixed a defect in sound pronunciation. Disadvantages of pace
movements are corrected by music, it is possible to reproduce light rhythmic patterns with claps.
Tasks for the study of dynamic coordination and exercises with objects completed. Tasks for the study of static coordination and simultaneity of movements are performed with difficulty. Light exercises for coordinating words with movement are successful. Fine finger movements became more precise and dexterous. Learned how to handle small objects. There remains a general tension in the performance of tasks. Fatigue is less pronounced, increased activity in the classroom. The rate of speech became closer to normal, speech spasms were shorter in duration. Discharged with improvement. Recommended to continue corrective work with a speech therapist.
In the first case, changes in the motor sphere are less pronounced, more dynamic than in the second. This confirms the need to take into account the established differences in the state of motor activity in neurotic and neurosis-like forms of stuttering in preschoolers for the differentiated construction of logorhythmic classes.
Yes, at neurotic stuttering movements are insufficient in their technical performance, which manifests itself in fuzziness, uncertainty of execution with the correct reproduction of their formula. Acceleration and deceleration of the pace of movements are noted, some inaccuracy occurs when performing small movements. There are difficulties in performing tests for static coordination, minor changes in the mobility of the organs of the speech apparatus. For other parameters (dynamic coordination, simultaneity of movements, rhythm of movements, voluntary mimic movements), children show high rates.
At neurosis-like stuttering we can talk about a primary violation of coordination and simultaneity of movements, insufficient development of articulatory and facial movements, a change in muscle tone.
The results of the survey are taken into account by the teacher both in speech therapy and logorhythmic classes with all methods and forms of remedial classes.
Rychkova, N.A. Methods for examining motor skills in stuttering preschool children//ON THE. Rychkova - Defectology No. 3, 1984, p.69-73
The state of individual components of general voluntary motor skills: static and dynamic coordination, simultaneity, distinctness of movements;
Examination of fine motor skills of the fingers (quality and degree of differentiated movement, the possibility of actions with objects).
1.8.1. Examination of voluntary facial motor skills
To examine children from 4 to 6 years old, we used the tests of L.A. Quint in the modification of G. Gelnitz (the method is adapted for different ages):
1. Raise your eyebrows ("Astonishment").
2. Slightly close the eyelids.
3. Squint your eyes (“Bright Sun").
4. Close the eyelids tightly (“It has become dark").
5. Squeeze your lips.
6. Give the lips the position required for playing a wind instrument.
7. Pull out the lips as for pronouncing the sound "o".
8. Puff out your cheeks.
9. Show your teeth ("Fence").
10. Draw out the lips, as for a whistle.
Tasks are repeated 3 times in a row. It is advisable to conduct a survey in the form of a game.
Evaluation is made on a three-point system. Full-fledged, clear implementation is estimated at 1 point; partial, not clear enough - 2 points; failure to complete more than 7 tasks - 3 points.
A general characteristic of facial expressions is given by observing the child (live, lethargic, tense, calm, lack of facial expressions - amimia, grimacing, differentiated and undifferentiated facial expressions).
For this purpose, tests of the Ozeretsky-Gelnitz motometric scale are used. Both static and dynamic coordination, simultaneity, distinctness of movements are examined.
1. Standing for 15 with her eyes closed; the arms are extended at the seams, the legs are placed in such a way that the toe of the left foot closely adjoins the heel of the right foot, the feet are located in a straight line.
(Convergence, balancing when deriving a score is taken into account as a minus).
2. Finger-nose test. Touch, closing your eyes, with the index finger of the right and left hands (in turn) the tip of the nose. (The task is considered failed if the child touches not the tip of the nose, but some other place, or first touches another place, and then the tip of the nose. It is allowed to repeat the task 3 times for each hand. A positive mark is given when the task is completed twice correctly.)
3. Bounce. At the same time, both legs are separated from the ground. Jump height is not taken into account. The task is considered failed if the subject is not able to immediately separate both legs from the ground, lands on his heels, and not on his toes, and performs less than 7 bounces within 5 s. Repetition is allowed.
4. The subject is invited to describe in the air circles of arbitrary, but the same size, for 10 horizontally outstretched hands with index fingers. The circles are described with the right hand in a clockwise direction, with the left - in the opposite direction. (The task is considered failed if the child rotated his arms in the same direction, described circles of irregular shape or unequal size. The task can be repeated no more than 3 times.)
5. Give a hand, ask to shake it firmly, first with the right, then with the left, and finally with both hands. If there are unnecessary movements, the task is considered failed.
1. Standing for 10 seconds on the toes (“on tiptoe”) with open eyes. The arms are extended at the seams, the legs are tightly compressed, the heels and socks are closed. (The task is considered failed if the child being examined has left its original position or touched the floor with its heels. Staggering, balancing and lowering on the toes are taken into account. Repetition is allowed up to 3 times.)
2. Jumping with open eyes alternately on the right and left legs at a distance of 5 m. The child bends the leg at the right angle at the knee joint, hands on the hips. On a signal, he begins to jump and, having jumped to a place indicated to him in advance, lowers his bent leg. Speed is not taken into account. (The task is considered failed if the subject deviates more than 50 cm from a straight line, touches the floor with a bent leg and swings his arms. It is allowed to repeat the task 2 times for each leg.)
3. On the right and left on the sides of the matchbox (at a distance equal to the length of the match) are located closely in a row (vertically), 10 matches on each side. On a signal, the subject begins to put the matches in the box, for which he must simultaneously take a match from each side with the thumb and forefinger of both hands and simultaneously put them in the box. Matches closest to the walls of the box are taken first. Within 20 seconds, at least 5 matches must be laid. (The task is considered failed if the child makes movements at different times or puts less than 5 matches in 20 seconds. The task can be repeated.)
4. The subject is asked to bare his teeth (smile broadly). Make sure that there are no unnecessary movements.
1. Standing with open eyes for 10 seconds alternately on the right and left legs. One leg is bent at a right angle at the knee joint, arms are extended at the seams. The task is considered failed if the subject lowered his raised leg, touched the floor with his bent leg, and left the place. The raising of the bent leg, balancing, bouncing is also taken into account.
2. The ball hits the target from a distance of 1 m. The target is a square board 25 * 25 cm on the wall, at the chest level of the subject. The child throws a ball with a diameter of 8 cm from the “turned shoulder”, first with the right, then with the left hand. The task is considered completed if out of 3 throws with the right hand the boys hit the target 2 times (girls - 2 times out of 4 throws). The protocol indicates for which hand the task was not completed. The task can be repeated.
3. Jump from a place without a run-up over a rope stretched at a height of 20 cm from the floor. When jumping, it is necessary to bend both legs and at the same time separate them from the ground. Of the three tests, the subject must jump over the rope 2 times without hitting it. The task is considered failed when the hands touch the floor, fall.
4. Subject marches around the room at any pace. While marching, he must, taking the coil in his left hand, unwind the thread from it and wind it around the index finger of his right hand for 15 seconds. After a break of 5-10 s, they offer to take the coil in the right hand. The task is considered failed if the subject during the march changed the pace more than 3 times or did the task at different times (it is noted for which hand the execution failed). Repetition is allowed 2 times.
5. The child is invited to pick up a percussion hammer and hit it hard on the table several times. Make sure that there are no unnecessary movements. The performance of tasks is evaluated on a three-point system.