Almost all the strongest swimmers of our day are distinguished by an athletic physique. Their musculature is sculpted due to the large additional weight training they do on dry land. It increases the strength of certain muscle groups of the trunk, shoulder girdle and arms and reduces it in those muscles that are less important in swimming. And this is evidence that today we are "using" our body more purposefully and efficiently than ever before.

Previous ideas about body types ideal for certain swimming methods are outdated.

Not so long ago, for example, it was believed that a champion swimmer should be large, tall, strong. Today we are talking only about strength, because we first of all strive to develop the necessary power in our body. It is this ability - to show power - that is decisive. This means that if a short and slender swimmer has sufficient strength, he will move through the water faster than a tall and large one. The old truth is that a good tall athlete always outperforms
a good athlete of small stature, has significantly lost its strength.

The physique of the strongest swimmers of our days has
much more pronounced specific features compared to earlier times. Modern swimmers began to devote more time to the development of those muscle groups that carry the main load when swimming. To do this, they use isometric, isotonic, general developmental exercises and weight training. Women's swimming stars also began to look physically more developed. However, they are not as large and heavy as their predecessors, who had to carry the burden of excess weight. They have slender waists, slim and strong
legs, especially in the thighs, where former champions used to
a lot of extra. Only in the breaststroke swimming method, in which in former times slender and light athletes performed better, today we see mainly swimmers of the muscular type. In other ways of swimming, body buoyancy turned out to be a more important property than height and muscle mass. In general, athletes with insufficient
buoyancy, it is better to specialize in sprint swimming, where they can compensate for this lack of power of movement. On the contrary, athletes with good buoyancy, lying high on the surface of the water, have an advantage in swimming for medium and long distances.

The buoyancy of an athlete can be determined using
scientific methods. A less accurate, but quite acceptable for a specialist, way to determine the buoyancy of an athlete is to suggest that he lie in the water without moving.

I remember when I started working with John Conrads,
noticed that he had better buoyancy than other boys. He could not float on the very surface of the water, but he did not sink as deep as the others. I noticed the same thing with Murray Rose, the Scot Ian Black, the American Roy Saari, the Japanese Yamanaka and other outstanding swimmers. There were exceptions, such as Bob Windle, who had poor buoyancy, but successfully performed at a distance of 1500 meters.

Sometimes the structure of muscle tissue changes as swimmers mature. At first, when they have good buoyancy, it helps to achieve high results at all distances. Then the specific weight of the body increases, buoyancy decreases, and the athletes switch to sprint distances.
More recently, there has been a point of view that, by studying
swimmer's physique, it is possible to identify the most suitable swimming method and distance for him. It was believed that undersized and strong swimmers should be oriented to long distances, tall and broad-shouldered - to sprint, and powerful healthy men should be specialized in butterfly. Coaches preferred athletes with a slim figure and smooth muscles. However, too often this resulted in an error. In our time, the necessary muscles can be created in the gym in accordance with the intent of the coach.

Bob Windle was neither broad-shouldered nor stocky. His
body type does not fit into any category, and the specialization of such athletes depends on the decision of the coach.
Of course, when determining the sprint or stayer direction, the swimmer's temperament plays an important role.

A stayer swimmer must have great psychological stability and a balanced character. To him
the ability to train for a long time in solitude should be inherent. It seems that Murray Rose said that a stayer swimmer is a person of a closed and concentrated nature, a person "in himself." If so, then a good sprinter
He is a sociable and lively person. It is a vigorous and agile type with a steel spring and in
character and muscle.

A swimmer must also have a good heart capable of
quickly return to normal after intense exercise; a heart capable of working powerfully, supplying the muscles
oxygenated body during times of great exertion, such as swimming at top speed.

Identifying potential champions among very young swimmers is not easy, and of course, we are not at all immune to mistakes. After all, most of the necessary qualities that I spoke about are not immediately noticeable. In addition, I am sure that regardless of the level of development of physical qualities, the future champion swimmer must have a sense of water. Its pronounced presence in some swimmers is striking when they are just making the first rowing movements. Other athletes can never acquire this quality, despite the diligence in training.

If you find that this or that young man has
feeling the water, check its buoyancy. If you like him here, evaluate his temperament, psyche. If he survives this test, you can be sure that he has the opportunity to become a great swimmer. Time will tell if you are right.
For a swimmer and his coach, the highest honor is winning an Olympic gold medal. This means much more than setting a world record, because if
the swimmer achieved victory at the Olympics, his name becomes immortal in the history of swimming. For many years in the tables of world records flashed names now forgotten - the names of people who beat the stopwatch, but failed to win the Olympic title.

It is one thing to compete with a stopwatch without feeling the pressure of competition with rivals, and it is completely different to beat the strongest swimmers in the world in the conditions of the colossal tension of wrestling in the Olympic final. That is why the most difficult of all problems for a coach is not the preparation of an athlete who can swim the fastest, but the education of an athlete who can swim the fastest in the most intense
competition conditions. Very often, swimmers who perform almost fantastically at state or national championships, when the pressure is relatively low, cannot repeat their results at the Olympics or set a time close to their record. And it's not that they don't try to do it. In fact, many of them are trying too hard, harder than it is possible. In most cases, this happens according to
the reason that they cannot show their highest achievements at any time when it is necessary, and they have insufficient competitive experience. I would call these athletes "mood swimmers".

At every major competition, you can meet dozens of gifted swimmers who lack self-confidence, confidence in their sportsmanship. These swimmers come not only from Australia, but also from the UK, Holland, Japan, Sweden, Finland, New Zealand, South America, and to a lesser extent from the GDR and the FRG. On the contrary, American swimmers feel confident and know well what they need to do when they jump into the water. They are thoroughly aimed at intense competition. This is explained by the fact that the Americans have an excellent system of age group competitions. US swimmers have competed regularly since the age of eight. If they win in their hometown, they go to state competitions, zonal competitions, and finally to the national championships for their age group. They are trained to perform at their best even if, say, they are a little tired from not eating or sleeping well the previous night, or they have a slightly upset stomach. They are well prepared to fight for their best seconds in the competition thanks to the great competitive spirit,
forcing them to win against their peers, and if this does not work out the first time, they try to win again and again.

Apart from the very obvious advantages that the age group system gives swimmers in terms of gaining competitive experience, it also helps to break up the monotony of training. It is much easier to develop the physical abilities of a young swimmer in competition with children of his age than to force
him alone to swim countless stretches in the pool. Competition gives him pleasure. He is happy to be in a group of peers, and with the growth of the skill of this group, he himself grows. I have often seen a child who had just said that he was very tired, in order to swim another segment with the help of foot movements and with a board in his hands, or to perform some similar light exercise, immediately jumped into the water and swam with full exertion, competing with their peers.

Swimmers disagree on how much work in the water the youngest swimmers should do. Those who develop early can naturally swim long distances. Work experience has shown me that if very
If a young swimmer is able to swim 800 or 1500 meters well, then he should be allowed to do so. I usually train junior swimmers twice a day with naps in between sessions whenever possible. They swim between two and two and a half miles per session. I try to give them one full day of rest per week, although I have noticed that this
day they somewhat lose their sense of water. But I think that the psychological gain from rest is greater than the loss from losing the sense of water. In addition, children are allowed not to train on Saturday and Sunday afternoons. If the rest is arranged on Friday, then in the evening we try to participate in competitions. All the same, in the eyes of the child, this day remains a day of rest, probably due to the fact that a change of scenery is taking place.

I organize children into groups according to their abilities. If, say, I have 12 children of different ages, I combine the 6 strongest in one group and let them compete with each other, and the rest, the weakest, form another group. Joint swimming of equal athletes creates additional incentives
in training and allows you to fully use the benefits of group work. For example, if the training is to swim 1500 meters for a time, I combine into one swimmers all swimmers with results of 6.00 and better at a distance of 400 meters, and they start first. Behind them start all those whose result at a distance of 400 meters is 6.30. Positioning them in this way or even sending a friend a workout to a lot of young swimmers. In a pool with 8 lanes, it is not difficult to work for a while with 60 young swimmers at the same time.

Working with swimmers in age groups gives the coach the most satisfaction in his work. Very often during one season they achieve such great success that the coach cannot but rejoice at the results of his work. Of course, when educating very young athletes there are always problems, but they are minimized by the system of age groups.
Sprint swimming requires maturity and strength, and for this reason, there are few good sprinters among young swimmers. But they
can show amazing results in swimming for medium and long distances. Still, it's a great success for a coach to find a swimmer who can show real speed in 50 or 100 meters. They are usually young
early development, with strong muscles. A great example of this type of swimmer is Australian sprinter Mike Wenden. At the age of 13, he swam 110 yards freestyle in 58.5 seconds. At age 16, he posted 53.8 at 110 yards and 1:57.3 at 220 yards.

At the beginning of the season, my students usually start in the 50m, then I soon move on to the 400m and 800m for the simple reason that it is difficult to get consistent progress in the 50m. In sprint swimming, the improvement is a fraction of a second, while at long distances, an athlete often loses from 2 to 4 minutes in one season. This gives a sense of satisfaction to both the athlete and the coach. Encouraged by this marked improvement, we then move on to a heavy sprint workout.

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of age group training in maintaining a long-term interest in swimming. Each coach should take care to support athletes with average talent, including them in groups.
swimmers with appropriate training. Who knows, maybe this child will become a champion later. After all, it is possible that it just develops late.

Many coaches have to meet with parents who would like their children to swim well, but ... without weight training and without excessive physical exertion. Parents say at the same time that their children do not want to be champions. Sometimes it seems to me that these parents are just insuring themselves in case the child really fails to become an outstanding swimmer.

It's amazing how much emotion can be evoked in a group of young swimmers by setting 200m and 400m standards in different ways and setting the athletes up to meet those standards. They are eager to beat the control time, and this process gives them pleasure. You can set standards for individual swimmers. This is perhaps the best way to
ensure the greatest growth for each athlete.

I have seen children swim one length of the pool at the beginning of the season, and by the end of the year they have become the strongest in their group.

For many years I have experimented with different types of training programs in age groups. Sometimes throughout the week he gave the same load at each training session or a different program for morning and evening classes. Sometimes for a month I changed the training plan every 2 days or did not give any other exercises other than distance swimming. Trying to find the best training program, I came to the conclusion that it is better to hide the content of the upcoming session from the athletes until the coach arrives at the pool.

When they do not know what awaits them, they remain enthusiastic. But if you give them the same job for more than 2 days in a row, they lose interest in training and their mood drops.

In age groups, versatile swimming training is advisable. The use of all four swimming methods in training, regardless of the swimmer's specialization, increases sparring opportunities and competitive spirit. Usually athletes who have achieved high results in one way of swimming, as a rule, master the others quite well.

-- [ Page 5 ] --

Age 12-15 years for girls, age 14-17 years for boys During the puberty, there is a rapid puberty, regulated by the hormones of the gonads - the gonads. Therefore, this stage was called the “gonadal” stage by scientists and pediatricians. This stage is characterized by:

A rapid increase in the production of sex hormones, accompanied by an acceleration in the growth of muscle mass, an increase in the secretion of adrenaline / norepinephrine and glycogen stores in the muscles;

The peak rate of increase in maximum muscle strength and power and other strength abilities. This peak is usually observed 1-2 years after the peak of muscle mass gain (at the age of 13-15 years in girls;

15 years in boys);

Optimal biological prerequisites for the development of an anaerobic energy supply system, maximum strength and power, explosive strength and maximum speed.

During puberty, there is an accelerated increase in muscle tissue. Muscle hypertrophy induced by strength training is becoming a leading factor in increasing maximum strength, power, explosive strength and local muscle endurance.

Girls enter puberty approximately 3-6 months after peak muscle velocity (PSPMT). According to some researchers, the achievement by girls of PSPMT, or a certain individual ratio between body length and body weight, can serve as a trigger for menarche (Me +) - the first menstruation. Me+ usually occurs on average between the ages of 12 and 14, but may occur as early as 10 years of age or as late as 16-17 years of age. By the time of Me+, the girl reaches 97-98% of her "adult" values ​​of length and body weight. Studies show that the average Me+ age for female swimmers is between 13.5 and 14.5 years - i.e. a little later than in the normal population of girls from big cities. This may reflect the positive effect of early swimming training on growth, development, and puberty.

The pubertal stage of development ends in girls/girls with the establishment of a regular menstrual cycle - approximately 6-12 months after Me+ (at the age of 14.5-15 years).

A short growth spurt in girls is quickly replaced by inhibition and growth arrest caused by the dual action of estrogens - female sex hormones, which is expressed in:

1. closure of the growth zones of tubular bones and 2. accumulation of adipose tissue.

The establishment of a regular Me-cycle marks the completion of the natural growth, functional and motor development of a young woman.

Any new increase in motor ability will be determined solely by physical training 4. Early adulthood (post-pubertal development).

Age 15 (16)-18 years for girls, age 17-20 years for boys Young women reach definitive (final) body sizes and full physiological maturity by the time a regular menstrual cycle is established - an average of 15-16 years.

After that, women in the absence of physical training lose a significant part of aerobic and anaerobic endurance and strength.

Insufficient training and, above all, a premature reduction in the volume of loads can lead to the formation of a plateau and even a decrease in the athletic performance of girls in swimming. As an important technique to prevent the decline in physical abilities, V. Sweetenham recommends a secondary increase in the annual volume of swimming for female swimmers at the age of 16 or maintaining a “turning point” swimming volume of 2200-2400 km per season for the next 2 seasons. Young women, even more than their male counterparts, need strength training on land and a special diet to maintain optimal weight and body composition.

In men, natural growth and functional development continue, albeit at a slower pace, until the age of 20-22. By the time growth is completed, they significantly outnumber women in body length and weight, strength, aerobic and anaerobic power.

As a rule, training groups of young swimmers are formed from representatives of both sexes with some variation in age. One group may include boys and girls aged 11, 12 and 13. At the same time, it should be remembered that boys aged 11-13 years are still at the prepubertal stage of development and may be inferior to girls of the same age (who have already entered or are entering the pubertal phase of development) in terms of body length and weight, strength, V02 max, and consequently, according to general and special endurance and sports results. After a growth spurt (at the age of 14), boys become taller, heavier, stronger than girls, and have greater aerobic and anaerobic power (Fig. 31).

At every age from 11 to 16, girls are much more biologically mature than boys (by an average of 2 years);

Already at the age of 11-12, girls have high adaptive capabilities for extensive aerobic training;

Due to age characteristics, girls aged 11-16 need higher volumes and intensities of training loads than boys (“Tipping Volume” for girls - 2000-2400 km per season between the ages of 14 and 14);

Before Me+ (up to 13-14 years old) the focus of strength training for girls should be on the development of trunk muscle strength and special strength in the water, after Me+ (after 14-16 years old) the focus shifts to the development of maximum strength, power and speed. strength;

During and after puberty, young women need to control their weight and body composition through a special diet and strength training. During the 2-3 years following Me+ years, the volume of strength training for girls may be 20-25% higher than the volume for strength training for boys/boys;

For physically gifted and more mature female swimmers 12-13 years old, who specialize in breaststroke* and long-distance crawl swimming, there is a high probability of progression to the “fast tract” type. Provided that such girls are noticed in time and included in the appropriate training programs, they can pass stages 3, 4 and 5 of the MCT-LTAD and reach the highest international standards within the next 2-4 years (by the age of 15-17 years).

As mentioned above, human growth and development proceed according to a predictable scenario, and all individuals go through the same stages of development. At the same time, each individual has a unique pattern of growth and development in relation to the duration of each stage and the rate of growth and maturation.

Pubertal boys and girls show significant differences in growth rates and biological maturation.

Rice. 31. Differences in length, body weight, V02 max and traction force when swimming on a leash between boys and girls aged 11-16 [Vorontsov et al., 1990] swimming volume, using the main swimming method - breaststroke.

This 55-60% of the total swimming volume should include technical exercises (15% total volume), foot only swimming (20-25% total swimming volume), main series (20-25% total swimming volume).

Due to the unequal rates of biological maturation, only 60-65% of the population of girls 11-14 years old and boys 12-16 years old can be classified as a "normal" developmental variant, while 20-25% belong to the type of accelerants (early maturing) and 10 - 15% of the population are retardants (late maturing) individuals. During pubertal development, differences in maturation between individuals of the same age can reach from +1 - 2 years, and at times, up to +3 years. So in one training group of girls of 13 years of age there can be girls with a biological age of 10 and 16 years.

The consequence of individual differences in maturation (biological maturity) is a high variability in the levels of development of motor abilities and sports results. The greatest variability in motor abilities among young swimmers, due to the difference in biological maturity, is observed in girls aged 11-13 and boys aged 13.

Early maturing young athletes demonstrate higher levels of motor abilities and athletic performance than their peers with a normal level of maturity and retardants. However, this advantage is temporary and disappears by the time less mature adolescents reach full biological maturity. It should be remembered that early onset of puberty leads to early arrest of growth and functional development. This circumstance explains the fact why 70-80% of young champions in swimming at the age of 10-15 years later disappear from the sports horizon (Fig. 32).

Rice. 32. The number of swimmers of both sexes who reached the Tor All Time 100 at a distance of 100 m/s at the age of 17-18 years, who also showed the results of the Tor All Time 100 in the age groups of 10 years and younger, 11-12, 13-14 and 15 -16 years Many early maturing young athletes enter intense training programs without a solid aerobic base and without learning effective swimming technique. As a rule, 2-3 years after they achieve success in age group competitions, such “precocious” begin to lose to tall and slender boys or girls with a normal or slightly delayed type of maturation, who have received a good aerobic base and have mastered a more advanced swimming technique.

The fact of belonging to a group of early-maturing (accelerates) should not be considered as a sentence of professional unsuitability. Among early maturing young athletes, we sometimes find exceptional talents such as Ian Thorpe or Michael Phelps. However, by the time they achieved their first international successes at the "adult" level, these swimmers already had a very solid experience in aerobic training and perfect swimming technique.

From the above it follows that:

1. Accelerators, normotypes and retardants need training accents and loads appropriate to their biological age for optimal development of aerobic and anaerobic endurance, maximum strength and power, flexibility, etc.

2. Biological age should be considered as one of the main criteria for the individual readiness of young athletes for training of various physiological orientations and as one of the predictors of current sports achievements.

It is clear that in club conditions it is impossible to use either such modern (and expensive) methods for assessing biological age as X-rays, or ethically sensitive methods for assessing developmental stages by secondary sex characteristics. Therefore, coaches may need to consult with parents, the team doctor (or personal doctor). In this regard, knowledge of the regular sequence in accelerating the growth of individual segments of the body can serve as a very useful hint:

First, the hand and foot grow rapidly. Then, the growth of the hand and foot accelerates. In the “third turn”, the growth of the shoulder and hip will accelerate. The growth of the trunk (spinal column) accelerates last. Many scientists recommend using several biological reference points (criteria) as indicators of biological maturity:

For boys and girls:

Peak growth rate of the foot and hand (occurs 3-6 months before the RRP)* - peak growth rate (RPR)** - peak muscle tissue growth (PPMT);

Peak bone growth (PPKT).

Girls only:

Age Me+ - Age of establishment of regular MC * - Acceleration of foot growth, immediately preceding the RP, can be "detected" with the help of parents, in a situation where a child needs shoes that are 2-3 sizes large at once in a short time.

Among the stages of human development, the puberty period occupies a special position, since at this transitional age biochemical, morphological and psychophysiological restructuring of the body occurs. Scientists pay enough attention to the period of puberty or puberty. After all, children of the same calendar age are united only by the fact that they have lived the same time, from birth to the present, but they differ in their biological age.

By "biological age" is meant the level of development of morphological indicators and related functional phenomena of the organism's vital activity, achieved by an individual individual, corresponding to the average level for the entire population, characteristic of a given and chronological age.

An important point in the examination of children during the selection for sports is the comparison of their passport and biological age. It is known that differences in the level of development of children of the same passport age depend on the rate of puberty.

The development of secondary sexual characteristics and the period of maturation occurs in a certain sequence. Ma appears for the first time, then Px and Ah, and only then Me, then the authors note that in girls, the abundant development of axillary and pubic hair growth in the absence of signs of Ma development indicates an increased formation of male sex hormones, the source of which may be a violation of the function of the ovaries and cortex adrenal glands.

Many authors have noted a certain sequence in the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics and the Me cycle.

Most of them paid attention to the impact of sport on the Me cycle.

The authors hold the opposite opinion. They believe that strong physical activity often leads to the fact that the Me cycle is not regular and is accompanied by headaches and pain in the abdominal cavity. The cycle itself is shorter than that of non-athletes. In female athletes, the first Me occurs earlier than in non-athletes.

Other authors believe that female athletes lag behind their peers who do not go in for sports in terms of the development of secondary sexual characteristics, and the appearance of the first Me in female athletes begins 0.63 years later than in non-athletes.

Young swimmers with different types of biological maturation have significant differences in the dynamics of age physical development, age zones of the highest growth rates, as well as in the levels of maturation of somatic and functional indicators that limit the speed of swimming. Monitoring the level of biological maturity is especially important for determining the timing of the start of intensive functional and strength training. At the age of 16, young men with normal (average) and retarded lagging) types of development have an advantage in morphological and functional indicators compared to girls, while at the same time yielding to them in terms of biological maturity. This indicates the different duration of long-term training: young men are able to demonstrate high sports achievements up to 22-24 years old, while girls - up to 18 years old.

T.S. Timakova, examined swimmers-girls and boys and found that the process of biological maturation in girls takes place in a shorter time than in boys. Significant differences were found between body type and puberty.

Biological age has a significant impact on athletic performance in swimming. A significant increase in results was observed at 12-14 years of age, and coincided with the onset of puberty and with the maximum increase in body length. Completion of puberty is marked by stabilization or not so rapid growth of results.

Swimmers with early puberty reach the top of the sport earlier. After the appearance of Me, the development of endurance decreases or stabilizes.

Comparative analysis of the swimmers' special readiness, taking into account the biological age of swimmers of three generations, showed an improvement in the quality of the selection of a promising contingent in each subsequent decade.

A relationship was found between athletic performance and biological age at 11 years of age. It was shown that the initial stages of Ma development in 11-year-old female swimmers were observed in 55%. Sexual hair growth in 44%, two had Me. At the age of 14-15, the development of secondary sexual characteristics reached mature stages, 15-year-old girls had Me, and 14-year-old girls had Me in 82%. It was also found that the increase in body length and body weight in female swimmers differs from 11 to years, further the author notes that female swimmers mature earlier than gymnasts, and somewhat lag behind girls who do not go in for sports.

Puberty Assessment and Biological Development Assessment – ​​Biological age assessment (BV) is required to assess the developmental type of an athlete, i.e. accelerated (leading), average (normal) and retarded (lagging), this is necessary for the coach when conducting training sessions and determining the optimal load for athletes.

It has been established that in the age range of 11-14 years, swimming speed is significantly related to the biological maturity score, the level of development of somatic and functional indicators (i.e., in the younger and middle groups, accelerants are in the lead). However, the most promising are children with high levels of physical and functional development at normal or slow rates of puberty (they have a long duration of puberty and many years of training);

gender differences in morphofunctional indicators in swimmers aged 11-16 depend on the type of biological maturity. The greatest severity of sexual dimorphism is observed in accelerated children;

in retardants, these differences are insignificant. .

It is all the more important to take into account the individual characteristics of biological maturation in connection with the fact that swimmers who had normal or delayed maturation more often reach the heights of mastery, and quite rarely those who were distinguished by accelerated maturation.

T.S. Timakova, in particular, showed that among the masters of sports who completed the standard early, more than half of the accelerators, while among the masters of sports of international class there are less than 20%.

In sports selection, one should have information about the age-related features of the formation of swimmers' sportsmanship as a result of biological development, the direction of building their long-term training and its individualization. The detailed organization and methodology of sports selection, along with the main patterns of development of children and adolescents, requires the identification of sports talent based on the results of building model characteristics of swimmers, taking into account the patterns of development of sportsmanship, an objective interpretation of their performance in the future.

Research by B.V. Statkevichen testify that the retarded type of biological maturation is more promising for achieving high sports results in women's swimming, as there will be more time for the formation of the athlete's strength and functional potentials. In addition, notes I.P. Nikitin et al. , the pace of puberty is more often accelerated in less promising swimmers.

It is important to take into account the somatic development of young swimmers, functional maturity, biological age and sexual differentiation for an objective assessment of their prospects in long-term sports training. Therefore, these features should be taken into account in the practical activities of a coach-teacher along with other biological, psychological and pedagogical criteria for sports selection.

Puberty is considered early when its first signs appear in girls at 8-9 years old, and in boys - by 10 years old. The average rate of puberty reflects the appearance of its first signs in girls at 10–11 years of age, and in boys at 12–13 years of age, and its total duration is 5–6 years. Late puberty is evidenced by the appearance of its first signs in girls at 13 years old and boys at 14 years old.

Great success in swimming can be achieved by children with some delay in the biological development of the cardiovascular and muscular systems. They have the prerequisites to become tall swimmers with long limbs by 16 - 18 years old, but at 10 - 12 years old they are generally poorly coordinated and do not have an increase in results.

Research V.G. Vlastovsky, it was determined that about 20% of students in grades 5-8 lag behind in their biological age in development for a whole year, while the other 20% are one year ahead of the age for which the school load was calculated at the time of the study, i.e. about 60% of schoolchildren master the load relatively favorably. Therefore, in the conditions of specialized sports classes of a general education school, physical activity for students should be optimal, taking into account their physical condition, since high intensity and volume at the end of the day have a negative effect, as evidenced by the observed weight loss in a significant part of schoolchildren. Although, in terms of most parameters of physical development, schoolchildren-swimmers differ significantly from their peers who do not go in for sports.

The process of sexual development of girls involved in swimming covers the boundaries of the puberty period - 11-15 years and proceeds in a harmonious relationship with their physical development.

S.A. Manilova clarified the dependence of puberty and the index of regional blood circulation on the volume and intensity training process, which determines the need to coordinate the amount of physical activity with the signs of puberty: if they are delayed in development for 2 years or more, it is not recommended to increase the volume and intensity of the training load.

As noted by S.A. Levenets, in adolescent girls who regularly go in for swimming, it is necessary to take into account the features of the formation of the functions of the reproductive system in the period of 11-15 years with the nature of deviations and individual differences in the educational and training process.

For male swimmers aged 11-16, who have a difference in the rate of puberty, it is advisable to develop a normative assessment of their physical and functional development for optimal planning of long-term sports training and exercise tolerance.

With the growth of sportsmanship, the number of 11-year-old swimmers belonging to the muscular body type increases, reaching 70.6% in the MSMK group. At the same time, the number of athletes with a thoracic body type decreases, amounting to 5.9% in the MSMK group.

Among mass discharges an inverse relationship is observed: thoracic somatotype - 47.7%, and muscular - 19.8%. At the same time, systematic sports activities (swimming, gymnastics, athletics) at the age of 11-15 do not remain without traces. Moreover, this makes it possible to raise the question of the skillful management of the physical condition of those involved in ontogenesis.

Young swimmers with different types of biological maturation have significant differences in the dynamics of age-related physical development, age zones of the highest growth rates, as well as in the maturation levels of somatic and functional indicators that limit swimming speed.

Monitoring the level of biological maturity is especially important for determining the timing of the start of intensive functional and strength training. At the age of 16, boys with normal (medium) and retarded (slow-developing) types of development have an advantage in morphological and functional indicators compared to girls, while simultaneously yielding to them in terms of biological maturity. This indicates the different duration of long-term training: young men are able to demonstrate high sports achievements up to 22-24 years old, while girls - up to 18-20 years old.

How is passport age calculated?

Passport age is calculated as follows: 5 months 29 days are added or subtracted to the birthday. For example: an athlete was born on September 1, 1996 (according to the athlete's passport, he is 14 years old), the examination was carried out on April 4.

Thus, on the day of the examination, he was already 15 years old.

How is biological age determined?

There are several methods for determining biological age:

one). In childhood, BV is determined by the dental formula. This is when the eruption of a certain tooth occurs at a certain time - the so-called "DENTAL FORMULA", - dentists determine.

2). According to bone ossification (X-ray anthropometric), when a certain part of the hand or foot, for example, the phalanx of a finger on a hand or foot, is overgrown with bone tissue. The method is complicated and not safe.

3). The third method is the determination of BV by secondary sexual characteristics during puberty (somatoscopic method), i.e. inspection method.

One of the leading experts in the field of assessing the biological age of swimmers is T.S. Timakova, doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor, who has been dealing with this issue for more than 30 years, i. study of the role of the factor of biological development in the process of formation and growth of sportsmanship. A special place in the research was occupied by the analysis of the relationship between individual characteristics of biological development and adaptation to the requirements of sports training at the stages of long-term training of athletes. Biological age was considered as a criterion for assessing biological development and an indicator of the location of an athlete during ontogenesis, since biological age is a complex integral characteristic of an individual.

Acquaintance with the principles of distinguishing the stages of pubertal development of the old German anthropological school gave impetus to the author to develop a scale for assessing biological age (BV). Using the S. Benholdt Thomsen scheme of methods for summing points of external severity of signs of puberty: K - RK - R - RK - K ("child" - "teenager" - "young man" - "young man" - "adult"), T.S .Timakova increased the number of transitions to 9, and in practical work she used an even finer gradation, which made it possible to note changes in the athlete during examinations during the year (Table 21-22).

V.N. Platonov notes that even without using the BV assessment scheme according to T.S. Timakova, it is possible to accurately assess the type of biological development of a child by his physique. Boys with an athletic body type and girls with a picnic body type usually have an earlier puberty than children with an asthenic type. Boys of athletic build often have an early onset and late completion of puberty.

In girls, the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the period of maturation occurs in a certain sequence. The mammary gland develops, then the development of pubic hair and in the armpit, and only then the onset of menarche (menstruation). In girls, the abundant development of axillary and pubic hair growth in the absence of signs of mammary gland development indicates an increased formation of male sex hormones, the source of which may be a violation of the function of the ovaries and adrenal cortex.

As N.Zh. Bulgakova notes, high-class athletes who specialize in crawl swimming at different distances differ statistically significantly in their passport age.

Sprinters are older than others [this is also confirmed by the data 133-134, 178-179, 181, 183, 185, 415, 419, 420, 441, 425]. They are also older than all other swimming methods. Stayers are younger than all athletes who specialize in other swimming methods.

All surveyed high-class athletes specializing in crawl had the level of development of secondary sexual characteristics, as in adult women, which is confirmed by the data of V.S. Solovieva, Yu.A. Yampolskaya.

The overall score of biological maturity in freestyle sprinters also turned out to be significantly higher than in long distance runners. They have the first menstruation significantly later than the stayers (at the age of 14-15), which is probably due to the performance of training work mainly of speed-strength and strength orientation.

Athletes of other swimming methods did not differ from each other in their passport and biological age, as well as the time of the first menstruation. However, in the representatives of backstroke, dolphin, breaststroke, and medley swimming, this time came significantly later than in those who specialized in long distance freestyle. Therefore, training in all swimming styles, except freestyle freestyle, contributes to some delay in the first menstruation. Statistically significant differences in the severity of secondary sexual characteristics and in the overall score of biological age in 13-14-year-old female athletes were not found, although a decrease in biological age is planned in freestyle runners. In freestyle sprinters, the first menstruation appears significantly later than in stayers and female athletes of other specializations. According to this indicator, they do not differ only from representatives of swimming with a dolphin. It is likely that specialization in these swimming methods, as already mentioned, requires high strength training, and training work of this kind helps to delay the first menstruation. At the age of 13, there were no significant differences in the timing of the appearance of the first menstruation in athletes of different specializations, apparently because only 27 athletes menstruated among the examined.

This indicates that in girls who have started training in swimming, there is a delay in the appearance of the first menstruation, which is also confirmed by the data obtained by S. A. Manilova. The question of what is the consequence of this: the selection of a certain contingent or the influence of the training process, will be answered by the results of further research. Thus, as N.Zh. Bulgakov, the trend of the relationship between the features of the physique, the level of physical fitness and specialization in a particular way of swimming and at a particular distance is also characteristic of the female contingent of the highest ranks. However, the difference between representatives of different specializations is less pronounced than among men and among the strongest female athletes of the GDR, in particular, in terms of such indicators as:

total body dimensions, body composition, strength fitness, joint mobility, hydrodynamic qualities. It should be noted that already at the age of 13, representatives of different swimming methods and distances have slightly pronounced differences in physique features and the level of physical fitness, depending on the specialization. By the age of 14, these differences are pronounced, typical for high-class adult athletes. Therefore, already at the age of 13 - 14, the training of an athlete should be carried out taking into account individual prerequisites for successful specialization in a particular one. Timely specialization and individualization of training based on the characteristics of the contingent is one of the reserves for increasing sports achievements in women's swimming.

Table Scheme for assessing the biological (BV) age of swimmers [according to Belyakova, Timakova] for girls Biologists Development phase Indicative age, points 1 Pre Slight changes in the external genital organs and appearance pubertal 2 Swelling of the nipple in the form of a kidney, the appearance of individual hairs on the pubis 3 Design kidney-shaped chest, slightly curly pubic hair, the appearance of individual hair in the axilla 4 Proper appearance of the breast, dark curly pubertal hair in the form of a triangle, separate straight hair in the axilla 5 Female type of pubic hair, premature form of the mammary gland with poor development nipple, first menstruation 6 Establishment of the menstrual cycle, increase in body weight, increase in girth dimensions, especially the size of the hips 7 Fasting Mature form of the mammary gland, with a weakly pigmented nipple pubertal 8 Pigmentation of the nipple and its protrusion above the areola 9 Appearance of an adult woman 1st (BV) age of swimmers [according to Belyakova, Timakova] for young men Biologists Development phase Indicative age, points 1 Pre Insignificant changes in the external genital organs and appearance pubertal 2 Enlargement of the testicles and penis, voice fracture, the appearance of separate pubic hair 3 Increase size of the penis, swelling of the nipple, individual straight pubic hair (around the penis) 4 Proper Pigmentation of the nipple, curly pubic hair in the form of a triangle puberty, development of cartilage of the larynx, the appearance of individual hairs in the armpit 5 The appearance of individual hairs above the upper lip, transition hairline on the thighs, prominence of the thyroid cartilage 6 The appearance of weak hairiness on the cheeks, sparse curly hair in the armpit, hair growth of the lower extremities, the appearance of polation 7 Fasting The appearance of hairiness on the chin, the need for occasional shaving, strongly pubertal curly hair in the armpit, hair line abdomen, secondary swelling of the nipple 8 Development of the Adam's apple, pigmentation of the nipple, the appearance of hairiness on the chest, periodic shaving (1-2 times a week) 9 Formation of the Adam's apple, voice fracture, coarse facial hair, appearance adult male Stages of maturation of secondary sexual characteristics from prepubertal (childhood) to postpubertal (adult) maturation R o - no hair growth;

P 1 - initial, slightly pigmented hair, mainly along the labia;

P 1-2 - sparse dark hair, distinct pigmentation of curly hair on the pubis and labia;

P 2 - hair according to the adult type, but slightly;

P 2-3 - lateral growth, type and distribution of hair as in an adult woman;

P3 - more distant lateral growth, directed upwards.

Rice. 33. Stages of pubic hair growth (Px) in girls Ma o - the nipple does not protrude, the areola is small, there is no pigmentation, the glands almost do not protrude, the nipple is button-shaped.

Pubertal stage ("a" and "b"). Stage M 0 - characteristic of the male sex and female adolescents;

First pubertal stage:

Ma 1 - areola with an indistinctly pronounced nipple above the level of a poorly developed gland, the chest has the shape of a kidney or a flattened hemisphere, pigmentation is absent or just beginning;

Ma 1-2 - the areola of a large nipple, lagging behind in growth from the rapidly growing areola is small, the glands detect an elevation in a limited area;

Second stage of puberty:

Ma 2 - the breast is developed almost to the size of full maturity, the areola is large, but slightly pigmented and flattened, the formation of the nipple is pronounced or begins in the form of a cone;

adult stage:

Ma Z - constitutionally different in size and shape of the breast, large flattened, strongly pigmented around the nipple circle, fully formed pigmented nipple, sometimes, individual short hairs along the edge of the nipple circle.

Rice. 34. Stages of development of the mammary gland (Ma) in girls Children's stage P o - lack of pubic hair;

First stage of puberty:

P - single, short, slightly pigmented hair, grows mainly at the base of the penis, sometimes on the scrotum;

P - sparse, dark hair, distinct 1 - pigmentation of curly pubic hair around the penis;

Second stage of puberty.

P 2 - pubic hair is clearly expressed in the adult type, but not on all the outer surface;

P 2-3 - curly, long pubic hair, hair growth along the inner surface of the thighs, in an upward direction;

P3 - stage of full maturity: dense pubic hair, hair growth upwards along the white line of the abdomen, the appearance of an adult male.

Rice. 35. Stages of pubic hair growth (Px) in boys G o - testicles, scrotum and penis of the same size have a childish shape;

G o-1 - enlargement of the scrotum and testicles. The skin of the scrotum turns red, thinner and wrinkled;

G 1 - an increase in the penis, especially in length, a further increase in the testicles, lowering the scrotum;

G - the penis continues to grow and the head is formed, the pigmentation of the scrotum increases. This stage is sometimes called "not quite adult";

G 3 - adult stage, the penis falls below the lower part of the scrotum Fig. 36. Stages of development of the genitals in boys (G) In addition to the listed stages of development of secondary sexual characteristics, both in girls and boys during puberty, the development of hair in the armpits is noted:

Ax0 - lack of hair under the armpits;

Ax1 - the first, thin hair under the armpits;

Ax2 - pronounced hairline in the axillary cavities;

Ax3 - complete hairline in the axillary cavities.

In girls, in addition, the beginning of the first menstruation (Me) is determined.

The beginning of Me in girls is determined by anamnesis with an accuracy of up to a month, and in some cases, when difficulties arise, the time of the year when Me appears is indicated.

In young men, in addition to the listed secondary sexual characteristics, the stages of pubertal swelling of the nipples (C) and the stage of voice fracture (G) are determined.

Stages of pubertal nipple swelling (C):

C0 - children's stage: pigmentation is absent or very slight, the areola is small, the nipple is small, kidney-shaped;

C1 - pubertal stage;

the areola is more or less elevated, the nipple is not isolated, pigmentation is strongly pronounced;

C2 - mature stage: pronounced pigmentation, the nipple is isolated, the areola is flattened in most cases, there are single terminal hairs around it.

Biological maturity (puberty) is manifested primarily by the appearance of sexual characteristics.

In boys, the following sequence of appearance of sexual characteristics: 10 - 11 years - increased growth of the testicles and penis;

12 - 13 years - the appearance of pubic hair;

14 - 15 years - pigmentation of the scrotum, the first pollutions (involuntary eruption of the seed in a dream), the beginning of hair growth in the armpit and on the face;

13 - 16 years - the appearance of mature spermatozoa;

16 - 17 years - male-type pubic hair (diamond) all over the body, the appearance of acne;

17 - 19 years - cessation of skeletal growth.

Girls have the following sequence of appearance of sexual characteristics: 8 - 9 years old - increased growth of the pelvic bones in width, rounding of the buttocks and hips;

9 - 10 years - growth of the nipples, kidney-shaped nipple, increased secretion of the sebaceous glands, especially on the face;

10 - 11 years - the beginning of pubic hair growth and growth of the mammary glands;

11 - 12 years old - an increase in external and internal field organs, the beginning of armpit hair growth;

12 - 13 years - pigmentation of the nipples, the first menstruation (on average at 13 years);

13 - 14 years - the formation of the menstrual cycle, continuing hair growth of the pubis and armpits;

14 - years - pronounced changes in the pelvis according to the female type, pregnancy is possible;

16 - 17 years cessation of skeletal growth. The given age limits, both for boys and girls, are average, indicative;

individual variability can be great.

Biological maturity (plural maturation) is the process, as a result of which the greatest expression of belonging to the male or female sex is achieved. Manifestations of sexual demorphism begin from the beginning of life. Sex differences become significant in adolescence. They begin, apparently, with the divergence of the leading life attitudes. For girls, one can assume a phylogenetic predetermination of the relative dominance of reproductive motivation, and for boys, it is adaptive, affecting the desire for physical superiority in “kinesophilia”. Accordingly, accents are distributed in the formation of functional supersystems of a given age.

The expression of this historically developed sexual demorphism, apparently, is the different properties of male and female sex hormones.

The male sex hormone (testosterone) not only stimulates the development of sexual characteristics, but also has the ability to strongly stimulate the ontogenetic processes of growth and development that form the basis of adaptation to physical activity: the development of bone tissue and an increase in body size, the development of skeletal muscles, including respiratory , cardiac muscle, hemoglobin synthesis, increase in the arbitrariness of the cardiovascular system, the respiratory apparatus, etc.

The female sex hormones (estrogens) that control puberty do not have anabolic effects and do not contribute to the development of adaptation to physical activity. The process of growth, somatic development in girls is regulated by the hormone and adrenal androgens, which have an anabolic effect on all protein-containing tissues.

Apparently, this explains the results of studies in which there is no clear correlation between the physical development and biological maturity (puberty) of girls. The formation of the reproductive function in girls is associated with the development of adipose tissue, a reserve of energy substances.

When determining biological maturation in athletes, the same rules are followed that exist for all anthropometric surveys. Swimmers, especially if the studies are of a dynamic nature and are carried out by the same specialist, are calm about the examination. Knowing the true goals and objectives of the survey, they show great interest in the results and their interpretation.

During the initial examination, especially of the teenage and youthful contingent, among which extreme variants of development are more common, one should be especially careful and careful. It is not necessary to specifically conduct an examination to determine the external signs of puberty. You can do this along with the assessment of other anthropometric signs: usually, the degree of development of the mammary gland in girls and girls, the nipple and paranasal region in boys and boys are detected when measuring the chest;

determination of the degree of hair growth on the pubis, the development of the external genitalia is combined with the measurement of the fat fold on the abdomen;

hair growth in the armpit is evaluated when examining the shape of the back (determination of posture), visual assessment of mobility in the shoulder joints.

In the presence of menstruation in girls, the time of the appearance of the first menstruation (age of menarche), the duration of the establishment of the menstrual cycle and its duration, the absence or presence of any deviations are noted.

The experience of the study showed the great benefit of the joint work of the examiner with a doctor specializing in adolescent gynecology: his conclusions are especially important for predicting the subsequent growth trend and the formation of adolescent girls, whose biological maturity is estimated from 3 to 5 points. With the similarity of assessments of the degree of development of the athlete's reproductive organs (according to the gynecologist) and biological maturity (sexual and somatic), a normal course of development, characteristic of a given age or type (acceleration - retardation), is assumed. The presence of pronounced disharmony in the development of these indicators indicates a complex and longer course of the prepubertal phase of development. It is especially recommended to carry out such examinations in age period from 12 to 14 years old.

Numerous studies have established that in the age range of 11-14 years, swimming speed is significantly associated with the biological maturity score, the level of development of somatic and functional indicators (i.e., in the younger and middle groups, accelerants are in the lead).

However, the most promising children have high levels of physical and functional development with normal or slow rates of puberty (they have a long duration of puberty and many years of training);

gender differences in morphofunctional parameters in swimmers aged 11-16 depend on the type of biological maturity. The greatest severity of sexual dimorphism is observed in accelerated children;

in retardants, these differences are less pronounced.

Figure 37 shows the physical development of a girl in the period of pubertal development from 12 years to the end of puberty years 6 months.

Biological age has a significant impact on athletic performance in swimming. A significant increase in results was noted at 12 years of age, and coincided with the onset of puberty and with the maximum increase in body length. Completion of puberty is marked by stabilization or not so rapid growth of results. Swimmers with early puberty (accelerants) reach the top of the sport earlier. After the appearance of Me, the development of endurance decreases or stabilizes.

T.S. Timakova, having examined swimmers-girls and boys, found that in girls the process of biological maturation proceeds in a shorter time than in boys. Significant differences were found between body type and puberty.

Research N.Zh. Bulgakova showed that the advantages of one child over others are caused by different degrees of biological maturation, and if this factor is not taken into account, it can significantly distort the accuracy of the forecast. Unfortunately, the traditionally established practice of selecting children of the same passport age, and not of biological age, for children of the same passport age, and not biological, opens the way for accelerators. It restricts access to classes for children who are retardants, but who have the same motor abilities, as well as their peers, which is one of the negative phenomena in sports selection for swimming.

In the studies of T.S. Timakova showed that at the stage of completion of sexual development in adolescents, there is a decrease in the increase in sports results in swimming, which is most pronounced in accelerator swimmers. At the same time, athletes with high skin sensitivity and the largest body sizes have a significant advantage in maintaining high speed over short distances.

According to S.S. Groshenkova, S.M. Lyasotovich, the development of a system of sports selection is characterized by a natural selection of promising swimmers with somewhat late puberty (retardants) relative to their peers involved in swimming.

The presence of high sports achievements in the younger age groups at distances of 50 and 100 m cannot serve as a reliable criterion for the giftedness of a young swimmer and guarantee him success at an older age, because they have temporary advantages associated with acceleration phenomena. Therefore, swimming specialists should have information that in upcoming swimming competitions, preference in achieving success should be given to swimmers who, all other things being equal, have optimal indicators of the skin-fat component, shoulder and hip diameters, height-weight index.

Rice. 37. The physical development of a girl in the period from the "neutral" type of a schoolgirl to the end of the maturation period: 1 - 12 years;

2 - 13 years 2 months;

– 13 years 7 months;

4 - 13 years 9 months;

6 – 15 years 6 months.

Signs of a later biological development of swimmers, notes T.S.

Timakov, provide high efficiency in the operation of energy supply systems, which allows mastering significant amounts of training loads.

In swimmers, puberty most often falls on 13-16 years, and the later it comes, the more likely it is to achieve high results.

Usually, puberty in girls occurs 2 years earlier than in boys, which is accompanied by significant changes in morphofunctional parameters. Overcoming this period with the least losses among swimmers is possible if a sufficient foundation of general and special physical training was previously laid and a reasonable diet was applied.

In sports selection, ceteris paribus, swimmers with normal or somewhat slower rates of puberty should receive a higher prognostic score.

4.10. Sexology in the system of training swimmers The relevance of the methods of training athletes based on studies and studies of their sexual behavior in the process of competitive activity and throughout this period is justified by the fact that sexual illiteracy in this matter does not allow athletes to correctly build the entire system of their preparation for responsible starts. It also leads to mistakes and wrong actions in intimate life, which can break the whole not only sports career, but also the personal life of an athlete person. This is the area of ​​knowledge that will lead to the creation and implementation of innovative technologies in the modern process of sports training.

Competent application of new non-traditional programs and methods will make it possible to make a qualitative leap to higher sports achievements.

The sexual behavior of athletes in the process of preparation and during competitions has long been the subject of research and study.

The study of this topic is hampered by the fact that sex in the life of any person, be it an athlete or anyone else, is secret and intimate. Intimate relationships are not flaunted and cannot be advertised without the permission of the people who are the subject of research and discussion.

How to properly combine the physiological need of athletes for sexual intercourse with the opposite sex with great physical and psychological stress in training and competition? How to direct this behavior for the benefit of high achievements in sports activities? To what extent do special sexual exercises help to improve athletic performance?

F.F. Lyubich conducted a study on the issue of sexual nature and the effectiveness of the practical application of sexual exercises in the system of training athletes. As practice has shown, most athletes do not have knowledge about the sexual side of sports and do not know how to direct sexual energy to reveal their sports potential, how does sexual intercourse affect the physical functions of an athlete and affect sports results?

Relatively recently, ten or fifteen years ago, the majority of domestic sports coaches believed that the sexual contacts of athletes during the preparation and holding of responsible starts are unacceptable.

Experts were convinced that sex takes a lot of energy, and this, combined with high training loads further depletes the body of athletes. Although many athletes did not think so. They were convinced from their own experience that sex is not only pleasure, but also a kind of effective dope.

According to Reuters-Health, several scientific studies aimed at examining whether sex deprives athletes of physical strength have yielded negative results. There is no evidence that sex negatively affects strength, endurance, mental balance, reaction time, or other qualities important to athletes.

IN Ancient Greece doctors believed that sperm is nothing more than the brain, and therefore it should not be used with excessive speed. And Hippocrates believed that frequent ejaculations waste not the brain, but the spinal cord, which leads to early old age, paralysis and epilepsy. Sexual abstinence is a personal matter for everyone, but is there any deep meaning in it?

First, abstinence is contraindicated for men who do not have very good sperm counts. A rare sexual life leads to the accumulation of old sperm with low sperm motility, and with frequent ejaculation (several times a day), the sperm cannot fully recover and is also not capable of fertilization. The optimal regularity of intercourse for fertilization is 3-4 times a week. The accumulation of old sperm becomes noticeable after 7-8 days of abstinence.

Second, abstinence is bad for people suffering from prostatitis. For the prostate gland, ejaculation is a natural and most powerful massage.

Third, in older men, abstinence can lead to impotence simply because the body "forgets" what arousal, erection and ejaculation are. Fourth, the absence of daytime erections and ejaculation leads to a change in the vessels of the penis, which worsens the erection itself.

Modern doctors do not limit the sexual activity of an athlete, as it was before. Indeed, sexual intercourse itself, without extreme sports, distracts only 200-250 Kcal from the athlete's energy baggage. Losses of protein (which often scare away ignorant people) are completely insignificant - just a couple of grams. But more importantly, sexual intercourse stimulates the natural production of testosterone, and this is the most important factor in building muscle tissue.

There is another small but important point, sexual intercourse takes away the daily norm of zinc, a metal actively involved in the recovery process. Without its replenishment, fatigue will not take long. And if there is not enough zinc in the body even without sex? Since it is impossible to accumulate zinc for the future, the one and a half month abstinences that some athletes do, contrary to the recommendations, are completely pointless and dangerous! The body, weaning from natural reactions, produces changes in the genital organs and functions, the condition of the vessels worsens, in connection with which varicose veins develop, including varicoceles, blood flow weakens, and the sensitivity of the head decreases. All this does not pass without a trace and for the prostate - dear to the heart of a man.

Scientists working at the Research Institute of Physical Education in Leipzig in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) tested their "sex-doping" technique on women's swimming and athletics teams. The algorithm of high sports achievements was such that at first the loads of girls specially selected for swimming were very strictly controlled. The coach had no right to arbitrarily increase the volume and intensity of training. Giving stimulant pharmacological drugs was prohibited. For several years, girls were offered soft loads with an emphasis on technique. All this time, experts tracked the biological age of those involved. As soon as puberty sets in, mentors do everything possible and impossible to ensure that their wards begin a regular sexual life. In a growing organism, this caused a powerful hormonal and emotional upsurge, and the body's internal reserves were activated. In addition to this, young athletes receive the male hormone testosterone in the most natural way. The trainers immediately increased the load and gave steroids in very limited doses. It was here that young athletes, who until recently did not stand out in any way, set world records.

Leading athletes always, according to the created methodology, had sex a few hours before the competition. The coaching staff of various sports teams in the GDR even had a special position, which was occupied by young, attractive-looking men. Such a “sex” coach was obliged to satisfy the athlete on the eve of a responsible start.

The first researchers of how men have sex before important competitions or a few hours before their start on the athletic form of athletes were the British. 11 volunteers of healthy and physically strong men were selected. They were given instructions to abstain from sex. Then the subjects worked out training on simulators and underwent a special physiological examination. A few days later, the participants in the experiment again conducted a workout, but this time hours after intense sex. The result is this: the physical form of the volunteers did not deteriorate at all, since during sex there is a release of serotonin and endorphin (natural doping) into the blood.

Studies were conducted among 18 volunteers - healthy young male freedivers. Three hours before the start of the test, the freedivers had sex, some with their wives, others with their girlfriends. Then everyone performed a special test in the swimming pool - they dived in length to the maximum possible distance without preliminary enhanced ventilation of the lungs.

Immediately before diving, the subjects held their breath after a standard breath - 85% of the athlete's lung capacity.

The data obtained indicated that the results of the gest were significantly higher after intimate warm-up than without it. Probably, this was facilitated by the emotional and hormonal shake-up that sex gives.

Prominent athletes and coaches also speak about the beneficial effects of sex before competitions. There are many such examples. The great American basketball player L. Chamberlain in March 1962 set a hitherto unbeaten record - 100 points in one game, who admitted that his "complete emancipation" after a stormy night with a girl contributed to his success. American Bob Beamon set a long jump world record of 8m 90cm at the 68 Olympics in Mexico City after an intimate night in the living room. The talented Brazilian footballer Ronaldo claimed that sex before the match greatly improves his game. Swimming coaches from the Netherlands, Australia and the United States also said that pre-start intimacy helps their pupils achieve high results.

In recent decades, many research papers have appeared proving that active sex 3-4 days before the competition of football players, boxers, sprinters not only does not harm sports performance, but even improves them. In a normal psychophysical state, two or three days before the competition, moderate sex will not hurt. But only moderate! Since sexual excess has a negative effect on the athlete's body: working capacity decreases, sports results, accuracy of movements, as well as strength indicators fall sharply.

Recovery of physical performance is delayed for a long period. It should be emphasized that sexual excess depletes the nervous system. With the right head of life, the athlete does not feel tired, weak, dissatisfied, he has good health, working capacity and a desire to train during the day. Each athlete must determine for himself the optimal rhythm of sexual life and stick to it, but this does not mean that sex does not have a psychological impact on athletes. It can, for example, affect the degree of aggressiveness.

It was for the right psychological attitude, and not for the observance of the physical form, that Mohamed Ali appealed to abstinence. He said:

"By abstaining from sex for a while, one becomes a great warrior."

Sex, according to him, relaxes the will and reduces concentration.

Abstinence, on the other hand, creates the necessary prelaunch tension.

The time-honored tradition of not having sex just before an important competition has no solid medical justification. At the very least, there is no evidence that sex before a competition can worsen an athlete's physical condition. Moreover, sexual intercourse is an excellent workout for most body systems: the heart beats, blood runs, the lungs breathe, hormones are produced, the prostate is activated, muscles contract.

Researchers from Switzerland examined a group of 15 professional athletes for the reaction of the body of athletes to physical activity two hours after sex, consisting of football players, athletes and weightlifters, and swimmers. It turned out that sex causes a slow recovery of the pulse after the cessation of work. This circumstance can be a serious reason in those sports that require endurance.

Western experts studying the behavior of soldiers in army conditions have found that excessive physical activity leads to overwork and the complete absence of any sexual desires in men. It turned out that a man who goes in for sports every day, as professional athletes do, loses interest in sex faster than his less athletic counterparts. Men with a sedentary lifestyle are also not capable of any impressive feats. It was ideal to exercise at least three times a week.

Researchers believe that it is not sex that affects the results of the competition, but the sleepless night often associated with it. Sex should only be done at night, before going to bed. Then it works in the right direction. Morning sex can play the role of a factor that exhausts the emotional charge, and the athlete will train without any special mood and return.

But many professional athletes continue to abstain from sex, hoping that it will help them score the missing point. The Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine notes that many athletes, from football players to track runners, Olympic Games adhere to the policy of "no sex" on the eve of responsible competitions.

To help with this problem, the Taoist approach to sex can help, which eliminates the problem that the athlete faces. What to choose, a good sports uniform or your woman? An athlete can have both in full measure if he knows the secrets of preserving and transforming sexual energy. Taoist love gives a significant increase in the reserves of available energy, since a man not only retains his strength, but also receives additional energy from his partner. Any athlete who masters the urge to spew out their life force will take a step in a long-term life process towards mastery of themselves and their chosen sport. He can wake up after a night of ecstatic love with a feeling of light heart and full of energy, with fully charged batteries. These sensations are completely different from the pleasant exhaustion that accompanies sex with ejaculation.

Some athletes claim that ejaculatory sex the night before a competition has a beneficial effect on their performance. The reason for this is quite simple - too much nervous energy has accumulated in the athlete and having sex relaxes him. His excess energy prevents the manifestation of his capabilities, and ejaculation relieves this tension. This improves his coordination and focus for the next day and thus helps him win. This is entirely consistent with Taoist ideas about the role of lovemaking in harmonizing the mind, body and spirit.

The vast amounts of unprocessed energy in the physical body are useless until they are harmoniously combined with the mind and spirit.

University of New Mexico professor Mark Anshel has done extensive research on sex and sports. He found that many coaches quite deliberately created sexual frustration in the athlete in the hope that he would direct his assertiveness against the opponent. “Not all people react to disappointment in the same way,” Anshel points out.

“By preventing sexual activity, these coaches or the athletes themselves (Guilermo Vilas, an Argentine tennis pro, once went celibate for a year in order to improve his game) can cause negative personality traits such as aggressiveness or feelings of disconnection.”

Taoists have used sex since ancient times to heal physical, emotional, and mental imbalances, and this practice is very much in keeping with the goal of helping athletes maintain their peak athletic performance. The Taoists also excelled in the martial arts and knew that the secret to defeating the enemy consisted of a combination of physical training with the attainment of a higher degree of consciousness. For this reason, they perfected their energy and opposed the loss of their seminal fluid in a woman. This Taoist practice of "Sexy Kung Fu" was kept a closely guarded secret by martial artists so that their opponents could not recognize it and become stronger. These recommendations also apply to athletes of the modern world.

A. Sidersky, the author of the book “Yoga of Eight Circles”, the founder of integral yoga, recommends that men during ejaculation, to prevent the loss of sexual energy, swallow their sperm, having previously mixed it with saliva, otherwise an excess of the energy potential of sperm can cause a headache.

Modern athletes can now enjoy the same satisfaction that the Taoists enjoyed. Complete freedom of intimacy with a partner without loss of competitive abilities.

A study of the Taoist practice of using sexual energy to increase the level of sports performance was conducted on groups of athletes in kettlebell lifting. The control group and the experimental group included seven people, whose age ranged equally from 21 to 54 years. The experiment was carried out two months before the performance at city competitions. The control exercise was the snatch with one hand of the kettlebell 24 kg. Before mastering the practice, the athletes completed this exercise on the control test. The result of the left and right hand in the kettlebell snatch for each athlete was summed up and became a point from the score. Athletes of the experimental group performed the Taoist practice every day for a month for 15 minutes. On training days - after class under the guidance of the head of practice, on other days - on your own in the morning immediately after sleep.

The content of the practice: the athlete sits on the mat, legs crossed in front of him, hands on his knees, chin on his chest, eyes half closed, the whole body is completely relaxed. Mentally evokes a state of sexual arousal. Slowly, through the nose, a breath is taken with the rise of this excited energy from the perineum along the spine to the solar plexus. After inhalation, the breath is held for 2-3 seconds. After holding the breath, exhalation is performed from the solar plexus into the muscles of the arms and torso. After exhalation, the breath is held for 2-3 seconds and the full cycle continues.

The rhythm of the personal life of athletes did not change during the experiment and no additional recommendations and changes were made to it. A month later, the athletes competed in this exercise. The result in relation to the reference point in the experimental group increased by 76-94%. In the control group, the result increased by 7-12%.

F.F. Lubitsch, after analyzing the available literature, came to the following conclusion:

The accumulation of too much nervous energy in an athlete hinders the manifestation of his athletic abilities. Having sex relaxes him, and ejaculation relieves this tension.

In the morning before important competitions, it is better to abstain from sex, it is shown only the night before.

Infrequent sex life leads to the accumulation of old sperm with low sperm motility. With frequent ejaculation (several times a day), the sperm cannot fully recover and is also not capable of fertilization, and also produces changes in the genital organs and functions, the condition of the vessels worsens, and therefore varicose veins develop, including varicoceles, blood flow is reduced.

Prolonged abstinence can cause such negative personality manifestations as aggressiveness or feelings of disunity.

Sexual intercourse stimulates the natural production of testosterone, which is the most important factor in building muscle tissue.

The reaction of the body of athletes, to physical activity two hours after sex, causes a slow recovery of the pulse after the cessation of work. This circumstance can be a serious reason in those sports that require endurance.

Excessive physical activity leads to the inhibition of the sexual functions of male and female athletes.

Moderate exercise increases testosterone levels in the blood and helps increase muscle mass.

Tao gives a significant increase in the reserves of available energy, since a male or female athlete not only retains his strength, but also receives additional energy from his partner.

Taoist practices in the system of autogenic training can significantly increase the level of physical fitness of athletes.

4.11. The value of the model characteristics of athletes in the selection and management of the training process A model is commonly understood as a sample (standard, standard) in a broader sense - any sample (mental or conditional) of an object, process or phenomenon.

As N.Zh. Bulgakova notes, model characteristics are understood as those requirements that a top-class athlete must meet in a particular sport.

In order to find the most informative prognostic characteristics that limit high sports achievements, surveys of such athletes are carried out. In swimming, great importance is attached to the anthropometric measurements of athletes, since the features of the physique, the ratio of levers and proportions are genetically determined and largely determine the hydrodynamic qualities of the swimmer.

The development and use of models is associated with modeling - the process of building, studying and using models to determine and refine the characteristics and optimize the process of sports training and participation in competitions.

The model is “... a combination of various parameters that determine the achievement of a certain level of sportsmanship and predicted results. Particular indicators included in its composition are considered as model characteristics.

The possibilities of sports selection according to model characteristics were studied.

As noted by V.N. Platonov, the models used in sports are divided into two main groups. The first group includes: 1). models characterizing the structure of competitive activity;

2). models that characterize various aspects of an athlete's preparedness;

morphofunctional models that reflect the characteristics of the organism and the capabilities of individual functional systems, ensuring the achievement of a given level of sportsmanship. The second group of models covers:

one). models, duration and dynamics of the formation of sportsmanship and preparedness in the long term, as well as within the training year and macrocycle;

2). models of large structural formations of the training process (stages of long-term training, macrocycles, periods);

3). models of training stages, meso - and macrocycles;

4). models of training sessions and their parts;

five). models of individual training exercises and their complexes.

In the process of modeling it is necessary: ​​1). link the applied models with the tasks of operational, current and stage-by-stage control and management, construction of various, structural formations of the training process;

determine the level of detail of the model, i.e. the number of parameters included in the model, the nature of the relationship between the individual parameters;

determine the duration of the applied models, the limits of their use, the order of refinement, refinement and replacement. The models used in the practice of training and competitive activities can be divided into three levels: generalized, group and individual.

Generalized models reflect the characteristics of an object or process, identified on the basis of a study of a relatively large group of athletes of a certain gender, age and qualification. Models of this level are of a general orienting nature and reflect the most general patterns of training and competitive activity in a particular sport.

Group models are built on the basis of a study of a specific set of athletes (or teams) that differ in specific features within a particular sport. Studies show that athletes who achieve outstanding results can be divided into several, relatively independent groups, each of which combines athletes with a related structure of competitive activity and preparedness.

Individual models are developed for individual athletes and are based on the data of a long-term study and individual forecast of the structure of competitive activity and the preparedness of an individual athlete, his reaction to loads. In sports practice, models of all three levels are used. Models of a higher level, providing general directions for sports training and participation in competitions, are detailed in individual models and create prerequisites for the versatile management of training and competitive activities of athletes.

However, in the scientific and methodological literature, we have not found data on the use of complex model characteristics in the selection system. The selection, as a rule, is carried out according to the study of any one system of the athlete's body. The authors also note the lack of research to determine the model characteristics of young athletes at various stages of training.

The created model characteristics are limited only by the morphological and functional systems and, in most cases, are developed for a contingent of athletes at any particular stage of training.

The significance of model characteristics is reflected both in the development of scientific and methodological foundations for selection, and in solving the problem of managing the process of many years of preparation.

Management refers to the selection and application of influences that optimize and direct the system's activities to achieve a certain result.

In sports practice, it is necessary to know not only the “model”, “reference” characteristics of high-class athletes, but also intermediate models that characterize an athlete at certain stages of sportsmanship.

According to the definition of N.Zh. Bulgakova, "a set of indicators that limit the speed of swimming at each specific age is commonly called stage model characteristics." Thus, the concept of "model characteristics" means either the ideal characteristics of the athlete's fitness state, when the highest achievements in the field of sports can be shown, or the ideal parameters of the athlete's preparedness at certain age and qualifying stages.

Significant attention in sports selection should be paid, notes M.Ya.

Nabatnikova et al. , identification of model characteristics in various sports, including swimming, where the ability to specific muscular activity should be considered in the form of determining sports suitability.

At one time, S.S. Groshenkov, organized a scientific search to substantiate the methods of sports selection and is critical of the generally accepted views that mass sports are the only form of training a reserve for big-time sports.

According to N. Zh. Bulgakova, in the process of correlation, regression and factor analysis of the relationship between sports results, morphological and functional characteristics and physical fitness, indicators were identified that determine success in one or another method of swimming.

Based on the data obtained, model characteristics for high-class swimmers (men and women) were developed depending on the specialization.

When building the model, as shown in Fig. 37, on the outer side of the circle are the maximum values ​​of the features that have the greatest relationship with the sports result, inside the circle - the average of the maximum values ​​in percent. In practice, a swimmer with morphological and functional data below the average value can hardly be considered promising.

Men. The swimming speed of the crawl at 100 m is in close correlation with the signs characterizing the strength capabilities (length and weight of the body, cross-sectional area: deltoid, shoulder, forearm, thigh), as well as with the magnitude of the strength indicators recorded in static and dynamic (on land and in water) modes. The dependence of the speed on the size of the main rowing surfaces - the length of the arm and hand was revealed. A high correlation was found between the speed and age of swimmers: sprinters reach the heights of sportsmanship at a more mature age than stayers.

The speed of swimming at a distance of 400 m freestyle depends on such indicators as mobility in the shoulder joints, VC, leg length and body length. In addition, morphological prerequisites for success are a small waist and a flattened shape of the chest.

Swimmers who specialize in this distance are athletes of above average height, having a lower weight compared to sprinters and, accordingly, a smaller amount of muscle, bone and adipose tissue, as well as a smoothed muscle relief.

The speed of swimming at 1500 m is determined by the values ​​of VC, mobility in the ankle joints, the length of the upper segment and body, the width of the hand, as well as the indices of the ratio of body weight to body length and pelvic width to body length.

These swimmers are the youngest in age, so they are inferior to sprinters in weight, girth, cross-sections and, therefore, power capabilities.

Thus, athletes who specialize in swimming for medium and especially long distances, in terms of physique and physical fitness, differ significantly from sprinters, which is explained by the laws of bioenergetics: for sprinters, work is of a speed-strength nature and takes place in the anaerobic zone;

in stayers, it belongs to the zone of aerobic energy supply, where great demands are made on the functional capabilities of swimmers, primarily on endurance.

The speed of swimming on the back is determined by indicators of body length, mobility in the shoulder and ankle joints, VC, shoulder girth and the index of the ratio of body weight to body length. The relationship between the sports result in swimming by this method and the strength indicators of the muscles of the upper limbs and the belt of the upper limbs was established: in a static mode with indicators in the middle and at the end of the stroke;

in dynamic mode - with low and medium weight, the amount of traction on the hands and in full coordination in the water. The negative relationship of the result with age indicates that the heights of sportsmanship in this way of swimming are reached at a young age.

Rice. 38. Morphofunctional models of male swimmers [according to N. Zh. Bulgakova 1986]:

A - 100 m crawl: 1. Body length. 2. Transverse diameter of the chest.

3. Shoulder girth. 4. Chest girth. 5. Body weight.

B - 400 m crawl: 1. Mobility in the shoulder joints. 2. WELCOME. 3.

The length of the top section. 4. Leg length. 5. Body length.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru/

Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus

educational institution

"Gomel State University named after Francysk Skaryna"

Correspondence faculty

Department LALS

Test

Topic: "The anatomical structure of a swimmerand its impact on technology

Completed by: Student Silkova V.N.

Gomel 2011

Plan

Introduction

1. The structure of the musculoskeletal system and motor quality

2. Brief list of exercises

3. Anthropometric indicators that affect the technique and speed of swimming

Conclusion

List of used literature

INconducting

The anatomical features of a person must be taken into account not only when choosing a method of swimming, but also when mastering the technique of movements, in one or another method of swimming.

Human anatomy has come a long and difficult path in its development. The main role in its emergence and development was played by the demands of practical life. Anatomy did not develop in isolation, but together with other sciences, and primarily with biological sciences. Let us dwell on the relationship between anatomical studies and the development of physical culture and sports. The need for anatomical analysis of movements to improve sports results, sexual and individual characteristics of the body to substantiate the methods and means of physical education necessitated anatomical studies to study the motor apparatus, the mechanics of the movement of the human body. In turn, the expansion of anatomical knowledge contributed to the progress in the theory and practice of physical culture. The works of P.F. Lesgaft on the issues of anatomy and physical education were of great importance for the development of both anatomy and the science of physical culture. In his ores, P.F. Lesgaft laid the foundation for the doctrine of the movements of the human body. He created the course "Theory of bodily movements", which outlined the material on the proportions of the human body, the doctrine of its position and movements. In determining the individual anatomical features of a person, height, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe largest cross section, the addition and proportions of the body play a role.

Based on the experience of previous generations, knowledge, literature data, we can come to the following conclusion: the anatomical structure and some dimensions of the human body have the most important influence on the technique and speed of a swimmer.

1 . The structure of the musculoskeletal system and motor quality

The technique of modern sports swimming methods, which has undergone significant changes, was created and improved taking into account the motor capabilities of a person.

The form of movements depends on the structure of the joints, their shape and mobility.

Athletes with good mobility in the joints can freely and easily perform movements in large arcs without disturbing body position and general coordination of movements, and also include the main muscle groups involved in the movement.

The structure of the human bone-ligamentous apparatus is such that each limb can be considered as a system of levers connected in series with each other. For these levers, the joints serve as points of connection and support, and the possible direction and amplitude of movement of each of these levers determines the structure of the corresponding joint. Therefore, "working" movements cannot be performed strictly in the direction from front to back, which would be the most correct from the point of view of mechanics. If the limbs were simple rather than multi-membered levers, the movement of the rowing surfaces could only occur along the arcs of a circle, the center of which would be the joint connecting the limb to the body. Such a movement would be ineffective, since from the point of view of creating a thrust force, the rowing surfaces would pass most of the way in a disadvantageous position. Due to the fact that the limbs are a system of levers, it is possible to change the path of the main rowing surfaces and conduct them not in an arc, but in a slightly different direction, giving them a position that is more advantageous in terms of generating traction force.

What parts of the limbs are the main rowing surfaces?

Obviously, those that will experience the most water resistance during the stroke. Such parts are the distal links of the limb-levers.

First, they have the least streamlined shape. Secondly, a relatively large frontal surface. Thirdly, and most importantly, they move at the highest speed.

It can be seen from this that the upper part of the arm not only does not create traction forces, but even slows down the swimmer's progress. This happens because when the swimmer moves forward, the arms move with him. The upper part of the arm in relation to a fixed point in space does not move back, but forward. The resistance of the water, which creates support for the swimmer, occurs only on that part of the arm that moves backward at a speed greater than the speed of the swimmer moving forward. Since the speed of a point on the lever is proportional to its distance from the attachment point, and the resistance is proportional to the square of the speed, the greatest resistance per unit surface occurs at the very end of the limb - the lever.

Therefore, the main rowing surfaces will be the hands, feet and parts of the forearm and lower leg adjacent to them.

With the development of such physical qualities of an athlete as strength and flexibility, it is necessary to take into account anatomical features. In accordance with the change in these features, it is possible to improve the swimming technique.

Motor activity occurs as a result of the interaction of internal and external forces. Internal forces include forces that arise in the body itself and act inside it. They can be passive and active. The first are the resistance of muscles, tendons, ligaments, bones to the deforming action of external forces. When the elastic parts of the motor apparatus, especially muscles, are stretched, elastic tension forces arise that counteract stretching and limit it. The presence of these forces can be easily identified: when the stretch is removed, the muscle shortens. Of primary importance in the activity of the locomotor apparatus are the active forces arising from the excitation of the muscles.

The active strength of a muscle is characterized by the magnitude of the maximum tension that it is able to develop when excited. To measure muscle strength, it is required to find out the weight of the load that the muscle, with its maximum excitation, is able to hold without contracting or stretching.

The force exerted by a muscle depends on:

1) the contractile strength of its constituent single muscle fibers;

2) the number of fibers in the muscle;

3) the initial length of the muscle;

4) the nature of the nervous influences on it;

5) mechanical conditions of action of the muscle on the bones of the skeleton.

The more fibers in a muscle, the greater its strength. A single motor unit, consisting, for example, of 100 fibers, can already develop a force of 10-20 grams. Many skeletal muscles have strength in excess of body weight.

In the process of sports training, muscle fibers thicken and their energy resources increase. In this regard, the strength of the fibers, and, consequently, the strength of the muscle as a whole increases.

To characterize contractility, the determination of the absolute strength of the muscle is of great importance. The so-called force per 1 sq. cm of the cross section of muscle fibers. To determine it, you need to divide the magnitude of the force developed by the muscle as a whole by the magnitude of its physiological diameter. It must be borne in mind that the physiological diameter (ie, the cross-sectional area of ​​all muscle fibers as a whole) often does not coincide with the anatomical diameter (ie, the cross-sectional area of ​​the muscle).

The absolute strength of different human muscles is expressed on average by the following values ​​(in kilograms per 1 sq. cm): gastrocnemius + soleus - 6.24; neck extensors - 11.4; shoulder - 12.1; triceps shoulder - 16.8.

The sympathetic nervous system has a great influence on muscle strength and performance. L.A. Orbeli and his collaborators found that the impulses coming to the muscle along the sympathetic nerve fibers increase its excitability and functional mobility, increase its metabolism and its nutrition. All this taken together leads to an increase in muscle strength.

The force developed by a muscle depends on its initial length. If you first bring the ends of the muscle together, then it, other things being equal, will develop less tension. On the contrary, if the muscle is preliminarily stretched, as is done with many exercise, then it becomes capable of higher tension and contraction. However, with excessive stretching, its performance drops again.

Of great importance for clarifying the topography of working muscles, as well as the scope of special strength training for swimmers of different specializations, is the analysis of the relationship between nine cross-sectional areas that cross the muscles that carry the main load during swimming, and strength indicators.

For cross-section sprinters - deltoid shoulder and strength training and swimming in this way. In freestylers-stayers, the relationship between the sizes of cross-sectional areas and indicators of strength is much less than in freestylers-sprinters. In stayers, the highest dependence was observed between the amount of traction in the water with the help of legs and complete coordination. This means that for success in crawl swimming at 1500 m, power capabilities are not decisive. In the training of stayers, the greatest weights should be used, selectively loading the muscles involved in the stroke with the hands.

Representatives of swimming on the back are distinguished by specific strength training. When swimming on the back, it is necessary to mainly develop the strength of the muscles of the shoulder, forearm, the muscles that adduct the shoulder, which take a great part in the middle and end of the stroke with the hands, and the latissimus dorsi.

Dolphin swimmers showed a high correlation between strength indicators and cross-sectional areas of the deltoid shoulder and hip. Much attention should be paid to the development of the strength of the muscles of the shoulder girdle and arms, the muscles of the back and front surfaces of the body.

Brassists, in all indicators of arm strength, are inferior to swimmers who specialize in other methods, but in terms of the magnitude of stroke efforts with their legs, they take first place. In special strength training, breaststroke athletes need to use exercises aimed mainly at increasing the strength of the muscles of the lower girdle and lower extremities, primarily the thigh, gluteal muscles, and foot flexors.

Thus, the specificity of functional muscle topography in swimmers depends on specialization; high sports results in some swimming methods are achieved mainly due to strength training, while in others - due to good hydrodynamic qualities and endurance.

The strength of the muscles involved in the work is determined in the positions characteristic of swimming. For example, a test - in a standing position, press on the handles of a suspended deadlift dynamometer. The handles of the dynamometer are located at the level of the shoulder girdle. More accurate data from this test can be obtained if this measurement is taken in the supine position.

Large values ​​of the ratio of the indicator of muscle strength to the weight of the athlete correspond to his best data.

As you know, mobility in the joints and muscle strength have a negative relationship. Therefore, swimmers who have high strength indicators, as a rule, have less mobility in the joints.

The concept of "joint mobility" is closely related to the concept of "flexibility", which means physical quality allowing for large range of motion. They often see synonyms in these concepts, however, there are certain differences between them. Under the mobility in the joint understand the range of motion in a particular joint, under the flexibility - the range of motion in some part or parts of the body.

There are three types of mobility in the joint: free, active, passive mobility. The volume of free mobility implies natural smooth and economical movements, in which the active forces of the muscles act not during the entire period of the movement, but only within certain limits. For example, free, not fixed movements of the hand are clearly visible when the hand is carried through the air when swimming in a front crawl.

When measuring mobility in the joints, the volume of active mobility is determined, which increases due to the maximum effort of the muscles involved in the movement and the extensibility of the antagonist muscles. Only in breaststroke swimming does dorsiflexion at the ankle joint before the start of leg movement require active mobility.

When determining the volume of passive mobility, it is necessary to strictly dose the pressure (external force) on the segments of the body. The volume of passive mobility is the largest, since there is no resistance of antagonistic muscles and ligaments. Front crawl, backstroke and dolphin swimming require passive mobility in the ankle joints when kicking.

The method of swimming, the technique of its implementation, as well as its various individual variants, are based on the capabilities of the joints, due to the anatomical structure. The development of structural and functional mechanisms of movements in the joints not only does not allow us to correctly understand the essence of the very method of swimming and its technique, but also creates the prospect of individual modeling of the latter, taking into account the structural features of the joints of each swimmer.

Individual differences in joint mobility indicators appear very early, even at preschool age, therefore these indicators serve as a reliable criterion both for the selection of young swimmers and for guiding the choice of the main swimming method.

A large range of movements is the main condition for the correct technique of sports swimming, which allows you to achieve high results with economical use of energy.

Poor joint mobility makes it difficult to master the correct technique and causes unnecessary movements that reduce the effectiveness of the exercise in a horizontal position. The mobility of the arms depends on the mobility of the shoulder joints, as well as the mobility of the spinal column, thoracic and lumbar regions. With insufficient mobility of the shoulder girdle, an athlete swimming in the butterfly-dolphin method is forced to lift upper part body from the water to perform preparatory movements with the hands. Of great importance when swimming breaststroke is mobility in the hip, especially the knee and ankle joints: its limitations do not allow you to perform rowing movements with your feet. With poor mobility of the cervical spine in crawl swimming on the chest, the swimmer not only turns his head to inhale, but also raises it up. This violates the overall structure and coordination of movements. As a result, there are changes in the oscillation of the body, and the position of the body, the angle of attack changes.

Swimmers with insufficient mobility in the ankle joint cannot achieve high speed when swimming with legs in the front crawl and backstroke, and in some cases do not move forward at all. This is due to the fact that the foot is the main link of the leg, which ensures the advancement of the swimmer when swimming in crawl with one foot. Therefore, the shape and especially the mobility in the ankle joint are of paramount and decisive importance for the creation of translational movement (A.K. Dmitriev). Given the great importance of mobility in the joints, swimmers must systematically perform exercises that contribute to the development of this quality.

2 . Brief list of exercises

Exercises for mobility in the shoulder joints (performed in pairs):

1. Starting position - the first, hands on the belt, the second, standing one step behind, holds the elbows in front of the one standing. Springing movements of the elbows inward (connection).

2. Starting position - standing opposite each other at a distance of 1-1.5 meters, with a wide stance of hands, tilting your torso, put your palms on your partner's shoulders. Springy swaying down, pressing on the shoulders.

3. Starting position - standing with your back to each other at a step distance, clasp straight arms below. Simultaneous lunge with the foot forward, followed by a springy sway.

4. Starting position - the first one sits with his hands up, the second one stands behind in a lunge, resting his knee between the partner's shoulder blades, and holds his hands, making springy swings of his arms back through the top and back through the sides.

5. Starting position - the first in a lunge, bending over, takes his hands back and up, the second in a lunge in front holds the partner by the legs, making springy swings of his hands towards himself.

Exercises for mobility in the hip and ankle joints:

1. Starting position - sitting on the right leg. Without lifting the pelvis, move the torso to the right leg.

2. Starting position - standing sideways against the wall, holding on to it with the same hand. Leg movements forward and backward. The same with the other leg.

3. Starting position - sit down, bending your legs, spread your knees to the sides, grab the bottom of the lower leg with your hands, rest your elbows on the inside of the leg at the knee. Springy swaying knees down, pressing the elbows.

4. Starting position - kneeling, feet extended with the back surface to the floor. Tilt the torso back with the support of the hands on the floor behind and tear off the knees from the floor, springy swaying on the instep of the foot.

5. Starting position - the same, but spread the feet in different directions. The execution is similar.

6. Starting position - kneeling, feet extended with the back surface to the floor. Raise your arms up, lifting your knees off the floor.

7. Starting position - sitting on the floor, put one foot on the other, with the opposite hand, grab the middle of the foot. Hand rotation of the foot to the right, left, circular movements in both directions.

8. Starting position - emphasis on the knees. Raising your knees, swaying on the back of your feet.

9. Starting position - the right leg is bent at the knee joint. Rotation of the foot to one side and the other. The same with the other leg.

As you know, mobility in the joints and muscle strength have a negative relationship. Therefore, swimmers who have high strength indicators, as a rule, have less mobility in the joints. Among freestylers, the highest rates of mobility in the joints are among stayers, the lowest - among sprinters (Table 1.).

Table 1.Mobility in the joints

Swimming methods	Shoulder flexion, cm	Plantar flexion of the foot, deg.	Dorsiflexion of the foot, deg.	Flexion in the knee joint, deg.
Crawl 100 m
Crawl 400 m
Crawl 1500 m
Integrated swimming

The best mobility in the joints, especially in the shoulder and ankle, is observed in representatives of the most technically difficult swimming methods - on the back and dolphin.

For those who specialize in integrated swimming rather high mobility in all joints is characteristic. In breaststroke swimming, mobility in the shoulder joints is not critical. Therefore, the breaststroke indicator takes the last place, but in terms of mobility in the knee joints and dorsiflexion of the foot, they take the first place, which reflects the specifics of swimming in this way.

anatomical muscular mobility swimming

3 . Anthropometric indicators affecting the technique and speed of swimming

Of all sports, various tests are used in the selection to determine the suitability of an athlete for any sport. In swimming, the selection takes into account anthropometric indicators, or, as they are also called, total body dimensions (weight, height, length and circumference of the limbs, chest circumference).

The starting data for creating an idea of ​​the height and weight of swimmers, as well as how significant these indicators are, can be the data of the participants in the XXVII Olympic Games in Sydney 2000 (Table 2).

table2

			Height-weight index			Height-weight index

This table shows the average height, weight and growth of the weight index, which is equal to the difference (height - 100 - weight), Olympic champions, bronze medalists, swimmers who took 6th place. It can be seen from the table that the distribution of awards among the participants is subject to a certain pattern: “big” - large awards, “small” - small.

The height-weight indicator is the main one in determining the predisposition to swimming.

Swimmers of different swimming methods differ significantly from each other in total body size.

Studies have shown that swimmers who specialize in backstroke are the tallest. The amount of resistance that a swimmer experiences in the water, determined by the towing method, turned out to be greater when the swimmer was on his back than when he was on his chest. Probably, this can explain the fact that the representatives of backstroke are taller than freestyle sprinters, lighter than them in weight and have a small relative body surface. Athletes specializing in integrated swimming are somewhat inferior to them in terms of body length. There is a more significant difference between backstroke swimmers and dolphin swimmers. The shortest swimmers are breaststrokes.

The breaststroke swimmers have the largest weight, the second place in this indicator is taken by the representatives of integrated swimming, the dolphinists are somewhat inferior to them in weight, and the lightest in weight, despite their high growth, athletes specializing in backstroke.

Physique, that is, the proportions of individual parts of the body, affect the possession of swimming technique and sportsmanship.

Long-distance crawlers have a smaller total body size, in terms of physique they belong to the muscular type according to S. Seago or athletic according to E. Kretschmer, which means a good development of the motor apparatus: skeleton and muscles. Their chest is cylindrical and wider, the stomach is taut, strong. For these swimmers, the functional capabilities of the body are of paramount importance, causing high achievements in endurance work.

Spin swimmers are also large in size, like sprinters, but in turn are slightly taller, with a larger chest circumference with its shallow depth. Obviously, body length is of great importance when swimming on your back.

The medley swimmers are somewhat inferior to spinists, although they are equal in height. Their physique is more muscular, with large girths. The sizes of swimmers who specialize in breaststroke and butterfly are almost the same, but somewhat different from other swimmers. They are less tall, but more muscular, especially butterfly swimmers, with a more rounded chest.

Smaller sizes may not play a decisive role in achieving high results in these types of swimming, although in recent years there has been an increase in these swimmers. Some of them are either close to the size of stayer rabbits or equal.

Swimmers differ in girths and areas of the corresponding sections.

Athletes whose work is of a speed-strength nature, i.e. sprint crawlers and dolphinists have high girths and sections of the corresponding areas, such as the shoulder girdle, upper arm, pelvis, thighs, and lower leg.

In the sections of the shoulder girdle and shoulder, breaststroke swimmers and medley swimmers are also close (their girths and sections are somewhat smaller). Stayer rabbits have the smallest sectional area of ​​the shoulder girdle.

Brassists take the lead in waist and hip girths, and then, in the same girths and corresponding cross-sectional areas, sprint crawlers, spin swimmers, swimming like a dolphin go. The latest medley swimmers and freestyle stayers.

Now let's consider how the size of the girth of the shoulder and hip can indirectly judge the strength capabilities of athletes (Table 3).

table.3 Circumference measurements of the body of high-class swimmers (cm)

Swimming method	Wrist	Forearm
Crawl 100 m
Crawl 400 m
Crawl 1500 m
Integrated swimming

In athletes who specialize in crawl swimming at different distances, the girth dimensions of the chest, hips, and shoulders decrease with increasing length of the distance.

With an increase in the length of the distance, the speed decreases and the work passes into a zone of lower power, which does not require great muscular effort, and, consequently, the requirements for the morphological type of the swimmer also change.

In the first place are signs that characterize endurance and contribute to a better body position in the water, better streamlining, buoyancy. Athletes specializing in backstroke and dolphin swimming have the highest girth indicators, as the swimming speed approaches the speed of freestyle sprinters. In breaststroke, the hip and buttocks girths are the highest, since in breaststroke swimming the main load falls on the legs. Representatives of backstroke and medley do not differ from each other in terms of waist and buttocks, but there are statistically significant differences between them and breaststroke and dolphin swimmers. In terms of buttocks circumference, dolphins take the first place. Among the representatives of backstroke and complex swimming, this indicator is the lowest.

The size of the limbs also affects the technique and speed of swimming. So persons with longer limbs and a larger rowing surface have a lower specific pressure per unit area of ​​water. These swimmers may have a longer and more powerful stroke, but with a slower pace of movement. Athletes with relatively short limbs tend to increase the rate of movement, as well as to increase the specific water pressure per unit rowing surface.

In addition to the dimensions of the body and limbs themselves, one should pay attention to the indicators of their ratios, for example, in the ratio of shoulder width / height - pelvis width / height, the smaller the indicator, the greater the suitability for swimming, and in such ratios as arm length / height and leg length / growth, on the contrary, that is, the higher the indicator, the better the athlete’s capabilities, which means that the longer the limb, the larger the area of ​​water resistivity, the more powerful the stroke. To identify the indicator of the dependence of the length of the arms on the height of the swimmer, another method of determination can be used: the ratio of the arm span to the height. The span of the hands is determined by the distance between the ends of the middle fingers, spread apart. If the arm span is greater than the height, then there is an increased fitness of the athlete. If the arm span is equal to height, then it is moderate, and if the arm span is less than height, then it is reduced.

As a result of the analysis of the correlation between sports results and 83 morphological and functional features, the features of physique and physical performance that determine success in one or another swimming method were revealed.

The speed of crawl swimming at 100 meters is in close correlation with the features that characterize power capabilities: body length and weight; cross-sectional areas - deltoid, shoulder, forearm, thigh; arm and hand length. A high connection was also found between the sports result and the magnitude of power indicators in the statistical, dynamic and hydrodynamic modes of operation. A high correlation was found between the result and the age of swimmers, that is, sprinters reach the heights of sportsmanship at a more mature age than stayers.

The speed of swimming at a distance of 400 meters freestyle depends on such indicators as mobility in the shoulder joints, vital capacity of the lungs, the length of the upper segment (the length of the neck and head), the length of the legs and body. In addition, morphological prerequisites for success at this distance are a small waist and a flattened shape of the chest.

Swimming speed at a distance of 1500 meters freestyle is closely related to such signs as mobility in the ankle joints, vital capacity (VC), foot height, length of the upper segment, hand width, as well as indices of the ratio of body weight to height and width of the pelvis to height. , hull length. Indicators characterizing the power qualities of swimmers - body weight, deltoid section and lower leg areas, have a negative relationship with the result. In addition, these swimmers are the youngest in age, so they are inferior to sprinters in weight, girth dimensions, cross-sections, and, consequently, strength indicators.

Thus, swimmers who specialize in swimming for medium and especially long distances differ significantly from sprinters in terms of physique and physical fitness, which is explained by the laws of bioenergetics. If for sprinters the work is of a speed-strength nature and takes place in the anaerobic zone, then for stayers it belongs to the zone of aerobic energy supply, where great demands are made on the functional capabilities of swimmers, primarily on endurance.

The speed of swimming on the back is determined by indicators of body length, mobility in the shoulder and ankle joints, VC, shoulder girth and body weight-to-height ratio. The interrelation of the sports result in swimming by this method with the strength indicators of the hands was established: in the static mode with the indicators in the middle and end of the stroke; in dynamic mode - with small and medium weights; the magnitude of traction with the help of hands and with full coordination. A negative relationship with age indicates that the heights of sportsmanship in this way of swimming are reached in younger years.

Sports results in dolphin swimming are determined by such morphological and functional indicators as body weight, foot height, shoulder and chest girth, mobility in the shoulder and ankle joints. Swimming speed is closely related to strength fitness, the indicators of which are the cross-sectional areas of the shoulder, deltoid, and hip. There is a negative relationship between sports results and indicators of the length of the upper segment, legs, hips, lower legs, as well as the area of ​​the hip and waist. When swimming as a dolphin, the main mover is the shoulder girdle and arms, as evidenced by the cross-sectional areas of the deltoid and shoulder and their relationship with strength and athletic performance. It is likely that the participation of muscle groups that cross the sections of the waist and the hip does not play a decisive role in the speed of swimming in this way, and their excessive development creates an obstacle to moving forward, worsening the streamlining of the body. A significant correlation with age was also revealed, that is, in swimming with a dolphin, high sports results can be shown at an older age.

Breaststroke swimming speed is closely related to such morphological and functional features as mobility in the knee and ankle joints, thigh girth, shoulder length, thigh cross-sectional area, thigh and upper segment length. There is a negative relationship between the result and the width of the shoulders. A relationship has been established in swimming speed with the magnitude of traction with the help of the legs and with full coordination. High-class swimmers who specialize in breaststroke are the oldest.

Morpho-functional prerequisites for achieving high results in complex swimming are mobility in the ankle (flexion-extension), knee, shoulder joints, indicators of body length, hips, index of the ratio of the width of the pelvis to height. The best results in swimming in this way are shown by tall athletes with good mobility in the joints and light bones, as well as with long arms, as evidenced by the magnitude of the sparing section of the shoulder, forearm, length of the hand, arm. Young athletes can successfully perform in this type of swimming.

Swimmers with long, well-developed limbs and relatively low body weight have more favorable opportunities for achieving high sports results.

Most swimmers, winners of the Olympic Games and other major competitions, were tall, light in body weight and long limbs. It is no coincidence that many athletes at the age of 14-17 (during the period of vigorous growth of the body and especially limbs in length), even with insufficient muscle strength, but relatively low body weight, achieve high achievements in swimming.

Some swimmers at this age not only achieved international class sports results (S. Belits-Geiman, V. Mazanov, L. Viktorova, G. Yakovleva, G. Androsov and others), but also set a number of world records (G. Prozumenshchikova, I. .Kondras, D.Frazer, M.Rose, D.Kondrads, T.Stok and others).

The study of the physical development of the best swimmers confirmed that swimmers, both men and women, are characterized by the following features: high growth, average weight, shortened torso, long arms and legs, broad shoulders, pelvis narrowed in relation to the shoulders, flattened but wide chest , with good development and great mobility, large vital capacity of the lungs, high inspiratory power and medium expiratory power, harmoniously developed muscles (G.M. Krakovyak).

It is clear that long limbs, with the appropriate development of muscles, make it possible to perform long and powerful strokes; broad shoulders, narrow pelvis, long legs give the body a streamlined, teardrop shape; flattened chest creates a stable position of the body; a large excursion of the chest and a large vital capacity of the lungs allows you to take a deep breath, providing the body with the necessary amount of oxygen during intensive work and giving the swimmer's body a smaller specific gravity. When swimming, the main support against the water arises from the movement of the swimmer's hand and foot. Therefore, the size of the athlete's foot and hand is of particular importance. Swimmers with large feet and palms have an advantage. According to the comparative data of G.M. Krakovyak, the length of the swimmer's foot, on average, significantly exceeds the length of the foot of athletes of other specialties. So G.M. Krakovyak found that the average foot length for swimmers is 29 cm.

Wconclusion

1. When selecting children for swimming, coaches should take into account the characteristics and size of a person's physique, as well as mobility in the joints.

2. In swimming in the crawl method, in addition to such factors as muscle strength, frequency of movements, joint mobility in achieving high speed, their length also affects.

3. With an equal length of the legs, the swimmer who has longer and more mobile feet develops more speed.

4. Greater speed with the same length of arms is developed by the swimmer who has longer hands.

5. When swimming coordination "crawl on the chest" the greatest speed is developed with the help of the hands, and the legs create a slight traction force and support the body on the water.

6. In achieving high results, the main thing is not height, but the proportions of the body, that is, the ratio of the length of the limbs to the length of the swimmer's body.

7. Of course, high growth, long limbs, long feet and hands cannot fully determine the level of sports achievements, they only create the prerequisites for a successful sports activity of a swimmer.

8. The study of the anatomical structure and dimensions of the human body allows us to solve a number of practical problems and approach the issues of selecting children for swimming and individualizing the process from scientifically based positions.

List of used literature

1. Absalyamov T.M. Scientific support for the training of swimmers [Text]: textbook / T.M. Absalyamov, T.S. Timakova. - M.: FiS, 1985.

2. Bulgakova N.Zh. Selection and training of young swimmers [Text]: textbook / N. Zh. Bulgakova - M .: FiS, 1978.

3. Butovich N.A. Swimming [Text]: textbook / N.A. Butovich. - M.: FiS, 1965.

4. Vrzhesnevsky I.V. “Fundamentals of swimming technique” [Text]: textbook / I.V. Vrzhesnevsky. - M.: FiS, 1966.

5. Geselevich V.A. Trainer's medical reference book [Text]: study guide / V.A. Geselevich. - M.: FiS, 1982.

6. Dmitrieva A.K. Swimming [Text]: textbook / A.K. Dmitrieva. - M.: FiS, 1966.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

Similar Documents

Swimming as an academic subject, a field of knowledge that includes the hydrodynamic and biochemical laws of human interaction with water, swimming techniques and teaching methods. The concept and types of swimming techniques. Coordination of arm and leg movements.

abstract, added 05/27/2013


Strengthening the muscular corset in children with disorders of the musculoskeletal system brought up in a compensating type kindergarten. Conducting plot physical education classes as a form of organizing physical education with children of preschool age.

thesis, added 11/13/2014


General characteristics and effectiveness of preparatory exercises on land. General developmental, imitation and special exercises of a swimmer. Exercises with rubber shock absorbers, accompanied by exercises for the development of mobility in the joints.

term paper, added 05/02/2011


Anatomical and physiological features of the musculoskeletal system. Muscle functions, features of strength exercises aimed at developing the muscles of the body. Muscle work at rest and during exercise. Influence of sports activities on the state of skeletal muscles.

abstract, added 04/28/2015


The technique of sports swimming, which reflects the patterns of mechanical movement of the swimmer's body along the distance and the manifestation of the athlete's abilities. The study of the forces acting on the body of a swimmer in water. Change in the value of the vortex formation resistance.

abstract, added 08/24/2015


Distribution of deformities of the musculoskeletal system among younger schoolchildren. Self-control of compliance with the motor regimen, gymnastic exercises aimed at correcting posture and forming the muscular corset of the body in a lesson.

presentation, added 01/30/2015


Swimming technique "crawl" as a subject of research. Equipment used in swimmer training. Anatomical and physiological features of 13-14 year old swimmers. Dynamics of anthropometric indicators and test results after the experiment.

thesis, added 02/06/2016


Evaluation of a swimmer's special endurance using control exercises. Fitness of basic reactions physiological systems in the conditions of the aquatic environment. Development of principles for assessing biomedical indicators used in testing a swimmer.

article, added 08/03/2009


A historical digression into the history of swimming, its impact on human health. Swimming styles (breaststroke, front crawl, back crawl, butterfly). The role of swimming in improving the quality of physical training of employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

abstract, added 07/10/2016


The essence of sports training, its tasks. The main types of swimmers training: physical and technical training. The development of the special strength of the swimmer. A complex of special gymnastics for a swimmer. Deficiencies in swimming technique and exercises to eliminate them.

Municipal autonomous educational institution

additional education

"Center of children's creativity"

World class leading swimmers

The ability to swim is a vital skill that allows a person to feel much freer and more confident in the world around him.

Prepared by: Teacher of additional education

highest qualification category

Boyko Albina Vladimirovna

Birobidzhan 2015

Vladimir Salnikov President of the Swimming Federation of the Russian Federation

Date of birth: May 21, 1960 Place of birth: Leningrad Place of residence: Height: 1.81 m Weight: 74 kg

Specialization: 400 and 1500 m/s

Four-time Olympic champion,

four times world champion,

six-time European champion and

multiple world record holder

near Sverdlovsk-45 (now Lesnoy) Residence: Moscow Height: 2.00 m Weight: 89 kg

50 m spin

Four-time Olympic champion

Date of birth: April 30, 1983 Place of birth: Place of residence: Moscow Height: 1.84 m Weight: 83 kg

Specialization: 50 and 100 m butterfly

Captain of the Russian swimming team.

World Champion, European Champion

(Moscow region) Place of residence: Penza Height: 1.82 m Weight: 70 kg

Specialization: 50, 100 and 200 m backstroke

World champion, vice-champion of the Olympic Games 2012

Date of birth: April 3, 1992 Place of birth: Grozny Place of residence: Taganrog Height: 1.82 m Weight: 60 kg

Specialization: breaststroke

Bronze medalist of the 2012 Olympic Games in London, three-time world champion, three-time European champion

Danila Izotov

Height: 1.95 m Weight: 76 kg

Specialization: 100 and 200 m/s

Winner of the Olympic Games and World Championships, European champion.

Danila Izotov

Michael Phelps (left), Paul Biderman (center) and Danila Izotov

Date of birth: March 19, 1997 Place of birth: Kaunas (Lithuania) Place of residence: Plymouth (UK) Height: 1.72 m Weight: 64 kg

Specialization: 50 and 100 m/s,

50 and 100 m breaststroke

Olympic champion (2012) and world champion (2013)

Date of birth: June 30, 1985 Place of birth: Baltimore (USA) Place of residence: Height: 1.93 m Weight: 88 kg

Specialization: 100, 200 m butterfly,

200 and 400 m c / p,

100, 200, 400 m sun, 100 and 200 m backstroke

18-time Olympic champion, 26-time world champion

The secret to swimming success

not in the height or girth of the biceps,

but in amazing diligence, unique efficiency

and unwavering faith in yourself!

Prepared by - Boyko A.V.

kopilkaurokov.ru

Problems of formation of individual swimming technique

Along with the swimming load in the training plan, an important place is given to the improvement in technique. What is the relationship between technology and work associated with loads, with physiological effects?

Consider the most modern idea of ​​the freestyle swimming technique. In the twenties, the most important characteristic of freestyle swimming was the movement of the arms, similar to the movement of the wings of a windmill. Almost no attention was paid to foot movements. In 1932, the Japanese came to the conclusion that when swimming freestyle, the main role in moving the body forward is played by the legs. Thus, a variant of the slow pace of movement of the hands and their sliding (in freestyle swimming) was born. Since 1956, arm movements have come to the fore, and coaches have again started talking about the hands that are the main thing in moving the body forward. The role of the legs was reduced only to the fact that they must provide the swimmer with balance - a flat, streamlined position of the body in the water. Around the time of the Tokyo Olympics, it was again discovered that it was possible to propel with the movement of the feet and that energy should be put to the service of achieving greater swimming speed.

According to the latest ideas, the position of the freestyle athlete in the water should be flat, and the head should be in line with the body. It is out of the question to raise your head high, as Johnny Weissmuller recommended and did in his time to ensure a high body position in the water. The second important point of view: at present, not only is it universally recognized, but even taught, rotation around the longitudinal axis of the body. This system activates the upper large muscles of the chest and back. Turns of the body by 45-50 ° in both directions can be seen quite often, moreover, there are many cases when this “roll” reaches even 60 °. Serpentine movements to the right and left are also noted. In swimmers with more energetic, tempo leg movements, these fluctuations to the right and left are often barely noticeable to the eye, but as for athletes who swim by force, such movements are striking. Basically, everything is determined by the swimmer's constitution. Swimmers with flexible builds swim more beautifully and gracefully than swimmers with powerful builds. This difference in body constitution should be recognized by coaches at the very beginning of training with a swimmer.

The latest fashion regarding foot movements is their shallow immersion, an almost imperceptible crawl, in which even the largest deviation of the foot does not go beyond the line of the cross-section of the body. This is due to the fact that in freestyle swimming, first of all, the athlete is propelled forward by the arms, while the legs support the body in balance, performing the same role as the arms when running.

Nowadays, many coaches demand “narrowed” leg movements from the swimmer, as they are afraid that the splashes that occur during vigorous leg movements dissipate forces and delay the swimmer's progress. Of course, such a danger, especially for swimmers with relaxed ankles, does exist. It has been confirmed by mechanics that when swimming in freestyle, the movements of the legs only represent a source of force that moves the body forward until the legs, moving simultaneously from the lower and upper points, almost touch one another. Obviously, if we want to use the movements of the legs to move the swimmer as quickly as possible, then they must approach one another with force, and then very easily move away from each other.

We can say that every modern coach has his own theory regarding the cycle of movement of the hands under water in freestyle swimming. Most of them believe that underwater movements should be performed with arms bent at the elbows. In the air, the arms can be either extended or bent, raised high or low above the water, and lowered into the water at the width of the shoulders or in the line of the longitudinal axis of the body. All this is of no fundamental importance. Hand movements in the air in no way affect the speed of swimming, and hence the result.

Such movements can only indirectly affect swimming speed, since in freestyle swimming the arms move alternately. The path and direction of a hand above the surface of the water can affect the path and direction of a hand moving underwater.

According to most experts, the arms should move underwater bent at the elbows. As for the angle of the bend of the elbow and the force of the push, opinions differ here. For example, Steve Clark, the world's fastest swimmer, performs underwater with his arm completely extended, and James Councilman swimmers prefer to bend their arms under water so that their fingers almost touch the chest.

In general terms, we have the same requirements for freestyle swimmers as for backstroke swimmers: those who are taller than average or have long arms swim with bent arms. Short stature swimmers with relatively short arms, like most Japanese swimmers, perform underwater movements with their arms outstretched.

It should be noted that the degree of bending of the arms depends entirely on the individual data of the swimmer. The length and strength of the arms, the size of the palm determine the degree of flexion. Summing up all this, we easily come to the conclusion that for each swimmer the most natural movement of the arms will at the same time be the most expedient movement.

In recent years, coaches have attached great importance to the movements of the hands in the jerking phase. Said jerking phase is part of the movement of the arm from the waist to the hip. Much has been said about swimmer breathing patterns and breath timing.

The analysis shows that most freestyle swimmers use explosive breathing: after inhaling, they hold the air for a short time, and then exhale it vigorously into the water. Apparently, this is the most natural way of breathing in water, a variant of normal breathing used in conditions of being in water.

From the point of view of swimming technique, the moment when the hand in front reaches the surface of the water is most suitable for inhalation, and the hand from which the inhalation is made completes the pushing movement or is just emerging from the water.

The inhalation should never coincide with the movement of any of the hands that provide the swimmer with progress, since in this case it will interfere with the work of the muscles that contribute to the advancement.

Despite this, many of the strongest swimmers take a breath at the moment when his hand rushes forward (the second hand at this time is in the middle of the jerking movement). All this shows that even well-founded recommendations on swimming technique should not be regarded as some kind of immutable laws or recipes.

Most of the strongest swimmers use the so-called breath-holding method. Undoubtedly, a swimmer swims faster without inhalation, since his position in the water is “smoother”, and there are no body vibrations that occur involuntarily during breathing. Hans Joachim Klein, speaking in the finals of the Budapest Universiade in the 100m swim, took only four breaths during the first 50m. In the second half, he swam the first 43-44 m breathing normally, and the last 6-7 m - with his head down and without breathing.

In this, indisputably effective way of breathing, the limits are determined by the degree of supply of the swimmer's body with oxygen.

As for the coordination of the movements of the arms and legs, the most natural option would be six strokes, that is, there are six leg movements for one complete cycle of arm movements. However, a similar rhythm of movement among the strongest swimmers is used in a different way. Some swimmers use this rhythm once or twice with a 90° turn to perform scissor kicks. Other swimmers who have one leg stronger than the other sometimes resort to the four-stroke variation. There is a special option when, swimming in a six-stroke crawl, the swimmer performs the first four strokes with his feet, and misses the last two. The variety of options indicates that the definition of the rhythm of foot movements is individual in nature, which should not be taught, much less slavishly imitated.

We looked at the various views that have developed in the field of freestyle swimming. The strongest swimmers in the world achieve records using a wide variety of techniques, and many of them show a technique that a coach, brought up in the old traditions, would by no means recognize as correct in a novice swimmer. And yet, with the help of just such a technique, some swimmers set world records.

The fact that it is very dangerous to change individual technique, we were convinced with great bitterness by the sudden backlog of several Hungarians who promised to become world-class swimmers. What is the more or less appropriate approach to the formation and improvement of individual technique?

In the practice of the best Hungarian specialists, the method according to which swimmers "in the same breath" quickly swam short segments has justified itself many times. We have already said that when swimming without breathing, the swimming technique is formed and improved. At such a moment, the athlete discovers for himself and shows which of the variants of technique best suits his data. Starting from this moment, the coach strives to understand the swimming technique of his ward and achieve from him correct breathing.

Separate technical exercises are a good tool in themselves (for example, starts, leg and arm movements, turns, etc.). The athlete himself performs these elements of technology in the way that they are best suited to his individual data. The advantage of swimming technique exercises is that they can be performed, for example, in interval training, and the load can be medium. In some cases, we may conduct training in technique and conditions appropriate to the competition.

Any swimming technique is good as long as it does not contradict the basic principles of hydrodynamics or the laws of motion. If the swimmer moves easily in the water under relatively heavy loads and does not get too tired, then in all probability his movements are economical and his technique is good. All this should be taken into account in the first place when training adolescent swimmers, since in subsequent years it will hardly be possible to successfully correct the wrong swimming movements that have taken root in them.

In table. 3 we present the annual training plan for 11 - 13 year old swimmers.

www.offsport.ru

Sailing history » Sportivny Murmansk

He can neither read nor swim ”- such a wonderful formula-characteristic was given to an uncultured person by the ancient Greeks. Figures of swimmers carved on stones, images of swimming men on ancient papyri and vases tell about the use of swimming in military affairs, work, and everyday life more than three thousand years before our era. It is known from history that famous swimmers were, for example, Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar, who competed in swimming for speed more than 2000 years ago in Japan.

Swimming began to acquire a sporting character from the middle of the 19th century. In Vienna in Austria, in Liverpool in England, in Berlin, the first indoor pools were built at that time, which were initially used mainly for teaching swimming to future officers, students of cadet corps and military schools. At the same time, the construction of swimming pools made swimming not only a military discipline, but also a sport, and by the end of the 19th century, swimming as a sport was already becoming popular. In 1890 the first European championship was held, and a little later, in 1896. Swimming was included in the program of the first modern Olympic Games, and since then it has been consistently included in the number of Olympic sports. At the beginning of the twenties of our century, a number of outstanding swimmers appeared (for example, the Olympic champion in 1924, 1928 D. Weissmuller, A. Charlton, etc.), who applied new swimming methods and immediately raised their results. The first swimmer to show a result of less than 1 minute in the 100-meter distance. and on the 400-meter less than 5 minutes, became D. Weissmuller. In 1908 The International Swimming Federation (FINA) was founded. Prior to its creation, swimming competitions, including the Olympic ones, were held in a wide variety of areas of open water, often inaccurately measured, according to a different program, either in meters or yards. The International Federation immediately subordinated to certain rules both the holding of swimming competitions and the registration of world records. FINA determined that Olympic competitions could only be held in 50 or 100-meter pools, and since 1924, competitions at the Olympic Games have been held in 50-meter pools. At the same time, the strongest countries in sports swimming were determined - Australia, the USA, England, Hungary, Germany, and later - Japan. Throughout the twentieth century, coaches and athletes have been looking for more advanced training methods and working to improve swimming technique.

The development of swimming, of course, is greatly influenced by such natural factors as favorable temperature conditions, convenient water spaces, and reservoirs. In recent decades, the number of pools has become increasingly important. Artificial outdoor and indoor pools in developed countries make swimming truly massive. Indoor Olympic swimming pool at the 1996 Games. and Atlanta was built for speed sailing. Deep water, an ingenious drainage system, lane markers that dampen the wave all reduce the turbulence that would normally slow swimmers down. At the 1996 Games swimmers played 32 sets of awards - 16 for men and 16 for women.

The first women's Olympic swim took place in 1912. The women's program in Atlanta included:

The top eight swimmers in the morning heats qualify for the finals, which are usually held the same evening. Before competition, many athletes shave their body hair, and often their head, to reduce water resistance. Probably, the main thing is that at the same time the athlete himself believes that he swims faster. The winner is the swimmer who first touches the wall of the pool. Perhaps the most outstanding Olympian among swimmers is the American Mark Spitz, who won at one Olympics in Munich in 1972. seven gold medals. Olympic water sports include, in addition to swimming, synchronized swimming, diving, and water polo. The first Russian swimming school, where systematic training was carried out, was the Shuvalov school. It was organized in 1913. in the suburbs of St. Petersburg - Shuvalovo. It had about 300 members and candidates. These were predominantly students of secondary and higher educational institutions of St. Petersburg. The school existed until 1917. in Moscow in 1912. The Moscow Society of Swimming Lovers was organized, which conducted classes not only in summer, but also in winter in the pool at the Sandunovsky baths.

Sports swimming in Russia during these years took its first steps, training went on open water, the results were poor. Russian swimmers took their first participation in the Olympic Games in 1912. in Stockholm, they were not successful. In total, there were hardly 1,500 swimmers in pre-revolutionary Russia. Those who started sports swimming in the USSR in the twenties created their own swimming technique, their own, domestic training methods, but all their best achievements in those years could not even be compared with world records. Sports specialization did not exist in those years. The same faces swam, jumped from the tower and from the springboard, played water polo. In 1925 In Leningrad, a 25-meter winter swimming pool appeared, in which year-round training took place. In Moscow, the first two winter pools appeared in 1930. and in 1931. In the thirties, L. Meshkov and S. Boychenko shone, who repeatedly updated world records in butterfly swimming at distances of 100 and 200 meters. But their most important victories were not included in the lists of officially recognized world records, since the USSR Swimming Federation was accepted as a member of FINA only in 1947. Soviet Olympic team opened the score Olympic awards at the 1960 Games. in Rome, however, it was only a bronze medal in diving. The most triumphant in the history of Soviet swimming is considered to be the Moscow Games of 1980, in which the USSR national team won seven Olympic gold medals. But these were actually games without rivals. Games 1976 in Montreal were notable not only for the fact that M. Koshevaya at a distance of 200m breaststroke repeated the Tokyo success of G. Prozumenshchikova, but for the very fact of the amazing success of the women's team, which won five medals out of six possible in the breaststroke. in Barcelona in 1992. The Commonwealth of Independent States team made a splash, ahead of the usual favorites - the swimmers of the American team. It can be said that thanks to the efforts of Evgeny Sadovoy and Alexander Popov, the city of Volgograd gathered an unprecedented harvest of medals in Barcelona. Popov won gold medals in the 50m and 100m freestyle and individual medley events. E. Sadovy won two gold medals in freestyle swimming at distances of 200 and 400m, did the main thing for victory in the 4x200m relay, setting an Olympic and two world records at these Games. It was a matter of honor for the Americans to return the palm in the swimming sprint at the Atlanta Games. But Alexander Popov again became the winner in the 50m freestyle and 100m freestyle, and Denis Pankratov became the Olympic champion in the 100m butterfly and 200m butterfly. They say that predictions in sports are a thankless task. Before Atlanta, the coaches of the Russian team assumed that male swimmers could win 4 gold, 3 silver and 2 bronze Olympic medals. Many believed that even "silver" does not shine at any women's distance in Atlanta. The results are as follows: - men: 4 gold 2 silver 2 bronze Olympic medals - the women's team at the Games - 96 won none in swimming Olympic medal. In other Olympic water sports at the 1996 Olympics, D. Sautin became the champion in diving from a tower, and Irina Lashko won a silver medal in ski jumping. Russian athletes, including those in water sports, proved in Atlanta that despite political, social and economic problems, sport in Russia is at the highest level.

sport-51.ru

Our heroes | Swimming

Sports swimming in our country began to develop widely only after the October Revolution. In a relatively short period of time, it has gained popularity and mass development. However, the skill of our older swimmers lagged behind the best world achievements. Nevertheless, more than thirty years ago, individual Soviet swimmers amazed the world with their achievements. If you remember their names, wonderful pages from the history of national sports will come to life. So, for a decade, all world records in breaststroke belonged to only two Soviet athletes - Semyon Boychenko and Leonid Meshkov.

It has long been known that swimming is a sport for young people. The history of swimming in our country and abroad is replete with examples of record achievements of young swimmers. More than thirty years ago, 16-year-old Leningrader Claudia Aleshina was the country's unsurpassed record holder. At the same age, Moscow schoolgirl Yulia Kochetkova set absolute country records in swimming on her back and crawl. At the same time, 17-year-old Vitaly Ushakov began a successful assault on crawl swimming records in Moscow swimming pools. His record in 1941 for 100 meters was 57 seconds.

The Olympic Games in Tokyo once again convincingly showed that youth is a golden time for sports victories and records on the blue tracks. Girls and boys became the winners of the Olympiad and world record holders. Only one Australian Dawn Fraser was 27 years old.

This talented athlete and three-time Olympic champion jokingly called the "grandmother" of the sport of swimming.

Dawn Frazier is the first woman to break the minute mark in the 100m freestyle (crawl) swimming with a phenomenal time of 58.8 seconds. Fraser's athletic longevity can be attributed not only to her abilities, but also to the fact that she learned to swim at the age of 5 and started early. sports training.

All the other winners in Tokyo were very young. 18-year-old American Don Shollander managed to win 4 gold medals in freestyle swimming in Tokyo. 16-year-old American schoolgirl Sharon Stouder set a world record by swimming the 100-meter butterfly in 59.9 seconds. The Soviet schoolgirl Galina Prozumenshchikova, who received her diploma in Tokyo, was not 16 years old. gold medal for setting the Olympic record in the 200m breaststroke.

Soviet breaststrokers again became the best in the world. Even in the pre-Olympic starts at competitions in Berlin, Georgy Prokopenko managed to repeat the world record of the American swimmer Yastremsky at a distance of 200 meters. In Tokyo, George improved his result and set a European record, showing 2 minutes 29.6 seconds.

The bronze medal was won by our second world record holder - a student from Tashkent Svetlana Babanina. Now Svetlana Babanina is the strongest in the world in the 100m breaststroke.

The next, XIX Olympic Games will be held in Mexico City. And we will not be mistaken if we say that it is the youth who will continue their victorious march in competitions in swimming and other sports.

www.offsport.ru

Specialized classes of the Olympic reserve in swimming 6

One of the most important trends in the development of world sports swimming is a further decrease in the age at which swimmers show their highest achievements. Thus, the age of the majority of swimmers who, during 1974 and the first half of 1975, managed to update world records (K. Ender, S. Babashoff, D. Terrell, K. Yusten, K. Linke, W. Richter, W. Tauber , S. Holland, T. Shaw and others), - 15-17 years old. way from youth category It takes a swimmer an average of 5 years to reach a world record. This means that he should begin to train regularly from the age of 10-12, that is, girls - from the fourth to fifth, and boys - from the fifth to sixth grades. With them, and you need to start recruiting the classes of the Olympic reserve-80. Therefore, it is impossible, as is done in a number of cities, to create sports classes only for older students: before graduation, they do not have time to achieve the highest degree of mastery. Where the training work in swimming with preschoolers and first-graders is well established (Magadan, Cheboksary, Kharkov - Dynamo, Dnepropetrovsk - Meteor, etc.), sports classes can be completed even earlier.

Given the inevitable screening, it is best to create two initial sports classes: it is easier to fully staff such classes with only swimmers. And this is a very important condition, because swimmers must have their own specific daily routine that allows them to spend at least two training sessions a day in the pool: the first one before the start of school lessons, the second one after them or a little later.

Sports classes began to be created experimentally in the country three or four years ago. At first, the public education authorities and school directors were reluctant to do so. Time has shown that the school gets great benefits from sports classes. Studying in them, children are accustomed to a strict daily routine, become more disciplined, more collected, more accurate; their health is strengthened, their academic performance in general subjects is increased. Taking into account all these positive aspects, the Ministry of Education of the USSR at the end of 1974 issued a special decree (see the newspaper "Soviet Sport" of December 27, 1974), allowing the creation of sports classes in the country. Now the success of the business depends on the desire and efficiency of the leaders of sports organizations, directors of the Youth Sports School, swimming coaches, and parents.

The current spring and summer are of particular importance for the qualitative selection, recruitment and timely (since September 1, 1976) start of classes in the Olympic reserve-80 classes. This is the most important preparatory period. In the very near future, it is necessary to determine the schools and the number of sports classes created at them. Local sports committees and departments of public education should consider and adopt a joint plan for the recruitment of such classes, select pioneer camps with swimming pools, where candidates for sports classes can be selected in the summer. It is necessary to select the best coaches for the preparation of future Olympians and to solve many other organizational issues. Yes, there are a lot of them, and they are not easy. But by common efforts, they can be solved wherever there are already swimming pools and at least a few full-time trainers. From the current academic year, classes of the Olympic reserve, purposeful for 1980, should begin their lives there.

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6

www.offsport.ru

Classification of swimmers, type of swimmer - swinger

Two swimming coaches, Australians Paul Newsome and Adam Young, wrote an interesting book "Efficient Swimming. Training Methods for Swimmers and Triathletes", which, in particular, talk about the classification of freestyle swimmers. The authors distinguish six types of swimmers, each of which has its own characteristics of swimming technique and its own character traits: Arnie, bambino, striker, glider, swinger and smooth. swinger Swingers are almost always experienced swimmers with years of swimming behind them, often from a young age. The classic swinger has shorter strokes than other types of swimmers, but he compensates for this feature with their high frequency; such a recognizable energetic manner of performance is completely natural for them, other performance seems to them incredibly complex and rather strange. The good news is that you don’t need to break this technique at all, you just need to improve it and work hard on developing natural strength and rhythm - then these swimmers can instantly gain exceptional speed, both in the pool and in open water. PAUL: If I told you about a swimmer who does 50 to 52 strokes in a 50m swim, I wouldn't impress you. You are likely to think that he is not a very good swimmer and should have performed a lot less strokes for a given distance. But what if I say that we are talking about the Frenchwoman Laura Manadou, who won gold at the 2004 Athens Olympics in the 400-meter freestyle? Then in Athens, she broke world records at distances of 200 and 400 meters. Laura and swimmers like her defy the conventional wisdom that you must always use a long stroke to be effective. All in all, it's time to meet the "swinger", a fast and efficient swimmer, whose abilities, however, were clearly underestimated and not welcomed - until now! See Laura's swim here: www.swimsmooth.com/manadou » Swinger swimmer The high stroke rate observed in swingers indicates that they perform shoulder rotations with a smaller angle compared to smooth swimmers. This means that their hands are carried away from the body rather than over it. At the same time, “swingers” carry out a carry with a more straightened arm. Swinging straight arms during the carry is a characteristic sign of a “swinger”, in fact, because of this, the name of this type of swimmers went. When it comes to speed, the performance of swingers can vary greatly depending on the level of sophistication of their skills. "Swingers" who have not optimized their technique can swim at about 1:45 for 100m, while elite-level swingers can swim 1:00 at such a 100m distance, giving the same performance as smoothies at swims of 400 meters or more. Swingers have a natural inclination to swim long distances. As a rule, they do not like sprinting. They are very sociable and like to quickly get down to business, without delay or much thought. Adam: “The movements of swingers, when viewed from above the water, can seem choppy and imperfect. Over the years, this is what has caused bad reviews in the swimming world. When video equipment for underwater photography was invented, it became possible to observe movements from another wonderful angle: underwater. From here, the technique of the perfected swinger seems like real poetry in motion: wonderful capture, perfect rhythm and coordination - all this gives the impression of a well-oiled system working in perfect harmony! PAUL: “When I ask planers to think about what moves they can cut, they can come up with just about any move they can think of. But try asking the same question to a swinger and you'll likely get a blank stare or an answer along the lines of "There's nothing to cut!" The swinger's ability (and preference) to turn off his brain and just float is an advantage, no matter how you look at it. Thoughtful work on swimming technique and exercises is very important (and swingers can often be accused of skimping on this part of swimming science), but in everything else it is very important to take it and just swim. This is where all swingists are. "Stop talking, let's get into the water!" is one hundred percent their motto.” Swingers who have not perfected their technique may make mistakes such as laying down, scissoring and hasty catches, but the basic technique of striking and rhythm is always followed. If you're a swinger but your technique has worn out over the years, you need to spend some time practicing and practicing. You will polish your technique fairly quickly and will soon be able to get back to your favorite pastime: long and fast swims! Swinger and open water swimming Open water swimming is a natural forte of swingers, in this environment they really lead the way. The high stroke rate helps them literally break through the ripples and wave wake that other swimmers leave behind. Swingers, with their natural propensity for competitions that require more endurance, are most suited to long-distance swims. Even though talented swimmers with longer, smoother strokes can beat them in the pool, swingers will always pay them back in open water. How to become a swinger In many ways, swingers fall into two categories: those who are naturally endowed with a certain technique (classic swingers) and those who have learned it as needed. Many swimmers with short stature or short arms are forced to use fast motions in order to swim quickly and efficiently. They strive to become "swingers" by working on their technique. Others seek to improve performance over long distances in open water or triathlon. So even if they can swim smooth, they choose to learn swing technique to improve their performance in certain competition conditions. Such athletes can often switch from one style to another at will. Don't jump to the conclusion that all swimmers with long arms are smooths and all swimmers with short arms are swingers. And if the second statement is likely to be true, then the first is far from always true. There are many swimmers with long arms who are naturally gifted with very fast "swinging" techniques, such as Laura Manadoo and Shelley Taylor-Smith. Swimming legend Shelley Taylor-Smith demonstrates an improved swinging style: she grabs with her elbow bent while her arm swings from the side in a sweeping motion. Classic mistakes of swingers who have not perfected their technique Swingers are experienced swimmers, for this reason their technique does not need fundamental changes. Instead, they likely need to tweak a few things a bit, removing any hint of jamming, improving their gripping technique, and perhaps solidifying the two-hit match. Common swinger mistakes that need to be corrected are laying at the head during the entry of the hand into the water or crossing an imaginary line along the central axis of the body with the hand. Over the years, these mistakes could lead to problems with flexibility and position in the water. Thumb entry is another common mistake. In some cases, swimmers really feel like this is a natural way to enter, while in others they learned it from coaches when they were juniors. In any case, this must be corrected due to the high risk of causing a shoulder injury. In fact, many swingers are already suffering from the pain of this mistake. A too hasty phase of the capture is caused by the desire of the swinger to immediately pick up high speed. If such a swimmer learns to wait a bit during the catch, this will allow him to maintain a higher elbow position during the catch phase and improve his progress in the water. As the years go by, many swingers often develop a slightly flatter swimming style, with a little more arm extension during the stroke. There is always a right balance to be struck between stroke length and frequency, while the swinger definitely leans towards shorter and more frequent strokes, sometimes allowing for some overkill. In this case, it is worth lengthening the stroke a little. Despite their experience in swimming, swingers can sin more than others by holding their breath underwater. If they improve breathing technique can easily breathe bilaterally. In fact, given their high stroke rate, a breath every five strokes might be an achievable goal. Sam has all three of the most common swinger mistakes at the same time: holding his breath, entering with his thumb, and inserting his hand beyond the line centered on the axis of the body. For a complete description of the swinger's error handling, see Appendix B of the book Swimming Efficiently. Efficient swimming. Methods of training swimmers and triathletes / Paul Newsom, Adam Young; per. from English. - M.: Mann, Ivanov and Ferber, 2013. - 400 p. (Sport drive). Published with the permission of the publisher.

paralife.narod.ru

There is no single ideal body type for all endurance sports. The diversity you can see in the physics of cyclists, runners and other world-class endurance athletes can be amazing. For example, the winner of the Tour de France in 1997. Jan Ulrich had a height of 183 cm, and competed at a weight of 73.5 kg. Tour winner. 1998. Marco Pantani was 12 cm shorter and over 14 kg lighter. However, there are certain dimensions, proportions, and body composition that characterize successful athletes in every aerobic sport.

RUNNER'S BODY

High-level distance runners are notoriously light and thin. The owner of the world record, in the marathon Haile Gebrselassie from Ethiopia, weighs only 5 3 kg. Owners of amirs from the record, na. 5000 m distance Tirunesh Dibaba, also from Ethiopia, weighs 44 kg - and this is one muscle. Athletic physiologists William McCardel of the State University of New York and Frank Ketch of the University of Massachusetts (McArdle, Katch, and Katch 2005), among many others, collected data on the body composition of elite athletes in various sports from a variety of studies and found that the average proportion body fat in elite male marathon runners is only 7.3% - lower than in any other sport, and the average proportion of body fat in long-distance runners is 12.4% - lower than in any sport except bodybuilding and (think of it!) modern pentathlon.
Weight is a curse on long distances, because the runner has to overcome the force of gravity with each step - that is, push upwards. Georgia State University researchers (Cureton and Sparling, 1980) found that weight gain reduced performance by 5% in a 12-minute test run.

Eats and you probably already know that long-distance runners are dry and light, then you may not be aware that elite runners are of average or above average height (the height of the world marathon record holder Paula Radcliffe is 195 cm), while height men are below average. In addition, both male and female elites have narrow hips and smaller than average feet, as well as disproportionate lower body mass in the upper thighs and less in the lower thighs and lower legs. All of these features contribute to running economy.

BODY OF THE CYCLIST

There are different body types in cycling. Typical physics varies by specialty. Miners are usually small in stature and very light. With a height of 170 cm and a weight of 59 kg, Marco Pantani was not tall for a mountain climbing specialist. Domestics and dividers are usually larger than miners. While power-to-weight ratio is important in climbing, rough steady power output is most important in cutting. In fact, any highway track has a certain level difference, so it is better not to be overweight. American David Zabriskie is a three-time US champion in dressage, has a typical splitter structure with a height of 183 cm and a weight of 67 kg. Sprinters need to be able to maintain a high level of power output over a long distance in order to get to the finish line at the head of the peloton, but once they're there, they need the ability to put out huge amounts of watts in short bursts of acceleration. As such, sprinters have the biggest legs in cycling and are usually the biggest cyclists in the peloton. Sweden's Magnus Bzksted, Tour de France sprint winner, competed at 95kg
However, in general, cyclists of all specializations have a similar body type. They have a fragile upper body, like a runner, but at the same time much more muscular legs. Cyclists have more developed leg musculature because the legs essentially do all the work in cycling while engaging the entire body. In addition, while running, the body receives a large amount of "free energy" from hitting the ground, while in

In cycling, all the energy needed to move forward comes from the legs alone, except when the cyclist is descending a mountain.
A very low body fat percentage is another sign of a successful cyclist. The range of body fat and body mass among male cyclists in the European peloton is 6-11%, with an average of 8%. The range among elite female cyclists is a very low 12-16%.
The physical needs of country racing (unlike downhill, which is not an endurance sport) are very similar to those of mountain and trail racing. Thus, the body of a cross-country racer is the same as that of mountain climbers in road racing: very light and dry. Indeed, elite cross-country and elite mountain climbers in road racing are not only similar body types, but sometimes the same athletes at different points in their careers. A classic example is the Australian Cadel Evans, who, as a mountain bike world champion, finished the Tour de France in second place for two years in a row due to his strong climbing.?

ROWER'S BODY

Rowing is the only endurance sport in which body weight is truly an advantage. Large rowers have a large muscle mass, with which they apply force to the oars, which in turn apply force to the water, moving the boat forward. Of course, more muscle mass means more power in any endurance sport, but unlike other aerobic sports, this mass does not backfire in rowing, because in rowing there is no gravitational drag to overcome, and the extra weight has very little effect on the frictional force between the boat and the water. In fact, weight is so important in rowing that large and small rowers compete in separate groups.
Steve Redgrave has the typical build of a world class rower. With a height of 195 cm and a weight of 102 kg, Redgrave won five gold medals for Great Britain at five Olympic Games. Rostov's performance of Anna Cummins is only slightly above the average for champion-level rowers. A member of the United States G8 team that won gold in Beijing, Cummins is 183 cm tall and weighs 78 kg.
However, you won't find a single 150-pound elite rower, and there are three reasons for this. First, rowing is not only pure power, but also a technical sport. From a certain point, muscle mass begins to interfere with technique. You could say that you won't steal a single rower and bodybuilder with those hands, for the same reason you won't see a Major League pitcher with those hands. Pitching a baseball is a power-intensive action, but it also requires a whip-like movement of the arm that is hampered by excess mass. Secondly, rowing is also an aerobic sport, and many of the muscle properties that promote aerobic metabolism are neutralized by those that promote muscle growth. High-level rowers are born with aerobic-powerful muscles, and by training they continue to develop the aerobic properties of the muscles, thus limiting muscle building. Finally, rowers' training takes a lot of calories, keeping their body fat percentage low. Therefore, a rowing athlete can only get as big in physique as the typical elite rower is lean.
How dry are high-level rowers? Heavyweight and lightweight rowers differ in the average proportion of fat mass. Lightweight rowers tend to be drier, in part because of the effort they make to maintain weight. Studies show that lightweight women have an average body fat percentage of 12-16%, while lightweight men are below 8%. Heavyweights have slightly higher averages.

THE BODY OF THE SKIER

Skiers are usually of average or slightly above average height. The average height of Olympic athletes is 178 cm, and that of skiers is 170 cm. Height gives a mechanical advantage when pushing with sticks, which in cross-country skiing is important for moving forward. However, with weight comes mass, and mass is the enemy.

performance in cross-country skiing, as it increases the resistance of gravity and friction forces. That's why you don't see a lot of athletes under 2m tall on competitive ski slopes, like, say, on a volleyball court.
The typical elite level skier is light, but not as light as the elite in cycling and running. The average female Olympic skier weighs 64 kg and the average male Olympian weighs 75 kg. The relatively heavy weight of skiers compared to some other types of endurance athletes is due to their need for a stronger shoulder girdle, as with strength comes muscle mass. US peony Chris Freeman is a typical example of an elite skier. His height is 180 cm as well. weight - 77 kg
Although skiers may be slightly larger than other endurance athletes, they are among the leanest athletes. The average Olympic skier has only 5% body fat, while the average skier does. - only 11%.?

SWIMMER'S BODY

Swimming is not a natural activity for humans, so it is not surprising that the body of a typical elite swimmer has some unusual features. Successful swimmers are usually tall—often very tall—with an unusually long torso and arms that allow them to glide efficiently through the water and take long strokes. They also have large feet and flexible ankles that give them extra power when they hit. Many elite swimmers have phenomenally flexible elbows, knees, and ankles. This anomaly helps them apply a large body surface area to the water with a large range of joint motion and therefore create a large forward momentum.
Swimmers have more body fat than other endurance athletes, although they are still substantially leaner than non-athletes. Fat is more buoyant than muscle, and buoyancy reduces water resistance, so a little extra padding evenly distributed throughout the body is good for swimmers. The typical elite swimmer has 10-12% body fat, and the typical female swimmer has approximately 19-21%.
An interesting question is whether swimmers have a slightly higher body fat percentage than other endurance athletes, because athletes with higher body fat mass are more successful in swimming, or because swimmers' training does not reduce fat mass levels as much as other aerobic activities, or because that swimmers eat more than other endurance athletes? The notion that athletes with high natural fat mass are more different in swimming contradicts many examples of high-level swimmers, such as Barb Lindqvist, who shrunk when he became a triathlete (in 1988, Lindqvist earned the right to participate in qualifying competitions United States for the Olympics and represented the United States in the triathlon at the 2004 Olympics.) However, a study by scientists from the University of Florida (White et al. 2005) found that subjects ate 44% more after swimming in cold water than in warm water. This finding suggests that the extra layer of insulating material that swimmers have is an adaptive response to frequent immersion in cold water, which is accompanied by good appetite. If so, this is a fine example of the perspicacity of the organism and how it naturally changes its form and composition to meet the special needs that fall on it.

TRIATHLET'S BODY

As you might guess, a triathlete's body is a hybrid of a swimmer, cyclist and runner. Professional triathletes are usually tall, but not as tall as pure swimmers. Despite this, there are many short, fairly well-performing athletes in triathlon. (Australian Greg Welch, at 163 cm, is one of only two athletes to have won the ITU Triathlon World Championship, the Duathlon World Championship and the Ironman World Championship.) The combination of running and cycling results in legs that are more muscular than pure runners, but less muscular than pure cyclists.
Interestingly, while most champion-level triathletes can perform well at the national level in any of the three disciplines of triathlon, virtually no one can truly perform well at the world level in any of the three sports. A handful of Olympic-caliber swimmers have been able to become dominant triathletes, but no one I know of has successfully transitioned from running and cycling to triathlon, and vice versa. Of course, there is Lzns Armstrong, who already competed as a professional triathlete at the age of 16 (although he had problems with a relatively weak run) before becoming the best cyclist of all time. Apparently, after a certain point, the body becomes less suitable for the other two disciplines, because it becomes more suitable for one of them. Triathlon requires its own specific body type, which is different from that of swimmers, cyclists and runners.
One quality that is really shared by triathletes, like all other endurance athletes, is a lean physique. The average level of fat mass in pro women and men is 6-10% and 12-16%, respectively.