The structure of an athlete's preparedness includes technical, physical, tactical and mental elements.

Technical readiness should be understood as the degree of mastering the technique of the movement system of a particular sport by an athlete. It is closely related to the physical, mental and tactical capabilities of the athlete, as well as to the conditions of the external environment. Changes in the rules of the competition, the use of other sports equipment significantly affects the content of the technical preparedness of athletes.

The structure of technical readiness always contains the so-called basic and additional movements.

The basic ones include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport. Development basic movements is mandatory for an athlete specializing in this sport.

Additional movements include secondary movements and actions, elements of individual movements that do not violate its rationality and at the same time are characteristic of the individual characteristics of this athlete.

Physical fitness is the capabilities of the functional systems of the body. It reflects the required level of development of those physical qualities on which competitive success in a particular sport depends.

The tactical preparedness of an athlete depends on how much he masters the means sports tactics(For example, techniques necessary for the implementation of the chosen tactics), its types (offensive, defensive, counterattacking) and forms (individual, group, team).

Tactical tasks can be of a prospective nature (for example, participation in a series of competitions, where one of them is the main thing in the season) and local, i.e. associated with participation in a separate competition, a specific fight, fight, race, swim, game. When developing a tactical plan, not only one's own technical and tactical capabilities are taken into account, but also the capabilities of teammates and opponents.

Mental preparedness is heterogeneous in its structure. It is possible to distinguish two relatively independent and at the same time interrelated aspects in it: volitional and special mental preparedness.

Volitional readiness is associated with such qualities as purposefulness (a clear vision of a long-term goal), determination and courage (a tendency to take reasonable risks combined with thoughtfulness of decisions), perseverance and perseverance (the ability to mobilize functional reserves, activity in achieving a goal), endurance and self-control ( the ability to control one's thoughts and actions in conditions of emotional arousal), independence and initiative. Some of these qualities may be inherent in one or another athlete, but most of them are brought up and improved in the process of regular training work and sports competitions.

The specificity of some sports leaves an imprint on the nature and degree of development of individual mental qualities in athletes. However, certain methodological techniques are also used to educate volitional preparedness. In practice, the following requirements serve as the basis for the methodology of volitional training.

1. Regularly and be sure to perform training program and competitive settings.

This requirement is connected with the education of sports industriousness, the habit of systematic efforts and perseverance in overcoming difficulties, with a clear understanding of the impossibility of reaching sports peaks without the appropriate mobilization of spiritual and physical strength. On this basis, the upbringing of purposefulness, perseverance and perseverance in achieving the goal, self-discipline and resilience is realized.

2. Systemically introduce additional difficulties.

This means constantly including additional complicated motor tasks, conducting training sessions in complicated conditions, increasing the degree of risk, introducing disturbing sensory-emotional factors, and complicating competitive programs.

3. Use competition and the competitive method. The very spirit of competition in competitions increases the degree of mental tension of the athlete, which means that additional requirements are imposed on him: to show activity, initiative, self-control, determination, stamina and courage.

The concept of the structure of physical qualities in general view was formulated in a number of works (V.M. Zatsiorsky, 1961, 1965; Yu.V. Verkhoshansky, 1963, 1970, 1972), but only in terms of posing the problem, and has not yet received sufficient meaningful development. However, the facts about

to the problem of structure physical fitness athletes are quite extensive and are concentrated in the literature around such issues as the relationship of physical qualities in the process of their development, the "transfer" of these qualities from one type of activity to another (see reviews by N.V. Zimkin, 1956, 1965; N. N. Yakovlev et al., 1960; V. M. Zatsiorsky, 1965; D. Hebb, 1949; F. Lindeburg, 1949; D. Nelson, 1957; R. Woodworth, 1958; B. Cratty, 1962, 1964). Here it is advisable to note only the main provisions that determine the approaches to the meaningful development of the concept of the structure of the athlete's physical fitness.

It has been established that the degree of transfer of physical qualities decreases with the growth of fitness (N.V. Zimkin, 1965; V.M. Za-tsiorsky, 1965), that the transfer mechanism is highly specific (F. Cumbeca. o., 1957; D. Nelson, 1957; I. Bachman, 1961; B. Cratty, 1968; I. Lawther, 1968; A. Barrow, 1971) that the relationship between physical qualities can be positive,

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negative or neutral (N.V. Zimkin, 1956) and from positive to initial stage training can then turn into a negative one (A.V. Korobkov, 1958).

In works concerning the methodological issues of the relationship of physical qualities, it has been repeatedly noted that training consisting of exercises that require speed, strength and endurance develops each of these qualities better than training each of them, even with increased training. load (N.G. Ozolin, 1949, 1970). The development of each quality has a positive effect on the development of others, and, conversely, the lag

in the development of one or several qualities, it limits the development of others (A.N. Krestovnikov, 1951; S.V. Kaledin, 1961; N.V. Zimkin, 1956; N.N. Yakovlev et al., 1961). For example, the development of strength and speed determines the development of the ability to display fast strength (A.V. Korobkov, 1953; N.V. Zimkin, 1956; V.V. Kuznetsov, 1970).

The theoretical prerequisite here is a hypothetical assumption about the so-called single physiological mechanism (conditioned reflex), which supposedly underlies the activity of muscles. Training leads to the formation of an "extensive background" of temporary connections, on the basis of which, thanks to the so-called plasticity nervous system there may be various combinations of qualitative aspects of motor activity, depending on the direction training process. In this regard, it was assumed that, at first, the components of a complex motor quality should be separately developed by appropriate means, and then integrated into the main sports exercise or movements structurally similar to it.

Recently, the concept of the so-called qualitative specificity, which was formed back in the 1930s, has been developed. motor abilities person, based on extensive factual material (I. Downev, 1923; G. Allport, 1933; S. Ms Cloy, 1937; N. Iones, 1949; see Yu.V. Verkhoshansky, 1970, 1972 for a review), which testifies to a very complex relationship between motor abilities developed by various means under various modes muscle work and having, as a result, a low degree of generality, a high degree of specificity and poor portability from one type of activity to another. According to this concept, there are general and specific abilities. General abilities underlie the performance of more than one task; they

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relatively constant compared to significant fluctuations in the conditions under which the task is performed. The general motor abilities of a person provide the basis for the implementation of motor activity and are determined by relatively stable constitutional features, regulated by heredity, structure and physiology of the body.

Specific abilities determine the functional specificity of behavior in complex motor situations and are mainly the result of motor experience, the influence of the environment and interaction with it. If general abilities ensure the performance of several groups of tasks that are close in terms of quality, then specific abilities, being

highly independent, provide only one specific activity.

Attempts have been made to formulate theories explaining the essence and physiological mechanism qualitative specificity and functional independence of motor abilities by the presence of specific neuromotor coordination of muscle activity (P. Fitts, 1954; F. Henky, 1952, 1960; F. Henky, G. Whitlec, 1960; K. Smith, 1962). However, such attempts were only speculative conclusions based on rather lightweight facts.

As for the structure power abilities, then there is still a lot of unclear and contradictory, despite numerous studies conducted in our country and abroad. An analysis of the literature data (see the review by Yu.V. Verkhoshansky, 1970, 1972) makes it possible to single out some provisions based on a more or less unanimous opinion of specialists. Thus, a significant part of the experimental work indicates that muscle strength developed by one means cannot be useful in many ways, that muscle strength does not correlate with the speed of movements and strength exercises worsen the speed of movements, that static strength and dynamic strength are not interconnected, that isometric training may not have a transfer to dynamic mode, that dynamic strength is more related to motor abilities than isometric training.

However, it should be noted that the above conclusions regarding the relationship of motor abilities were often made on the basis of experimental data obtained on a random contingent of test subjects, predominantly of low sports qualification and without taking into account objective patterns, determined by

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lyayuschie dynamics of sportsmanship. So treat

These conclusions should be approached very carefully, limiting the limits of their validity to the category of athletes (subjects) on which they were obtained, and not rushing to generalizations.

Below we propose the concept of the structure of the physical (and, in particular, strength) fitness of athletes based on the actual data and results of the study (Yu.V. Verkhoshansky et al.). At the same time, it seems appropriate to distinguish between the concepts of the composition and structure of the athlete's physical fitness. The composition is understood as a complex of qualitatively specific forms of working capacity that are objectively inherent in a person and determine the success of his sports activity, and the structure is an expedient system-forming principle of interconnection in a complex of motor abilities, ensuring their functional unity and working capabilities of a person.

The structure of the athlete's training in the process of training.

Relevance . An important issue in the preparation of an athlete in the process of training is the search for rational forms of organization training loads within the framework of the annual cycle and its individual stages. In the structure of the annual training of an athlete, preparatory and competitive periods are distinguished. Both preparatory and competitive periods include a number of stages characterized by a certain direction, combination and duration of training loads. Their planning is carried out taking into account the peculiarities of adaptation and is largely determined by the competition calendar. The results shown in competitions depend not only on the specifics of the training process, but also on the technical, physical, tactical, psychological, intellectual and integral preparedness of the athlete. In athletes, the training microcycle, macrocycle and mesocycle can be different. Therefore, the topic of the work seems relevant to me.

Objective – consider the types of athlete training and reveal the basics sports training.

Object of study- types and cycles of athlete training.

Subject of study- types of athlete training and the basics of sports training.

Work tasks:

1. Identify the most important stages of the types of athlete training. 2. Consider the athlete's training cycles. 3. Highlight the features of the types and cycles of athlete training.

Findings :

1 .The most important stages in the preparation of an athlete are: - increasing and maintaining the overall level of the body's functional capabilities. - development of all basic physical qualities: strength, speed, endurance, agility and flexibility. - the development of physical abilities necessary for this sport. - increasing the functionality of organs and systems that determine achievements in the chosen sport. – education of abilities to show the existing functional potential in specific conditions competitive activity. – the acquisition by an athlete of knowledge about the development and improvement of tactical, technical methods, motor skills and abilities, which are a prerequisite for the formation of skills in the chosen sport. - to master the technique of exercises used as means of physical training.

2. Considered the training cycles of an athlete. The most effective is the competitive microcycle built according to the following scheme: warm-up, training, training, rest, warm-up, competition.

3 .A feature of the cycles is a microcycle built according to the scheme: warm-up, training, training, rest, warm-up and competition. The duration and content of periods and their constituent stages of preparation within a single macrocycle are determined by many factors. One of them is related to the specifics of the sport - the structure of effective competitive activity, the structure of the preparedness of athletes, the competition system that has developed in this sport, the others - with the stage many years of preparation, patterns of formation of various qualities and abilities, thirdly - with the organization of training, climatic conditions, material and technical level.

Tactical readiness in the theory and practice of sports training is understood as the ability of an athlete to competently build the course of the struggle, taking into account the characteristics of the sport, his individual characteristics, the capabilities of his opponents and the created external conditions.

The level of tactical readiness of an athlete depends on his mastery of the means, forms and types of tactics of this sport. The means of sports tactics are all technical techniques and methods for their implementation, forms - individual, group and team actions, types - offensive, defensive and counterattacking tactics.

Tactics is determined by the main strategic objectives: the participation of an athlete in a series of competitions in order to prepare and successfully perform in the main competitions of the season (prospective tasks); with participation in separate competitions or in a specific duel, fight, race, swim, game, etc. (tasks of a local nature). Tactical tasks are related to finding and using effective ways to solve strategic problems.

Depending on the specifics of the sport, the qualification of the athlete that emerged in the competition, tactics can be algorithmic, probabilistic and heuristic in nature. Algorithmic tactics are based on pre-planned actions and their deliberate implementation. Such tactics are especially typical for sports with minimal variability of tactical decisions - swimming, rowing, speed skating, weightlifting, throwing, etc. Probabilistic tactics involve deliberately impromptu actions in which only a certain beginning is planned; options for continuing actions depend on the specific reactions of the opponent and partners, the situation that develops in the competition. Heuristic tactics is based on the impromptu response of athletes depending on the situation that has arisen during a competitive duel (V.S. Keller, 1986). Probabilistic and heuristic tactics are especially characteristic of combat sports and games, are often used in group cycling races on the road and track, sprint races on the track, and in some cases in complex coordination sports.

The tactical readiness of individual athletes and entire teams is based on the possession of modern means, forms and types of tactics of this sport; compliance of tactics with the level of development of a particular sport with the optimal structure of competitive activity for it; compliance of the tactical plan with the specifics of a particular competition (the condition of the competition venues, the nature of refereeing, the behavior of fans, etc.); linking tactics with other aspects of preparedness - technical, psychological, physical, intellectual; taking into account, when developing a tactical plan, the technical, tactical and functional capabilities of partners (in team sports); knowledge tactical actions the strongest athletes, the main rivals, their tactical and physical capabilities, the level of mental preparedness; variability of tactics depending on the nature of the technical and tactical actions of opponents and partners, the course of wrestling.

The structure of tactical preparedness in sports games and martial arts. It is determined by the difficulties of perception, decision-making and implementation of actions due to their great diversity, lack of time, space, information, masking of real intentions, uncertainty of the moment when actions begin, etc. These difficulties are deliberately created by the opposing opponent. All this makes it difficult to correctly assess the situation, to make optimal motor decisions, makes increased demands on the activity of the neuromuscular apparatus, and increases mental tension.

In sports of a cyclical nature, associated with the manifestation of endurance, the most expedient in terms of energy supply of work is the uniform “passage of the competitive distance. Many coaches, developing a tactical scheme for overcoming the distance in swimming, running on average and long distances, orient athletes primarily to the need to maintain a record schedule, which involves maintaining a uniform speed in separate segments; This approach often turns out to be the most correct, as it excludes an athlete's unjustified reaction to unexpected actions of rivals, which is especially important in team disciplines. A striking example of the effectiveness of such tactics is the result of the participation of the USSR national team in cycling in the 4 km team pursuit XXII Olympic games (Fig. 16).

The choice of tactics is significantly influenced by the specifics of the sport, the individual characteristics of the athlete, as well as a number of psychological factors associated with the characteristics of specific competitions. For example, when passing a distance of 200 m in a butterfly way, the strongest swimmers in the world sharply reduce the speed of a distance section and, accordingly, the power of work in the middle of the distance. They, as it were, divide it into two sections, each of which passes in full force, and rest between them (Fig. 17). The influence of individual characteristics of athletes on the tactics of passing competitive distances in various types sports convincingly demonstrate fig. 18, 19.

Speaking in favor of a uniform distribution of forces at a distance, VV Mikhailov (1971) recommends taking into account possible situations at the same time. In cases where athletes compete on separate lanes with a flat surface (swimming, rowing), relatively even distance passing gives the greatest effect. When several athletes compete on the same track (running of 800 m or more, group races in cycling - highway and track), the desire to take the most convenient place from an aerodynamic position, track features, etc. require constant tactical maneuvers and, of course, speed changes. Road cyclists, for example, benefit from going at a steady pace on flat sections of the trail, increasing the power on the uphills and decreasing it on the descents. The complexity of the tactical struggle in the group road race is confirmed by significant speed fluctuations in different parts of the distance. Suffice it to say that the winner of this race (189 km) at the XXII Olympic Games S. Sukhoruchenkov, the speed during each of the 14 laps (13.64 km) fluctuated between 36.9-41.6 km / h; the best result (3rd round) was 19 min 28 s, the worst (11th round) - 21 min 55 s. The same speed fluctuations are observed in other cyclists - winners of major competitions.

Losses in the efficiency of work associated with sharp accelerations, which athletes sometimes allow themselves when passing competitive distances, can be compensated by the psychological advantage that an athlete receives, unexpectedly for rivals, sharply increasing speed. However, it must be emphasized that this technique is only possible for exceptionally well-trained athletes and teams in functional terms; it is expedient only if the preparation for it does not reduce the speed of progress and if after the end of the acceleration the athlete or team is able to maintain the optimal pace and rhythm of work.

Particularly difficult is the tactical struggle in the sprint bike race on the track. Here we can distinguish a number of skills of an athlete, which in combination determine the effectiveness of his tactical actions: the ability to freely maneuver in order to take a comfortable position, effectively perform "sur dance", control the actions of the enemy and conduct tactical combat - in difficult conditions passing turns, correctly timing for an unexpected spurt, quickly responding to an opponent's spurt, and effectively performing the final throw to the finish line.

The tactical skill of an athlete is closely related to the level of his technical, physical and other types of preparedness. So, athletes high level development of sprint qualities, specializing in sports of a cyclic nature, "can start the distance violently in order to exert psychological pressure on rivals. This variant of tactics was successfully implemented by S. Kopylov in the race on the track for a distance of 1000 m from a place at the 1983 World Championships. Having started earlier main rivals, he due to the rapid start sch the maximum manifestation of will at the finish showed an outstanding result, which completely demoralized his main competitors, who were favorites at this distance (Fig. 20).

Boxers or wrestlers with high speed-strength potential and insufficient endurance usually strive to implement active offensive tactics in order to achieve victory already in the first minutes of the fight. "At the same time, they can use an economical defensive variant of tactics in the first part of the duel in order to save strength for active actions at the end of it.

Features of the physical fitness of athletes can be decisive in choosing a rational tactics of competitive activity. So, rowers-kayakers with a predominant development of speed-strength qualities focus primarily on the starting component when passing 500 m, rowers with a dominant development of special endurance - on the finishing component, and athletes with a relatively proportional development of these qualities strive for a relatively uniform passage of the distance (Fig. 21). Comprehensive mastery of all the basic means, forms and types of tactical wrestling is especially important in sports games where shortcomings in the tactical preparedness of individual athletes can significantly reduce the effectiveness of group and team actions. However, versatile tactical readiness should not adversely affect the individual tactical manner of conducting the struggle. Outstanding athletes, especially those specializing in games, martial arts, some complex coordination and cyclic types sports, is distinguished by a bright individual style of wrestling, based on the maximum use. development of their physical, technical, psychological and intellectual capabilities.

An important indicator of sportsmanship is the activity of tactical actions. A highly qualified athlete is able to impose his will on an opponent, to exert psychological pressure on him with the variety and effectiveness of his actions, endurance, the will to win, and confidence in success. Of particular importance is the activity of tactical actions in those sports in which there is a direct interaction of rivals (in football, hockey, basketball, all types of wrestling, etc.), unexpected situations that require an adequate technical and tactical solution (in sailing, skiing) ; those). Activity in games and martial arts is an important indicator of tactical preparedness in both offensive and defensive operations.

In team sports, an important aspect of the tactically trained athletes is the level of interaction between partners in group and team actions. It is the effectiveness of interaction, the skillful combination of well-developed tactical schemes with non-standard solutions, the use of the individual capabilities of each athlete to achieve the final result that determines, for example, the effectiveness of combinations in sports games.

Similar information.

Sports training (training)- this is the expedient use of knowledge, means, methods and oyuvia, which makes it possible to influence physical development athlete and ensure the necessary degree of his readiness for sporting achievements.

It has already been noted earlier that at present sport is developing in two directions, which have a different target orientation: mass sport and elite sport. Their goals and objectives are different from each other. However, as regards the means, methods, principles sports training, then they are similar both in gaki in its other form. Fundamentally common is the structure of the training of athletes who train and function in the field of mass sports and elite sports.

Athlete preparedness structure includes technical, physical, tactical and mental elements.

1. Under technical readiness it is necessary to understand the degree of development by the athlete of the technique of the system of movements of a particular sport. It is closely connected with his physical, mental capabilities, as well as with the conditions of the external environment. Changing the rules of competitions, the use of other sports equipment significantly affects the content of the technical preparedness of athletes.

The structure of technical readiness always contains the so-called basic and additional movements. The basic movements and actions are those that form the basis of the technical equipment of this type and are mandatory for athletes. Additional movements include secondary movements and actions, elements of individual movements that do not violate its rationality and at the same time are characteristic of the individual characteristics of this athlete.

2. Physical fitness are the capabilities of the functional systems of the body. It reflects the necessary level of development of precisely those physical qualities on which competitive success in a particular sport depends.

3. tactical readiness of an athlete depends on how much he owns the means of sports tactics (for example, the technical methods necessary to implement the chosen tactics), its types (offensive, defensive, counterattacking) and forms (individual, group, team).

Tactical tasks can be of a prospective nature (for example, participation in a series of competitions, where one of them is the main thing in the season) and local, i.e. associated with participation in a particular competition.

The specificity of a sport is a decisive factor that determines the structure of an athlete's tactical readiness. So. when running over medium distances (800, 1500 m), a runner with a higher level of sprinting qualities will strive to slow down the participants' run of the entire distance in order to achieve victory with a short (100-150 m) quick finishing dash. A runner with a higher level of endurance, on the contrary, is more profitable to run at a high, uniform pace throughout the distance. Among equal runners, the one who can impose his running tactics on his opponents will win.

The situation is more difficult with tactical training in games, martial arts, where tactics are associated not only with technical and functional readiness, but also with the speed of decision-making and their implementation with frequent changes in competitive situations. The ability to do this develops in training sessions, as well as with a constant analysis of competitive experience.

The activity of tactical actions during the competition is an important indicator of sportsmanship. A highly qualified athlete must be able to tactics impose your will on the opponent during the competition.

4. Mental preparedness structurally heterogeneous. It is possible to single out two relatively independent and at the same time interconnected sides; volitional and special mental readiness.

Willpower associated with such qualities as purposefulness (a clear vision of a long-term goal), determination and courage (a penchant for reasonable risk combined with thoughtfulness of decisions), perseverance and perseverance, endurance and self-control, independence and initiative. Most of these qualities are brought up and improved in the process of regular training work and sports competitions.

The specificity of some sports in itself leaves an imprint on the nature and degree of development of individual mental qualities. However, certain methodological techniques are also used to educate volitional preparedness. In practice, the following requirements serve as the basis for the methodology of volitional training:

• regular and obligatory fulfillment of the planned training program and competitive settings (this must be done consciously), which is associated with the development of sports industriousness, the habit of systematic efforts and perseverance in overcoming difficulties. On this basis, the upbringing of purposefulness, perseverance and perseverance in achieving the goal, self-discipline and perseverance is implemented;
• systemic input of additional difficulties, inclusion of additional motor tasks, conducting training sessions in complicated conditions, increasing the degree of risk;
• use of competition and competitive method. The very spirit of rivalry serves as a means of increasing the mental stability of an athlete with varying degrees of mental tension in competition or training conditions (Table 9.3).

In structure special mental preparedness of an athlete, it is necessary to highlight those aspects that can also be improved in the course of sports training:

• resistance to stressful situations of training and competitive activity;

Table 9.3 Mental tension of a fencer when performing specialized exercises (according to S.S. Gurvich, V.S. Keller, V.N. Platonov)

• kenesthetic and visual perceptions of motor actions and the environment;
• the ability to mental regulation of movements, ensuring effective muscle coordination;
• the ability to perceive, organize and process information under time pressure;
• the ability to form anticipatory reactions in the structures of the brain, programs that precede real action.

We specifically paid so much attention to mental preparedness in overall structure preparation of an athlete, since this side of preparation is often left in the shadows. But precisely mental preparedness of a person, acquired in the process of regular training and sports competitions, becomes the essence of his character, i.e. can be widely manifested in the ordinary and professional life of a person.

Speaking about the structure of an athlete's preparedness, one cannot but mention the role of special knowledge. Theoretical preparedness is acquired by an athlete in the course of his entire sports life. It indirectly includes biological, physiological, psychological, and biomechanical aspects of various aspects of training. As a rule, the higher the sportsmanship, the more theoretical knowledge an athlete should have. The theoretical awareness of his actions helps him consciously and justifiably go to overcome the difficulties that constantly arise in the process of many years of training. The theoretical preparedness of an athlete, regardless of his basic special education, largely depends on the degree of understanding of its importance, and, consequently, on his personal interest in self-education.