Comparative analysis of the 1980 Summer Olympics 1984. Ghost Olympics. Los Angeles -1984. Political reprises of a retired actor

Twenty years have passed since the National Olympic Committee (NOC) of the USSR decided to boycott Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, which will forever be the shame of our sport.

OLYMPIC HISTORY

UNKNOWN FACTS ABOUT THE BOYCOTT OF THE OLYMPICS IN LOS ANGELES

Twenty years have passed since the National Olympic Committee (NOC) of the USSR decided to boycott the Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, which will forever remain a disgrace to our sport.

Even now, twenty years later, it is difficult to say whether this boycott was a carefully planned action or the decision was made at the last moment. On the one hand, there are, for example, the well-known words of a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU Heydar Aliyev, said by him on December 20, 1982 at a meeting in the Kremlin with the President of the IOC Juan Antonio Samaranch: “We are preparing for the Games in Los Angeles. And although we hear talk of a possible boycott on our part, we will never stoop to the level of Carter ”(in 1980 at the call of the President of the United States Jimmy Carter 36 countries boycotted the Moscow Olympics. - B.V.).

Dozens of folders with documents have been preserved in the Russian Olympic Committee, leaving no doubt that Soviet athletes were preparing to participate in the Games-84 and huge funds were invested in this preparation ...

But in the same folders you can find a lot of "recommendations" and "plans of events" sent to the then chairman of the USSR Sports Committee Marat Gramova from the Central Committee of the CPSU and the KGB. A kind of guide to action for the period of preparation for the Olympics: tirelessly criticize the organizers of the Games-84 by all available means.

Even seven months before Aliyev's mentioned statement, Vice-President of the International Olympic Committee Vitaly Smirnov brought down a flurry of criticism from the rostrum of the 85th session of the IOC on the hosts of the upcoming Olympics. They, in his opinion, set too high prices for the accommodation of athletes in the Olympic village, which called into question the possibility of traveling to Los Angeles teams from Eastern Europe and Africa. Smirnov called the defiant and the decision of Los Angeles not to hold pre-Olympic competitions ...

In October 1983, a Soviet delegation headed by the Deputy Chairman of the USSR Sports Committee flew to the USA. Anatoly Kolesov.

The impressions brought from there, most likely, decided the fate of the Soviet Olympians-84.

For some reason, the organizers of the Games did not allow the Soviet delegation to fly to Los Angeles on Aeroflot charter flights. Only to New York with a transfer to American planes. They also refused to accept the Soviet ship "Georgia" in the port of Los Angeles, which intended to stop there for the duration of the Games (as was the case, for example, in 1956 in Melbourne or in 1976 in Montreal). Finally, they categorically demanded that lists with the names of all members of the Soviet Olympic delegation be sent to the US Embassy in Moscow in advance. In the USSR, this requirement was regarded as a direct insult, since, according to existing Olympic rules, participants of the Games enter the host country of the Games not on visas, but on Olympic certificates.

However, the main argument that influenced the mood of the Soviet guests of the organizing committee of the 1984 Olympics was, according to Kolesov, the lack of written guarantees (at the state level) of security for Olympians from the USSR.

AN EYE FOR AN EYE

Chairman of the Committee for physical education and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the USSR Marat Gramov sent a note to the Central Committee of the CPSU "On the current situation in connection with the Olympic Games in Los Angeles."

It outlined the main requirements for the organizers of the Games-84: a written guarantee of security at the state level, the prevention of blackmail and hostile actions.

General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Konstantin Chernenko signed a Politburo resolution on the non-participation of the Soviet team in the Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. The historical document consisted of four points:

1. Consider the participation of Soviet athletes in the Los Angeles Olympics inappropriate due to the gross violation of the Olympic Charter by the American side, the lack of proper security measures for the USSR delegation and the anti-Soviet campaign launched in the USA.

2. The departments of propaganda, foreign policy propaganda, the International Department, the Department of the Central Committee of the CPSU, together with the Sports Committee of the USSR, the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the KGB of the USSR, prepare the relevant documents of the National Olympic Committee of the USSR, with a view to publishing them at the end of May 1984. To develop propaganda measures that would allow create favorable for us public opinion in the world and convincingly show US responsibility for the non-participation of Soviet athletes in the Olympic Games.

3. To inform the Central Committee of the fraternal parties of the socialist countries in confidence about our position and ask for its support.

To hold in May 1984 in Moscow a working meeting of representatives of the Central Committee of the fraternal parties of the socialist countries.

4. Take a positive attitude to the proposal of the USSR Sports Committee to hold in 1984 in the socialist countries sports competitions on Olympic program. Submit this issue for discussion at a meeting of representatives of the Central Committee of the fraternal countries.

More than 400 participants in the plenum of the NOC of the USSR unanimously voted not to send Soviet Olympians to Los Angeles. This decision, of course, was made "at the request of the working people" and "unanimously supported by all Soviet athletes." However, it is easy to see behind him a revenge for the refusal of the Americans from the Olympics-80, the desire of the Soviet authorities to get back, to avenge the offense four years ago. In Russian, this is called "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth."

REAGAN COULD SAVE THESE GAMES

Anatoly Kolesov recalls:

You should have seen how the participants of the plenum voted! After Gramov’s words: “Who is in favor of not participating in the Games?”, I looked into the hall - everyone raised their hands, but lowered their faces. It was a shame... We felt like criminals. First of all, to the athletes who put their own health to qualify for this Olympics. AT amateur sports there is nothing higher than the Olympics, and we took it away from these young people. A whole generation of athletes then died. Many have lost their lives...

Remembers Lyudmila Kondratieva, Olympic champion-80 in 100m run:

The fact that the Games in the USA will be held without us, I learned from the masseur of the team at the pre-Olympic training camp in Bulgaria. First reaction: it can't be! I immediately turned on the radio, and there they were just transmitting an official message that Soviet Union refused to go to the Olympics.

From that moment on, the season ended for me, I lost all desire to train. Okay, I already had the Olympic Games in my life, but what was it like for those who were just about to become an Olympian! They were scary to look at...

We returned home, and there a powerful anti-Olympic campaign was already in full swing, involving famous athletes: they say, the right decision, it's not safe to go to Los Angeles and other nonsense. By the way, I was also connected. Journalists wrote texts, and we signed. What was to be done? The time was like this. But to be honest, neither then nor now I don’t know a single athlete who would really think so ...

Juan Antonio Samaranch recalls:

On the morning of May 8, I was at the New York airport. Waiting to board a flight to Washington, where he arranged a meeting with the President of the United States Ronald Reagan: I hoped to get official security guarantees from him for the Olympians. When I was informed that a plenum of the NOC was urgently convened in Moscow, I immediately realized that the worst was about to happen. And indeed, an hour later in Washington, I learned about the boycott. Reagan was upset too. “Let me personally invite Chernenko to lead the opening ceremony of the Games in Los Angeles with me,” he unexpectedly suggested. It was, in my opinion, a salutary decision, and I seized on it: "If you write such a message to the Soviet leader, I'm ready to fly to Moscow today to convey it." But at that moment, one of Reagan's aides intervened: "This is a very delicate decision, Mr. President," he said. “Before accepting it, it would be a good idea to consult with the Secretary of State…”

Then we began to talk about other topics, and when, saying goodbye, I reminded the President of Chernenko's letter, I heard, alas, a diplomatic answer...

Samaranch flew to Moscow, hoping to meet with Chernenko. Four years ago, when the Moscow Olympics were boycotted, Brezhnev accepted him, but this time, instead of the general secretary, the marquis was offered deputy chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers Nikolai Talyzin, who had nothing to do with the issue under discussion. This in itself was insulting to the President of the IOC. The high Soviet official received a clear and unique task - to announce the decision of the Politburo. And so he behaved accordingly. Here is a short excerpt from the transcript of the conversation.

Samaranch: "Are you involved in international sports relations?"

Talyzin: "I have. My functions in the government are as follows: I am in charge of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Within the framework of the CMEA, only economic issues are resolved. We jointly organize large economic projects. At one time, by joint efforts, we built an oil pipeline from Siberia to the socialist countries, a gas pipeline, and a number of other facilities ... Mr. Samaranch, we do not have a specific meeting order. Maybe first you yourself will say ... "

A week later, the offended IOC President will say: “I knew that nothing would come of this. Went to Moscow just for history. I had to show that I did my best." And even later, they say, in a private conversation in a circle of relatives, Samaranch summed up the Soviet boycott: “They go to hell. The losing side is them."

CHERNENKO PLAYED FOR THE AMERICANS

Vyacheslav Platonov, former head coach of the USSR national volleyball team, recalls:

We were told for a long time: sport is out of politics. They were inspired by those who themselves lived according to the laws of double morality. In the 1980s, sports were out of politics for them, and in 1984 it was the opposite... I have no doubt that Marat Gramov, chairman of the USSR State Sports Committee, did not want to take the team to Los Angeles himself. In the winter of 1984, he lost the gold medals of the Games in Sarajevo, and the second in a row major defeat(not even to the Americans, but to the East Germans) would certainly have cost him his position. Nothing else could be taken care of by this "thrown to sports" deputy head of the Central Committee department, whose sports terms consisted of words like "volleyball" and "lesoped".

Recalls Vladimir Parfenovich, three-time Olympic champion kayaking:

I retired from the sport in 1984 at 26 because I lost my faith. Politicians have taken the Olympics from us. This news shattered me in the full sense of the word. After all big sport- this is a bitter sweat that you swallow for one purpose - the Olympic Games. I left because I could not believe that I would live as an athlete until the next Games. Yes, and I doubted: they took it away once - where is the guarantee that they will not do this again?

Recalls Konstantin Volkov, silver medalist of the 1980 Olympics in pole vault:

We were at the training camp in Sochi when they announced to us that we would not go to the Olympics. For everyone, it was a blow, sorry, far below the belt. We all spoke out openly against such a decision, against ridiculous arguments - especially since not long before this, many athletes returned from America. But no one listened to us. The national team became almost uncontrollable, no one wanted to train. Many, why hide, just washed down.

Anatoly Kolesov recalls:

I would not say that Gramov was categorically against our participation in these Games, but he hesitated and treated everything with great caution. It was possible to understand him: he was under tremendous pressure from above. Almost every week there were directives from the Central Committee of the CPSU and the KGB.

I constantly convinced him that it was necessary to fly to Los Angeles, since the situation then developed clearly in our favor. After the 1980 Olympics, we received excellent funding, we had state-of-the-art sports facilities and well-equipped training bases. The results of the sports season-83 indicated that at the Games-84 the Soviet team could actually reach 62 gold medals (against 40 of the GDR team and 36-38 of the American). Our victory in Los Angeles would cross everything! Everything else would seem like a trifle ... I was sure that we would win. The games of 1988 in Seoul later confirmed my correctness: there, “on the old yeast”, by inertia, we smashed everyone to smithereens ...

But, alas, Gramov was a dependent person. Shortly before the decision to boycott in Prague, at the initiative of Samaranch, a meeting of the leaders of the NOCs of the socialist countries took place, where we again declared our readiness to speak in Los Angeles. After that, I took a week's vacation, and when I went to work and saw Gramov, I immediately realized that it was all over. It was darker than a cloud... The NOC plenum held a few days later became an empty formality...

Sad irony sounded the words of the announcer on Olympic Stadium in Los Angeles during the closing of the XXIII Olympiad:

Thank you, Comrade Chernenko, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, for winning more gold medals for the United States than any athlete in history ...

COUNTRIES THAT SUPPORTED THE BOYCOTT OF THE OLYMPIAD-84:

Afghanistan, Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia, East Germany, Hungary, North Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Poland, Upper Volta, Vietnam, Democratic Republic of Yemen.

INFORMATION FOR THINKING

In 1998, in Hungary, all athletes who were forced to be left out of the Olympics-84 received monetary compensation for moral damage.

Correspondence MEDAL DISPUTE WON THE USSR

Americans did not participate in the 1980 Olympics, held in Moscow, and Soviet athletes did not participate in the 1984 Olympics, held in Los Angeles. Who performed more successfully in the absence of the main competitor?

MEDALS OF THE USSR AT THE GAMES-1980 AND THE USA AT THE GAMES-1984

	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
Olympic Games-80: USSR
Olympic Games-84: USA

The only exceptions were Romania, Yugoslavia and China. In addition to the socialist states, the Olympics were boycotted by Iran and Libya. The official reason for this protest was the refusal of the organizers of the Games to provide security guarantees to participants from the Warsaw Pact countries. But many took this step as a boycott by American athletes of the Moscow Olympics-80. In addition, the Soviet party and sports leadership was alerted by the fact that our delegation was not allowed to fly on Aeroflot charters and refused to accept the Georgia ship in the port, which they planned to use as a floating Olympic base for the USSR national team.

On May 8, 1984, the Soviet Union officially announced to TASS that it was boycotting the upcoming Olympics. IOC President Antonio Samaranch actively tried to convince the Soviet leadership to change the decision, but could not achieve success. Instead of the Olympic Games, it was decided to hold in Moscow international competitions"Friendship-84". They were attended mainly by athletes from countries that abandoned the American Olympics. In total, athletes from more than 50 countries took part in these goodwill games, and many world records were set.

Because of this political protest, the entire world sports movement turned out to be a loser. The Los Angeles Olympics, like the previous one in Moscow, were held with an incomplete squad. There were no favorites in many sports - 125 world champions did not come to America. As a result, a low number of world records were registered at these Games - only 11. As expected, the Americans won the team event at the 1984 Olympics. Without waiting for worthy opponents, the American team collected 174 medals, 83 of which were gold.

Since that moment, additional articles have been introduced into the charter of the International Olympic Committee on serious sanctions against a country that will boycott, up to its complete exclusion from the IOC.

Sources:

Olympics in Sochi-2014: Georgia is preparing a boycott
In response to the boycott of the Olympics-80, Moscow pricked the States with a pin

In 1980, the Olympic Games were first held on the territory of the Soviet Union - in Moscow. This decision by the International Olympic Committee caused considerable controversy and eventually led to a split in the Olympic movement.

The decision to hold the Olympics in Moscow was made back in 1974. These games were to be the first organized on the territory of a socialist state. However, it was not without political confrontation. In 1979, the Soviet Union sent its troops into Afghanistan, which became the official reason for the United States to boycott the games. In reality, the confrontation between the USSR and the USA had deeper roots and was not limited to the Afghan war.

Following the example of the United States, 64 other states boycotted the games. Basically, these were countries that are members of NATO, such as Turkey, Germany, Japan and others. Several teams of European countries were present, but in a reduced composition and under the Olympic, and not the national flag.

In total, teams from 80 countries took part in the Olympics in Moscow. States such as Jordan, Mozambique, Laos, Angola, Botswana and the Seychelles sent their athletes to the games for the first time.

The opening and closing ceremonies of the games were very well organized. A bet was made on living pictures. For example, many people in one of the stands were able to portray the 1980 Olympics - a bear. Numerous artistic groups, famous Soviet athletes of the past and even cosmonauts took part in the opening of the games.

The first place in the unofficial medal standings was taken by the Soviet Union team. This was understandable, since its main rival - the US team - boycotted the games. Soviet weightlifters, gymnasts, swimmers and wrestlers received the most medals. The men's basketball team also won gold medals.

The second was the team of the GDR, which traditionally shows a high level of training of athletes at the Olympic Games. The Germans became the undisputed leaders in rowing and swimming. Several medals were given to German gymnasts and cyclists.

Tip 3: What the 1980 Moscow Olympics is infamous for

The XXII Summer Olympic Games were held in Moscow from July 19 to August 3, 1980. During this time, 36 world and 74 Olympic records were set, but the Moscow Olympics was remembered not only for sporting achievements.

The 1980 Olympics was unique not only for the USSR, but for the whole world - for the first time the Olympic Games were held in the country. In honor of this event, the Soviet Union opened its doors to foreign citizens, but not everyone was able to come.

On January 20, 1980, US President Jimmy Carter announced a boycott of the Moscow Olympics and called on other countries to do the same. The reason for the boycott was the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan. Such a move by Carter was largely dictated by his desire to add votes to himself on the eve of the elections: many US citizens accused the president of being too liberal about the Soviet Union. Another 63 states responded to the call for a boycott of the Olympic Games in Moscow, including Canada, Germany, Japan, and Austria. The situation was also aggravated by the political confrontation between the Warsaw Pact countries and NATO countries. In the USA, it was expected that the absence among the participants
The Olympiads of athletes from the leading countries of the West and China will make the Moscow Games a second-class event.

Three days before the opening of the Olympics, the then President of the International Olympic Committee, Juan Antonio Samarancha, negotiated and convinced Italy, Great Britain, and Spain to send their athletes to the Games in Moscow. From many countries participating in the boycott, for example, from France, Great Britain, Greece, athletes came individually and performed under the Olympic flags. Despite all efforts, the Games in the USSR had the smallest number of participants since the 1956 Olympics, held in Melbourne.

The XXII Olympic Games of the year proved once again that the Olympics are not only sports competitions, but also a political struggle between countries. Unfortunately, dozens of athletes from around the world who dreamed of participating in Olympic Games ah, but could not demonstrate their sports achivments. Quadruple Olympian Lisa Leslie commented: "Washington politicians have ruined the lives of many great athletes: some still regret the loss of four years of their lives, while others consider their medals not quite complete." Later, as expected, the USSR and its allies announced a boycott of the 1984 Olympics, which was held in the United States. This decision influenced the fate of many Soviet athletes, and soon the USSR team lost its leading position.

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Moscow XXII Olympiad in 1980 is one of the brightest in Russian history. The country has been preparing for it for six years. And despite the boycott announced by the United States and some other countries, in the history of international Olympic Movement these games were a milestone.

In 1980, from July 19 to August 3, the Summer Olympic Games were held in Moscow ( Games XXII Olympics). For the first time then the Olympics took place in the country - the USSR, and also for the first time - in Eastern Europe.

Over 50 countries declared a boycott of the games due to the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan in 1979. But some athletes from these countries came and competed under the Olympic flag.

In 1975-1980. preparations were underway for the Olympics, in which about twenty sports and other facilities were built and reconstructed. it central Stadium named after V. I. Lenin, sports complex Olympic, Sheremetyevo-2 airport, Leningrad Stadium named after S. M. Kirov, etc. In total, 75 objects were specially built.

On the eve of the games, for the purposes of propaganda on the territory of the USSR, they organized Olympic lotteries, the publication of sports literature, the release of souvenirs, posters, and stamps. Olympic bear, created by children's illustrator Viktor Chizhikov, became the mascot and symbol of the 1980 Olympics.

Competitions were held in 21 sports, 203 sets of awards were played. The largest number of awards - 114 - were played in athletics, and 78 - in swimming. Athletes from 80 countries took part in the games. Some countries participated in the Olympics for the first time in their history, among them Mozambique, Jordan, Laos, Botswana, Angola, Seychelles.

46 world, 39 European and 74 Olympic records were set. For example, the Soviet shooter Melentiev set a record in shooting, swimmer Vladimir Salnikov in swimming, Alexander Dityatin in gymnastics. The oldest participant was the Bulgarian yachtsman Krastev (70 years old), and the youngest was the swimmer from Angola Jorge Lima (13 years old).

In total, athletes of the USSR and the GDR won more than half of all gold medals - 80 and 47, respectively.

Moscow has already put forward its candidacy for the 21st Summer Olympics, but the Canadian city of Montreal won. And when considering the application to host the next Olympic Games, Moscow won against Los Angeles with a vote ratio of 39:20. In many ways, this was the merit of the chairman of the USSR Sports Committee S.P. Pavlov, who did a great deal of organizational and preparatory work.

78 sports facilities. The strictest security measures were taken, thanks to which not a single athlete or tourist was injured during the Olympics. The cute teddy bear Misha became the symbol of the games.

Alas, in the preparation and conduct of this great sports festival politics intervened. In December 1979 Soviet troops entered Afghanistan. Many countries, especially members of the military-political bloc NATO, which opposes the Warsaw Pact, saw this as an excellent pretext for unleashing a propaganda war. As a result, 65 countries of the world, including those strong in summer views sports USA, Canada, Japan, Germany, South Korea announced a boycott of the Olympics. Many countries sent to Moscow far from the strongest teams of their teams, moreover, they did not perform under their national flags, but under the flag of the International Olympic Committee. Some athletes came to the USSR with the permission of their Olympic committees on an individual basis. Under these conditions, the USSR national team won an unprecedented number of gold medals - 80.

No matter how hard Soviet propaganda tried to downplay the scope and significance of the boycott, the moral damage suffered by the USSR was great. Although the Olympics, by universal recognition, was organized and held at a very high level. That is why the USSR and many of its Warsaw Pact allies resorted to a retaliatory boycott of the next Olympics in Los Angeles.

The boycott of the Games in Los Angeles became a personal tragedy for many sportsmen of the former USSR - many of them lost their unique opportunity to rise to the highest step of the podium. About what, besides political disagreements, Los Angeles 1984 was remembered for in the XSPORT material dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the Games.

Boycott as a method of influence

Contrary to the ancient Greek tradition that the organizers of the first modern Olympic Games tried to preserve, wars and conflicts cannot be stopped or even suspended for the period of the most important competitions of the 4th anniversary. The most recent example is Beijing 2008. The opening of the Olympics served as a cover for Russian aggression against Georgia, which began a few hours before 08.08.08.

The first political sanctions in sports came in the years after the First World War. The countries of the Triple Alliance and their allies were excommunicated from the Olympic Games: Germany, Austria, Hungary, as well as Bulgaria and Turkey missed the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp. But Italy was allowed in, since in 1915 she signed the London Agreement and withdrew from the Triple Alliance. However, in 1924 in Paris the ban was no longer in effect. But the French Olympics were held without representatives of the newly formed USSR. The Union was not perceived in the world as the heir to the Russian Empire. And the murder of the imperial family and the Bolshevik coup caused protests by Russians in exile. The USSR was offended and, despite not all subsequent invitations from the IOC, ignored the Games until 1952.

Under the threat of a boycott in 1936 was Berlin, because of the power of the Nazis. In 1956, several countries missed the Melbourne Games due to the USSR's invasion of Hungary. But the boycotts culminated in the 80s.

First - Moscow. Never before 1980 the Games were missed by the main sports power of the world and main rival USSR - US team. In addition to the Americans, the first Olympics in Eastern Europe and in the “socialist country” were boycotted by more than 50 countries. The USSR did not forgive the entry of troops into Afghanistan. In the Union, they laughed at the US boycott and released the cartoon “But Baba Yaga is against!” But this “humor” did not make anyone feel better.

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The attack of the USSR in 1984 looked like a retaliatory move. So it was, although the athletes were not told about it. The news that the USSR was not going to the Games came at the beginning of 1984, when the training of athletes was already coming to an end ...

IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch, who was elected in 1980 in Moscow, wrote in his memoirs about a meeting with Heydar Aliyev, a member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. Aliyev assured in December 1982: “We are preparing for the Games in Los Angeles. And although we hear talk of a possible boycott on our part, we will never stoop to Carter's level." Until 1984, two general secretaries were replaced in the country of victorious socialism. Ideology, like the general secretaries, has reached insanity. The USSR delegation, being afraid of large-scale provocations at the Games, put forward special requirements to the organizers. Soviet athletes were supposed to live on board the ship "Georgia". Argued by the safety requirements of athletes. And the USA, in turn, refused to accept the charters of the USSR and demanded detailed data on each participant from the USSR. Also argued for safety. At the end of 1983, it became clear that no one was going anywhere.

In that year, the USSR held the Friendship-84 competition. Tournaments different types sports were held in 9 countries of the socialist camp. The USSR argued that Druzhba was not planned as an alternative to Los Angeles, as it was held a week after the closing of the Games.

Olympics without the USSR

The Olympics was the second in a row, which was hosted by the "city of angels" - the first took place here at the end of the Great Depression in 1932. Thanks to the Soviet boycott, the home Games for the US team were a success. In the medal standings, they had no equal: in the piggy bank - 174 awards (83 gold, 61 silver and 30 bronze). 121 awards less for the Romanian team, which was in second position. Los Angeles then literally saved the Olympic Movement - after the losses in Montreal -1976, no one wanted to host the Games. Los Angeles was the first city to make money from hosting the competition. Revenue was about $200 million, largely from broadcast rights sold. Arenas already existed in the city, and the organizers built a new swimming pool and cycle track at the expense of private investors. Americans have never used taxpayer money to host the Games.

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Light losses from the Games managed to incur McDonald's. The restaurant chain launched the “When the U.S. Wins, You Win. If the US representative won, all customers who attended these competitions were offered a free BigMac, for "silver" - french fries, and for "bronze" - a bottle of Coca-Cola. Since the traditional rivals of the United States, the USSR team, did not come to the Olympics, McDonald's handed out a record amount of free food. And this negatively affected the financial balance of fast food.

At the opening of the games, everyone was delighted with the jetpack with which Bill Suiter, in the colors of the American flag, moved around the Coliseum Memorial.

The sports arenas were also not without innovations. The first Olympic champion in rhythmic gymnastics, which was introduced into the program of the Games in the USA, was a little-known athlete from Canada - Lori Fang. The absence of the main contenders for medals, the teams of Bulgaria and the USSR, played into the hands of the girl.

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Fang, by the way, applied her sports skills to the cinema. In 2004, she had a cameo role as a dancer in the film Catwoman with Halle Berry.

At that time, there were several excellent gymnasts in the USSR national team. Among them is Galina Beloglazova. A gymnast from Astrakhan became in the mid-80s the absolute Champion of Europe and a three-time world champion. Since the early 2000s, Galina Beloglazova worked as a coach at the Deriugins School with the Ukrainian national team and set up a program for group exercises.

The US basketball team took gold without any problems, defeating Spain with a score of 96:65. Then the striped star was headed by 21-year-old student Michael Jordan. Back then, amateur students were still playing basketball. At the next Games - in Seoul - the USSR team won basketball with the Ukrainians Alexander Volkov and Belostenny. And "His Air" Jordan for the second Olympic medal of the highest standard came already with the professional Dream Team in 1992 in Barcelona.

Carl Lewis in Los Angeles was able to repeat the success of his compatriot Jesse Owens and won 4 Olympic gold medals. The 100m, 200m, 4x100m relay and the long jump were submitted to him. At the next three Olympics, he added 5 more awards of the highest standard to the collection.

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Moroccan Nawal El-Mouwatakel in 1984 became the first Olympic champion representative of the Islamic State. A girl with an African record overcame a distance of 400 m hurdles. The future champion began her training on an ordinary dirt road. Naval's success was noticed by the French coach Jean Francois. It was he who advised her to focus on the 400m hurdles. Many said that the athlete’s height was not suitable for this, but Papa Naval often answered that “the best gifts are put in small boxes.” Now Nawal El-Mutawakel works in key positions in the IOC, in particular, he is the head of the Coordinating Commission for the following Summer Games– 2016.

For the first time in Los Angeles, a women's marathon was included in the program of the Olympic Games. The distance of 42 km 195 m was covered by American Joan Benoit in 2:24.52.

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Two "gold" at his debut Olympics in Los Angeles won the German "Albatross", Michael Gross. Moreover, he represented West Germany, where sports pharmacology has not reached such threatening proportions as in the eastern part. The 20-year-old swimmer was fastest in the 200m freestyle and 100m butterfly. He also took two "silver" medals from the USA: in the 200 butterfly and in the 4x200 freestyle relay. Michael got his nickname - Albatross - for his arm span of 213 centimeters. This advantage helped him become the first ever West German Olympic swimming champion.

Boxing 9 out of 12 weight categories peremptorily submitted to the Americans. But the future "professional" Evander Hollifeld could not go beyond the third step of the podium. The bronze award remained the only one in the collection of Mike Tyson's eternal counterpart.

Stolen happiness

The decisions of politicians, in their own way, rewrote the careers of Soviet athletes in 1984. A clear contender for the first Olympic "gold" was the Ukrainian Sergei Bubka. A year before the boycott, a 19-year-old pole vaulter won the first ever athletics World Championships in Helsinki, and in the winter of 1984 in Bratislava set his first world record - 5.85 m. Olympic dream Bubka had to be postponed until Seoul-88. This "gold" remained the only one in the piggy bank of the 35-time world record holder.

Yuri Sedykh, a native of Novocherkassk and a pupil Kyiv school hammer throw, could have won a third Olympic gold. Two years later, in 1986, the athlete will set his next world record, which has remained relevant to this day. At the European Championships in Stuttgart, Yuri Georgievich threw 86 m 74 cm. And at his third Olympics in Seoul, when he was already 33 years old, Yuri Sedykh won silver.

In an interview, he recalled: “The 1988 Olympics in Seoul was the most difficult for me. On the eve of those Games, all the press and the leadership of the national team, referring to my past regalia and results, “hung up” on me in advance gold medal. There was a feeling that I had to come to Seoul to stand on a pedestal and put it around my neck ... No matter how I tried, it didn’t work out to move away from the surrounding euphoria. And all this made itself felt on the day of the final, because my health in the sector was not the best. Therefore, the second place and the silver medal did not please me or the fans then. But my and my leadership’s dream of a three-time Olympic championship did not come true.”

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PHOTO Olympic Games in Moscow 1980.

One of the most titled swimmers in the world, Vladimir Salnikov, had to wait eight years to add to three Moscow gold medals the highest award Seoul. By the way, at home games, he was the first in the world to overcome distances of 1500 meters in less than 15 minutes. And the road to Seoul for Salnikov was not easy. There was a sharp decline in results, and a change of coach. And only thanks to the trust of sports officials, the honored athlete was allowed to go to Korea.

Set an "eternal" record Olympic victories in Los Angeles could Cuban boxing legend, Teofilio Stevenson. Behind him he already had three "gold" from Munich, Montreal and Moscow. And Stevenson could take fourth. But because of the boycott supported by Cuba, the dream did not come true. In addition, they tried to bring Stevenson in the same ring with Mohammed Ali, and Don King “slept and saw” the Cuban as a professional. But Teofilio stopped all proposals to change the ring with this phrase: “What is a million dollars compared to the love of eight million Cubans?” (http://www.espndeportes.com/news/story?id=1543508). Fidel Castro had a special love for the boxer. Teofilio Stevenson is one of three three-time Olympic boxing champions. In addition to him, only the Hungarian Laszlo Papp and Stevenson's compatriot Felix Savon submitted to this height.

Teofilio Stevenson with fan #1 - Fidel Castro. /cubanet.org

An unequivocal answer to the question of whether it is worth boycotting the competition because of the actions of the host country in the political arena. Probably, each athlete should answer it himself. Sometimes participation in the Olympics is a good opportunity to express your civic position. Even better than the boycott. Remember the symbolism of the gold of the Ukrainian biathlon team in the relay in Sochi or the appearance at the opening and closing of the Paralympic Games of only one flag bearer of Ukraine in protest against the invasion of Russian troops.

Mikhail Tkachenko (biathlon), Opening Olympic Games Sochi-2014 / dt.ua

Lyudmila Pavlenko (skiing), Closing of the Olympic Games Sochi-2014 / ipress.ua

Ukrainian women's biathlon team, Sochi 2014 Olympic champions Valentina Semerenko, Olena Pidhrushnaya, Yulia Dzhima and Vita Semerenko

biathlon.com.ua

Oksana Andrievskaya for XSPORT

The Games of the XXIII Olympiad were held on July 28-August 12, 1984 in Los Angeles (USA). In the late 70s, the international Olympic movement was in a difficult economic situation. The only real candidate for hosting the Olympic Games was capitalist Los Angeles, the city that laid the foundation for the further commercialization of Olympic sports.

Hosting the Games in Los Angeles, for the first time in years, made a huge profit organizer of the competition $223 million. The economic success of the Games has been driven by significant sponsorship and enhanced cost savings in the competition. For example, the organizers of the Olympics abandoned the construction of the Olympic village, settling all the participants in university dormitories. It was after the Olympic Games in Los Angeles that the International Olympic Committee radically changed the vector of its economic policy and actively promoted the commercialization of the Olympic movement.

Boycott of the Olympic Games

After the American boycott of the 1980 Olympics, the fate of the Los Angeles Games was sealed. Socialist camp, led by the USSR, refused to compete. Only such countries as China, Romania and Yugoslavia have delegated their teams to Los Angeles. The official reason for the boycott of the Olympic Games, the Soviet Union called the unsatisfactory level of security in the United States for athletes from the socialist camp.

A total of 6,829 athletes from 140 countries took part in the Games. At the Olympic Games, 221 sets of awards were played.

Official opening ceremony The Olympic Games took place on 28 July. It was held at one of the largest stadiums in the world, Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, with a capacity of more than 93,000 seats. This sports arena has forever entered the history of Olympic sports. The fact is that this stadium has already hosted the Olympic Games back in 1932. Until today, the Memorial Coliseum is the only sports arena where the Olympics have been held twice.

talisman 1984 Games became Bald Eagle Sam. The talisman caused a mixed assessment of the audience and guests of the Olympics. An eaglet named Sam (Uncle Sam is a personified image of the USA) with a top hat advertised the USA too brightly, and not Olympic values and ideals.

First time in the program Olympic Games competitions in rhythmic gymnastics and synchronized swimming. Women's disciplines were added to the track and field athletics program: marathon, running 3,000 m, 400 m s/b. For the first time in the history of the Olympic movement, cycling for women (road racing) is included in the competition program.

In the absence of athletes from the USSR, the GDR and other leading sports countries, at the Olympic Games in Los Angeles was only 11 world records set. In total, due to the boycott, 125 current world champions could not take part in the competition.

Stars of the 1984 Olympics

Nevertheless, many participants of the competition showed brilliant results. It was at the Games in Los Angeles that the stellar era of the legendary, nine-time Olympic champion began, who won four gold medals at the Games in the 100, 200, 4x100 m relay, and long jump.

Carl Lewis celebrating victory at home games

Englishman Daley Thompson, who won the athletics decathlon in 1980, confirmed the title in Los Angeles the best athlete world in this discipline. And if the gold of the Moscow Olympics allowed some skeptics to think about the bias of Thompson's achievement (due to the absence of Americans at the Games), then the first place at the Games in Los Angeles finally demonstrated that Daley Thompson really was the best decathlete of the eighties.

At the 1984 Games, she won her first Olympic gold medal. Elisabeth Lipe - five-time Olympic champion in rowing, a participant in seven Olympics (at the same time, the athlete did not participate in the 1988 Games). For another rower, Pertti Johannes Karppinen, the Los Angeles Games brought the last third gold medal, although the athlete also participated in the 1988 and 1992 Games.

German swimmer Michael Gross won four games Olympic medals, two of which are golden (100 m butterfly, 200 m high speed). In diving from a three-meter springboard and a ten-meter tower there was no equal to the famous Greg Louganis. In addition to the gold medals in 1984, Louganis won two more golds in Seoul in 1988.

The 1984 Games became the debut for another legendary athlete. Nine-time Olympic swimming champion Matt Biondi He won his first gold medal in Los Angeles, winning the 4x100m relay.

At the 1984 Olympics for the first time an athlete with a violation of the musculoskeletal system participated. New Zealander Neroli Susan Fairhall, who was paralyzed in her legs, was admitted to the International Olympic Committee to participate in archery competitions, where she took 35th place.

In the unofficial team standings, convincing the victory was celebrated by representatives of the United States, who won a record 174 medals (83 gold, 61 silver, 30 bronze medals). Until today, this achievement is unattainable for other participating countries. The second was the representatives of Romania, who won 53 medals (20-16-17). Third place was taken by athletes from Germany, who have 59 awards (17-19-23).

Official closing ceremony Olympic Games in Los Angeles took place on August 12, 1984.

Soviet writer, author of the novel How the Steel Was Tempered. Both Ostrovsky's main novel, depicting the formation of a revolutionary, and the personality of the author (who wrote despite a serious illness, paralysis and blindness) in the Soviet Union were surrounded not only by an official cult, but also by sincere popularity and reverence by many readers. N.A. Ostrovsky was born in the village of Viliya, Ostrozhsky district, Volyn province (now Ostrozhsky district, Rivne region, Ukraine) in the family of a distillery worker Alexei Ivanovich Ostrovsky and a cook. He was admitted ahead of schedule to the parochial school “because of his outstanding abilities”; He graduated from school at the age of 9 (1913) with a certificate of merit. Shortly thereafter, the family moved to Shepetivka. There, Ostrovsky, since 1916, worked for hire: in the kitchen of a station restaurant, as a cube-maker, a worker in material warehouses, and as an assistant stoker at a power plant. At the same time he studied at a two-year, then higher primary school (1917-1919). He became close with the local Bolsheviks, during the German occupation he participated in underground activities, was a liaison officer of the Revolutionary Committee. July 20, 1919 joined the Komsomol, August 9 went to the front as a volunteer. He fought in the cavalry brigade of G.I. Kotovsky and in the 1st Cavalry Army. In August 1920 he was seriously wounded in the back near Lvov (shrapnel) and demobilized. Participated in the fight against the insurgent movement in the special forces (CHON). In 1921 he worked as an electrician's assistant in the Kyiv main workshops, studied at the electrical engineering school, and at the same time was the secretary of the Komsomol organization. In 1922, he built a railway line for the delivery of firewood to Kyiv, while he caught a bad cold, then fell ill with typhus. After recovery, he was commissioner of the Vseobuch battalion in Berezdovo (in the region bordering Poland), was secretary of the Komsomol district committee in Berezdovo and Izyaslav, then secretary of the Komsomol district committee in Shepetovka (1924). In the same year he joined the CPSU (b). Ostrovsky's state of health was affected by injury and difficult working conditions. His joints hurt. The final diagnosis of N. Ostrovsky - Progressive ankylosing polyarthritis, gradual ossification of the joints. In the autumn of 1927, he began writing the autobiographical novel The Tale of the Kotovtsy, but six months later the manuscript was lost during shipment.

From the end of 1930, using the stencil he invented, he began to write the novel How the Steel Was Tempered. The manuscript sent to the journal "Young Guard" received a devastating review: "the derived types are unrealistic." However, Ostrovsky managed to get a second review of the manuscript, which was given the direction of the party organs. After that, the manuscript was actively edited by Mark Kolosov, deputy editor-in-chief of the Young Guard, and executive editor Anna Karavaeva, a well-known writer of that time (writer Yuri Buida even attributes the real authorship of the novel to her). Ostrovsky acknowledged the great participation of Karavaeva in working with the text of the novel; he also noted the participation of Alexander Serafimovich, who "gave me whole days of his rest." In TsGALI there are photocopies of the manuscript of the novel, which recorded the handwriting of 19 people. It is officially believed that Ostrovsky dictated the text of the book to "voluntary secretaries." Professor V.V. Musatov claims that "the very process of creating the text of the novel was precisely of a collective nature." At the same time, he refers to the testimony of M.K. Kuprina-Iordanskaya, who transmitted the words of the literary critic Heinrich Lenoble (died in 1964), who called himself one of the co-authors of the novel. According to her, Lenoble said “that the novel“ How the Steel Was Tempered ”was made by seven people. The author's version of the novel was completely unreadable. Kuprina-Iordanskaya asked Lenoble: “Why did you go for this deception?”, To which he replied: “It doesn’t matter if it wasn’t for me, someone else did it.” This is just a fantasy that does not correspond to reality. N. Ostrovsky in his letters tells in detail about his work on the novel, there are memoirs of contemporaries - witnesses of the writer's work on the book. Textual studies confirm the authorship of N. Ostrovsky. In April 1932, the magazine Molodaya Gvardia began publishing Ostrovsky's novel; in November of the same year, the first part was published as a separate book, followed by the second part. The novel immediately gained great popularity.

In 1935, Ostrovsky was awarded the Order of Lenin, he was presented with a house in Sochi and an apartment in Moscow, and was awarded the title of brigade commissar; for the past few months he has lived on the street of his name (formerly Dead Lane), hosting readers and writers at home. He undertook to write new novel"Born by the Storm" (under the same name as the lost early novel, but on a different plot) in three parts and managed to write the first part, but the novel was recognized as weaker than the previous one, including by Ostrovsky himself. The manuscript of the novel was typed and printed in record time, and copies of the book were presented to relatives at the writer's funeral. He died in Moscow on December 22, 1936. In 1940, the House Museum of Nikolai Ostrovsky was opened in Sochi and the Memorial Museum in Moscow. A street in the Railway District of Kursk is named after him. Ostrovsky's works have been translated into the languages of the peoples of the USSR and many foreign languages. In 1935 Ostrovsky was awarded the military rank of brigade commissar. Awarded the Order of Lenin. Winner of the Lenin Komsomol Prize (1966). There are Ostrovsky memorial museums in Moscow (since 1940) and Sochi (since 1937), where Ostrovsky lived in 1928-1936 (with interruptions), as well as in the writer's homeland. Compositions: Works. (Introductory article by V. Ozerov), volumes 1-3, Moscow, 1968; Works (Introductory article by S. Tregub), volumes 1-3, Moscow, 1969. Literature: Vengerov N., Nikolai Ostrovsky, 2nd edition, supplemented and corrected, Moscow, 1956; Timofeev L.I., O artistic features N. Ostrovsky's novel "How the Steel Was Tempered", 2nd edition, Moscow, 1956; Nikolai Ostrovsky, photographs, documents, illustrations, (text by S. Lesnevsky. Compiled by R. Ostrovskaya, E. Sokolova), Moscow, 1964; Tregub S., Zhivoi Korchagin, 2nd edition, Moscow, 1973; Anninsky A., "How the Steel Was Tempered" by Nikolai Ostrovsky, Moscow, 1971: Russian Soviet prose writers. Bio-bibliographic index, volume 3, Leningrad, 1964.

Spectacular pumping of the body - Health Portal

Tip 3: What the 1980 Moscow Olympics is infamous for

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