Combined into two groups - internal and external. To the group internal muscles belong iliac- psoas, obturator internus and piriformis muscles. The group of external muscles includes the large, middle and small gluteal muscles; tensioner fascia lata, quadratus femoris, and obturator externus.

Inner pelvic muscle group

Iliopsoas muscle consists of two muscles - a large lumbar and iliac, which, starting in various places(on the lumbar vertebrae and ilium), are combined into a single muscle attached to femur. At a great distance, both parts of the muscle take part in the formation of the muscular base of the posterior wall abdominal cavity.

psoas major thick, spindle-shaped, starts from the lateral surface of the bodies and transverse processes of the 12th thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae. Located in front of the transverse processes, this muscle is tightly adjacent to the vertebral bodies. Further, the muscle goes down, crosses the boundary line of the pelvis in front and connects with the iliac muscle.

Iliac muscle massive flat, occupies the iliac fossa, adjacent from the lateral side to the psoas major muscle. It starts from the upper two-thirds of the iliac fossa, the inner lip of the iliac crest, the anterior sacroiliac and iliopsoas ligaments.

Iliopsoas muscle exits (behind the inguinal ligament) through the muscle gap into the thigh region and attaches to the lesser trochanter of the femur. The muscle flexes the thigh at the hip joint. With a fixed lower limb, it bends the lumbar part of the spine and tilts the pelvis forward along with the body.

Small psoas muscle intermittent (absent in 40% of cases). It starts from the intervertebral disc and adjacent edges of the bodies of the last thoracic and 1 lumbar vertebrae. The muscle is located on the anterior surface of the psoas major muscle, fused with the fascia covering it. The thin belly of this muscle passes into a long tendon, which is attached to the arcuate line of the ilium and to the iliac-pubic eminence; part of the tendon bundles of the muscle passes into the iliac fascia and into the iliopectineal arch. The muscle pulls on the iliac fascia, increasing support for the iliopsoas muscle.

obturator internus muscle starts from the edges of the obturator foramen (with the exception of the obturator groove), the inner surface of the obturator membrane, the pelvic surface of the ilium (above the obturator foramen) and from the obturator fascia. The muscle exits the pelvic cavity through the small sciatic foramen, changes direction at an acute angle, throwing itself over the edge of the lesser sciatic notch (there is a synovial bag here and is attached to the medial surface of the greater trochanter. Upon exiting the hole, the upper and lower twin muscles join the internal obturator muscle also attached to the greater trochanter.

Gemini Superior starts from the ischium, the lower twin muscle - from the ischial tuberosity. The muscle rotates the thigh outward.

piriformis muscle starts from the pelvic surface of the sacrum (2-4 sacral vertebrae), lateral to the pelvic sacral openings, exits the pelvic cavity through the large sciatic foramen. Behind the femoral neck, the muscle passes into the round tendon, which is attached to the top of the greater trochanter. The muscle rotates the thigh outward with slight abduction.

External muscles of the pelvis located in the gluteal region and on the lateral surface of the pelvis. Having relatively extensive surfaces of origin on the bones of the pelvic girdle, the bundles of these muscles follow in the direction of their insertion on the femur. The external muscles of the pelvis form three layers: superficial, middle and deep.

Surface layer constitute a large gluteal muscle and tensor fascia lata. In the middle layer are the gluteus medius muscle, the square muscle of the thigh (this should also include the extra-pelvic parts of the piriformis, obturator internus muscles and the upper and lower twin muscles). The deep layer is represented by the gluteus minimus and the external obturator muscle. All of these muscles act on the hip joint.

Gluteus maximus muscle strong, large-beam structure, protrudes in relief due to its large mass in the gluteal region. It reaches its greatest development in humans in connection with upright posture. Located superficially, it has a wide origin: from the iliac crest, the initial - tendon part of the muscle that straightens the spine, the dorsal surfaces of the sacrum and coccyx, from the sacrotuberous ligament.

The muscle runs obliquely down and laterally; attaches to the gluteal tuberosity of the femur. Part of the muscle bundles passes over the greater trochanter and is woven into the iliac-tibial tract of the fascia lata. Between the tendon of the muscle and the greater trochanter there is a trochanteric bag of the gluteus maximus muscle. The muscle can act on the hip joint both with its entire mass and in separate parts. Contracting with the whole mass, the gluteus maximus extends the thigh (simultaneously turns it outward). The anterior superior muscle bundles abduct the thigh, strain the iliac-tibial tract of the fascia lata, helping to keep the knee joint in an extended position. The posterior-lower bundles of muscle adduct the thigh, simultaneously turning it outward. With a fixed lower limb, the muscle unbends the pelvis, and with it the torso, holding the latter in a vertical position on the heads of the femurs (gives the body a "military" posture).

Gluteus medius begins on the gluteal surface of the ilium, between the anterior and posterior gluteal lines, and from the broad fascia, goes downward, passes into the thick tendon, which is attached to the apex and outer surface of the greater trochanter.

Between the tendon of the gluteus medius and the greater trochanter there is synovial bursa. The posterior muscle bundles are located under the gluteus maximus muscle. The muscle abducts the thigh; the anterior bundles turn the thigh inward, the posterior bundles outward. With a fixed lower limb, together with the gluteus minimus, it holds the pelvis and torso in a vertical position.

Gluteus minimus located under the gluteus medius. It starts on the outer surface of the iliac wing between the anterior and lower gluteal lines, from the edge of the large ischial notch. Attached to the anterolateral surface of the greater trochanter of the thigh; part of the bundles is woven into the capsule of the pelvis hip joint. Between the tendon of the muscle and the greater trochanter there is a trochanteric bag of the gluteus minimus. The muscle abducts the thigh; the anterior bundles are involved in the rotation of the thigh inwards, and the posterior bundles outwards.

Tensor fascia lata originates from the superior anterior iliac spine and adjacent iliac crest. The muscle is enclosed between the superficial and deep plates of the fascia lata. At the level of the border between the upper and middle thirds of the thigh, it passes into the iliac-tibial tract of the wide fascia of the thigh, which continues downward and attaches to the lateral condyle of the tibia. The muscle strains the iliac-tibial tract, helping to strengthen the knee joint in an extended position; flexes the hip.

Square muscle hips flat, quadrangular in shape, located between the lower twin muscle and the upper edge of the large adductor muscle. It starts from the upper part of the outer edge of the ischial tuberosity, attaches to the upper part of the intertrochanteric crest. There is often a synovial sac between the anterior surface of the muscle and the greater trochanter. The muscle rotates the thigh outward.

Obturator externus muscle triangular in shape, starts from the outer surface of the pubic bone and the branches of the ischium, as well as from the medial two-thirds of the obturator membrane. The muscle bundles, converging, pass backward, laterally and upward, continuing into the tendon, which passes behind hip joint and is attached to the trochanteric fossa, femur and articular capsule. The muscle rotates the thigh outward.

Gluteus maximus muscle(m. gluteus maximus) (Fig. 128, 132, 133, 134) unbends the thigh, straightens the torso bent forward, stretches the wide fascia of the thigh, fixes the pelvis and torso in a standing position. This is a large, flat, rhomboid muscle, the powerful development of which is explained by the upright posture of a person. It starts from the back of the outer (gluteal) surface of the ilium, from the lateral edge of the sacrum and coccyx. With the lower bundles, the muscle is attached to the gluteal tuberosity of the femur, and with the upper bundles it is woven into the iliac-tibial tract. Between the gluteal tuberosity and the muscle is the trochanteric bag of the gluteus maximus muscle (bursa trochanterica m. Giutei maximi).

Gluteus medius(m. gluteus medius) (Fig. 128, 130, 133) abducts the thigh. In this case, the anterior bundles rotate the thigh inward, and the posterior bundles outward. With a fixed position, the hip takes the pelvis to the side. It also takes part in straightening the body bent forward. This is a thick muscle located under the gluteus maximus muscle and consisting of superficial and deep layers of muscle bundles. The bundles themselves are fan-shaped. The point of origin of the muscle is located on the outer surface of the iliac wing and on the wide fascia of the thigh, and the place of attachment is on the greater trochanter of the femur. The trochanteric bag of the gluteus medius muscle (bursa trochanterica m. Giutei medii) is also located here. The gluteus minimus (m. gluteus minimus) (Fig. 128, 131) abducts the thigh and takes part in straightening the body. It is covered by the gluteus medius muscle, its point of origin is located on the outer surface of the iliac wing between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines. The muscle is attached to the anterior edge of the greater trochanter of the femur.

Rice. 128. Pelvic muscles rear view 1 - gluteus maximus; 2 - small gluteal muscle; 3 - piriformis muscle; 4 - upper twin muscle; 5 - gluteus medius; 6 - lower twin muscle; 7 - internal locking muscle; 8 - external locking muscle; 9 - square muscle of the thigh
Rice. 129. 1 - small lumbar muscle; 2 - iliac muscle; 3 - large lumbar muscle; 4 - piriformis muscle; 5 - iliopsoas muscle; 6 - vascular lacuna; 7 - muscle pulling the wide fascia of the thigh; 8 - comb muscle; 9 - long adductor muscle; 10 - tailor muscle; 11 - thin muscle; 12 - the longest rectus femoris; 13 - a large adductor muscle; 14 - iliac-tibial tract; 15 - lateral broad muscle of the thigh; 16 - wide medial muscle of the thigh; 17 - tendon of the longest rectus femoris;
Rice. 130. Muscles of the pelvis and thighs front view 1 - large lumbar muscle; 2 - iliac muscle; 3 - piriformis muscle; 4 - gluteus medius; 5 - ileo-comb bag; 6 - comb muscle; 7 - iliopsoas muscle; 8 - thin muscle; 9 - a large adductor muscle; 10 - long adductor muscle; 11 - intermediate broad muscle of the thigh; 12 - lateral broad muscle of the thigh; 13 - semimembranosus muscle; 14 - wide medial muscle of the thigh; 15 - tendon of the longest rectus femoris; 16 - tendon of the semitendinosus muscle; 17 - tendon of a thin muscle; 18 - sartorius tendon

Muscle that stretches the fascia lata of the thigh(m. tensor fasciae latae) (Fig. 90, 129, 133), strains the wide fascia of the thigh and takes part in its flexion. This flat elongated muscle is located on the anterolateral surface of the pelvis. It originates from the superior anterior iliac spine and inserts into the iliac-tibial tract.

Quadratus femoris(m. quadratus femoris) (Fig. 128, 136) rotates the thigh outwards. It has the shape of a rectangle, partially covered by the gluteus maximus muscle. It starts from the lateral surface of the ischial tuberosity and is attached to the greater trochanter and intertrochanteric crest of the femur. The distal end of the muscle grows into the wide fascia of the thigh.

Gemini Superior(m. gemellus superis) (Fig. 128), like the square one, rotates the thigh outward. It is a muscle cord, the point of origin of which is located on the ischial spine, and the place of attachment is in the trochanteric fossa of the femur.

Gemini inferior(m. gemellus inferior) (Fig. 128) rotates the thigh outwards. The point of origin of the muscle is the ischial tubercle, and the point of attachment is the trochanteric fossa of the femur.

External locking muscle(m. obturatorius externum) (Fig. 109, 128, 131), together with the previous muscles, rotates the thigh outward. The muscle is an irregular triangle, the point of its origin is located on the outer surface of the pubic and ischial bones in the region of the locking membrane, and the trochanteric fossa of the femur serves as the attachment point.

The muscles of the pelvic girdle are very large and well developed, since they take on the physical and mechanical load of the weight of the whole body. With insufficient development, the muscles of the lower girdle are constantly exposed to traumatic factors.

It is believed that stretching of the ligamentous and tendon apparatus in the area of ​​the knee and ankle joint is a direct consequence of insufficient tone of the gluteal and femoral muscles.

With weakness in the muscles of the thighs and buttocks, the ability to fully coordinate movements is lost and therefore incorrect foot placement is possible, resulting in a risk of stretching the ligaments and tendons.

The main muscles of the buttocks are described in this article, where their structure and functions are considered. Here you can also find information about the thigh muscles, which, together with the lower belt, provide full-fledged movements.

Gluteal and pelvic muscles

The muscles of the pelvis, surrounding the hip joint on all sides and acting on it, originate on the bones of the pelvis and lumbar vertebrae and are attached in the region of the upper third of the femur mainly to the greater and lesser trochanters.

In the pelvic cavity, according to the anatomy of the muscles of the buttocks, the iliac ( m. iliacus ), starting from the iliac fossa; Attached to this muscle is the psoas major muscle ( m. psoas major ), which originates from the bodies and transverse processes of the XII thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae.

Together they form the iliopsoas muscle ( m. iliopsoas ), the fibers of which pass under the inguinal ligament to the thigh in front of the transverse axis of the hip joint and are attached to the lesser trochanter.

With the contraction of this group of muscles of the buttocks, the thigh bends and rotates somewhat outward (supinates); in the case of fixation of the lower extremities (in a standing position), the muscle is involved in tilting the body forward due to flexion in the hip joints.

Often there is a small psoas muscle ( m. psoas minor ), which is adjacent to the large psoas muscle, starting from the XII thoracic and I lumbar vertebrae.

In the gluteal region, behind the hip joint, there are muscles that perform extension, abduction and supination of the thigh.

The main extensor of the hip in the hip joint is the gluteus maximus ( m. gluteus maximus ) - a powerful muscle layer that lies directly under the skin on the back of the pelvis.

It starts from the outer surface of the iliac wing, the lateral parts of the sacrum and coccyx, descends obliquely downward and laterally and is attached with its back part to the gluteal tuberosity of the femur, and with its front part to the wide fascia of the thigh, weaving with a tendon into its ilio-tibial tract ( tractus iliotibialis ).

In a standing position, due to its structure, the buttock muscle, contracting, performs extension in the hip joint, ensuring that the body is held in a vertical position.

It bears the main load while maintaining the balance of the body, since it contributes to a greater extent to the displacement of the projection of the BCT of the body relative to the transverse axis in the hip joints.

During movement when walking, she unbends the thigh; also participates in abduction and rotational movements of the hip. Between the tendon of the muscle and the greater trochanter lies the synovial bag ( bursa trochanterica m. gluteimaximi ), which facilitates abbreviations of this strong muscle during movements of the femur.

Tensioner and rotational movements

Paired with the gluteus maximus muscle, the tensor fascia lata works, which, starting from the superior anterior iliac spine, is also woven into the fascia lata of the thigh. In a vertical position, the body seems to balance on the hip joints, swaying back and forth.

At the same time, the muscles passing posteriorly from the transverse axis of the hip joint (large and middle gluteal muscles) and anteriorly from it (iliopsoas muscle and tensor fascia lata) actively work.

Along with this, the gluteus maximus muscle and the tensor fascia lata together play an important role in transferring the forces developed by the muscles of the pelvic girdle to the tibia, the main support of the body when standing on one leg.

Gluteus medius ( m. gluteus medius ) starts from the outer surface of the iliac wing, has a fan-shaped abdomen and is attached to the greater trochanter of the femur near the apex.

Beneath it lies the gluteus minimus ( m. gluteus minimus ), which is attached to the anterior surface of the greater trochanter. The main function of these muscles is to ensure the horizontal position of the pelvis, and with it the vertical position of the body when resting on one leg while walking.

During contraction, both of these muscles abduct the thigh, and also participate in the supination of the thigh (posterior bundles of muscle fibers) and its pronation (anterior bundles).

In rotational movements in the hip joint, the muscles of the pelvic girdle, located behind its vertical axis and producing supination of the thigh, and the muscles of the thigh, located anterior to the axis and producing pronation, take part.

Hip supination is performed by the piriformis muscle ( m. piriformis ), obturator internus muscle ( m. obturatorius internus ) with its short bundles called the superior and inferior gemelli muscles, quadratus femoris ( m. quadratus femoris ) and the obturator externus muscle ( m. obturatorius externus ).

The greater and lesser sciatic foramen lead from the pelvic cavity to its posterior surface ( foramen ischiadicum majus et foramen ischiadicum minus ).

The piriformis muscle passes through the large sciatic foramen from the pelvic cavity, above and below which there are important slit-like spaces for the passage of blood vessels and nerves from the pelvic cavity to the gluteal region: foramen suprapiriforme ) and a pear-shaped hole ( foramen infrapiriforme ). The obturator canal leads to the medial surface of the thigh from the pelvic cavity ( canalis obturatorius ).

femoral muscle group

The hip plays an extremely important role in walking. The anatomy of the thigh muscles is such that the positioning of the entire leg, which is supported during the translational movement of the body, directly depends on its movements.

In this section of the lower limb, three groups of thigh muscles are distinguished:

• The medial muscle group of the human thigh is dominated by adductors; they are antagonists of the posterior group of muscles of the pelvic girdle and adduct the thigh. When working with the posterior muscle group of the pelvic girdle, which occurs when supported while walking on one leg, they keep the pelvis in a horizontal position, and with it the entire body in a vertical position;
• In the posterior group, muscles predominate, simultaneously acting on the hip and knee joints, producing hip extension and lower leg flexion;
• In the anterior group, the most developed strong quadriceps thigh, which is the main extensor of the lower leg. In addition to it, there are other muscles in the anterior group that act on both the thigh and the lower leg, ensuring their mutual installation when resting on one leg while walking.

As part of the medial group with a special structure of the thigh muscles that perform its adduction in the hip joint, the comb muscle is isolated ( m. pectineus ), adductor longus muscle ( m. adductor longus ), a short adductor muscle ( m. adductor brevis ), a large adductor muscle ( m. adductor magnus ) and thin muscle ( m. gracilis ). All of them start from the branches of the pubic and ischial bones and are attached to the femur, mainly to the medial lip of the rough line.

The most powerful adductor muscle is the adductor magnus ( m. adductor magnus ), starts not only from the branches of the pubic and ischial bones, but also from the ischial tuberosity, and is attached to the medial lip of the rough line throughout its entire length, therefore, it is located mostly behind the transverse axis of the hip joint.

This position allows the thigh muscle to perform the following functions: in addition to adduction, participate in the extension of the lower limb in the hip joint. A slit-like opening is formed in the lower part of the tendon of the muscle ( hiatus tendineus ), through which the vessels from the anterior surface of the thigh pass to its posterior surface and end up in the popliteal fossa.

thin muscle ( m. gracilis ) is located the most superficial of the adductor muscles. It starts from the lower branch of the pubic bone, and is attached to the tuberosity of the tibia and the fascia of the lower leg. Throwing over two joints, it can participate both in adduction of the thigh in the hip joint, and in flexion of the lower leg in the knee joint.

The posterior thigh muscle group consists of those muscles that are simultaneously involved in the work of the hip and knee joints.

In the hip joint they produce extension of the thigh, and in the knee joint - flexion of the lower leg. Basically, they begin on the ischial tuberosity. semitendinosus muscle ( m. semitendinosus ) is distinguished by a long tendon, which is attached to the tuberosity of the tibia and the fascia of the lower leg.

semimembranosus muscle ( m. semimembranosus ) lies under the previous one and has a wide tendon in the proximal part; attaches to the medial condyle of the tibia and the capsule of the knee joint.

long head ( caput longum ) biceps femoris ( m. biceps femoris ) begins together with these two muscles on the ischial tuberosity and, connecting with the short head ( caputbreve ), starting from the middle third of the lateral lip of the rough line, is attached to the head of the fibula.

The anterior thigh muscle group is predominantly represented by the quadriceps femoris ( m. quadriceps femoris ), which is the main extensor of the lower leg in the knee joint.

The longest head of the muscle is located most superficially - this is the rectus femoris ( m. rectus femoris ), which starts from the lower anterior iliac spine of the pelvic bone. Throwing over the hip joint, this head allows the quadriceps femoris muscle to participate in hip flexion.

The remaining three heads originate from the femur:

• Lateral head- lateral broad muscle of the thigh ( m. vastus lateralis ) starts from the intertrochanteric line and the lateral lip of the rough line;
• medial head- vastus medialis muscle m. vastus medialis ) - from medial lip rough line;
• intermediate head- vastus intermedius muscle m. vastus intermedius ) lies between them and starts from the anterior surface of the femur.

All heads of the muscle form a common tendon that attaches to the tuberosity of the tibia.

Pelvic muscles originate from the pelvic bones that limit the hip joint and are attached to the proximal end of the femur. Some of them cover the walls of the pelvis, and the outer group occupies the gluteal region.
Inner group: 1. Iliopsoas muscle, m. iliopsoas.
2. Large lumbar muscle, m. psoas major.
3. Small lumbar muscle, m. psoas minor.
4. Iliac muscle, m. iliacus.
5. Piriformis muscle, m. piriformis.
6. Internal obturator muscle, m. obturator intemus.
Outgroup: 1. Gluteus maximus, m. gluteus maximus.
2. Gluteus medius, m. gluteus medius.
3. Small gluteal muscle, m. gluteus minimus.
4. Square muscle of the thigh, t: quadratus femoris.
5. Upper twin muscle, m. gemellus superior.
6. Lower twin muscle, m. gemellus inferior.
7. External obturator muscle, m. obturator externus.
8. Muscle-stretching fascia lata, m. tensor faciae latae.

Inner group

1. Iliopsoas muscle, m. iliopsoas - is formed by the fusion of bundles of two muscles: m. iliacus and m. psoas major. It exits the pelvic cavity through a muscular lacuna and attaches to the lesser trochanter of the femur. The iliopsoas muscle is involved in the formation of the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity and is important for the formation of lumbar lordosis.
2. psoas major, m. psoas major - originates from the lateral surface of the XII chest and I-IV. Deep muscle bundles originate from the transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae, go down and together with m. iliacus form the iliopsoas muscle, m. iliopsoas.
Function: flexes the hip in the hip joint, rotates it from the outside (supinates), and with a fixed hip, bends the torso forward. When standing on one leg, this muscle not only flexes the pelvis, but also returns it around a vertical axis passing through the hip joint.
Blood supply: aa. iliolumbalis, circumflexa ilium profunda.
Innervation:
3. Small psoas muscle, m. psoas minor - unstable, located on the front surface of m. psoas minor, originates from the lateral surface of the body of the XII thoracic and I lumbar vertebrae, attaches to the pubic crest and eminentia iliopectinea.
Function: stretches fascia iliaca.
Blood supply: aa. lumbales.
Innervation: rr. musculares plexus lumbalis (I 1-I II).
4. Iliac muscle, m. iliacus - fills fossa iliaca, originates from its walls, the bundles fan-like converge to the border line of the pelvis and, together with m. psoas major form the iliopsoas muscle, m. iliopsoas.
5. piriformis muscle, m. piriformis - has the shape of a triangle, originates from the anterior surface of the sacrum at the foramina sacralis (II-V), goes to the side and down, leaves the pelvic cavity through the foramen ischiadicum majus, attaches to the top of the trochanter major.
Function: returns the thigh from the outside (supinates), and also takes part in its retraction.
Blood supply: aa. glutea superior et inferior.
Innervation: rr. musculares plexus sacralis (S 1-5 II (S III)).
6. obturator internus muscle, m. obturator internus - located on the inner surface of the lateral wall of the small pelvis. It originates from the inner surface of the os coxae around the membrana obturatoria and from its inner surface. The muscle passes through the foramen ischiadicum minus, enters the gluteal region and attaches to the fossa trochanterica. The superior and inferior gemelli muscles are attached to the tendon of this muscle.
Function the obturator internus and gemelus muscle is to abduct the hip, and when standing on one leg, these muscles keep the pelvis from tilting in the opposite direction.
Blood supply: aa. glutea inferior, obturatoria, pudenda interna.
Innervation: rr. musculares plexus sacralis (I IV-.S II (S III)).

Outgroup

1. Gluteus maximus muscle, m. gluteus maximus - quadrangular in shape, goes back to outer surface os ilium, behind linea glutealis posterior and from. facies dorsalis of the sacrum and coccyx, as well as from lig. sacrotuberale and fascia lumbodorsalis. It goes down and forward, covering the trochanter major, and attaches to the tuberositas glutealis os femoris, and partially passes into the fascia lata, reaches the upper end of the os tibia. Between this muscle and a large trochanter is a large synovial bag.
Function: unbends the thigh and lower leg, straightens the torso bent forward, stretches the wide fascia of the thigh and gives the posture a slender position.
Blood supply: aa. glutea superior et inferior, circumflexa femoris medialis, profunda femoris.
Innervation: n. gluteus inferior (plexus sacralis) (L VS I (S II)).
2. Gluteus medius, m. gluteus medius - triangular in shape, located under the gluteus maximus. Ascends to the outer surface of the os ilium between the linea glutealis anterior et posterior and from the fascia lata. Attached to the apex and outer surface of the greater trochanter of the femur.
Function: abducts the hip. The anterior bundles rotate the thigh towards the middle (pronation), while the posterior bundles rotate the thigh outwards (supination).
Blood supply:
Innervation: n. gluteus superior (j) lexus sacralis) (L IV-511).
3. Gluteus minimus, m. gluteus minimus - lies on the lateral surface of the pelvic bone, covered by the gluteus medius muscle. It grows from os ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines, is attached by wide tendons to the anterior margin of the trochanter major.
Function: abducts the hip and takes part in straightening the bent torso.
Blood supply: aa. glutea superior, circumflexa femoris lateralis.
Innervation: n. gluteus superior (plexus sacralis) (L IV-5 I).
4. Quadratus femoris, m. quadratus femoris - a flat quadrangular muscle, located between m. gluteus maximus and m. obturator externus, originates from the lateral surface of tuber ischiadicum, goes laterally and attaches to crista intertrochanterica and trochanter major.
Function: returns the thigh from the outside (supinates).
Blood supply: aa. glutea inferior, circumflexa femoris medialis et obturatoria.
Innervation: n. ischiadicus (plexus sacralis) (L IV-5 I).
5.Gemini Superior, m. gemellus superior - originates from spina ischiadica and attaches to fossa trochanterica.
Blood supply: a. glutea inferior.
Innervation: rr. musculares (plexus sacralis) (L IV-S I).
Gemini inferior, m. getnellus inferior - originates from tuber ischiadicum, attaches to fossa trochanterica.
Blood supply and innervation: such as those of the superior gemellus muscle.
Obturator externus muscle, m. obturator externus - originates from outside membrana obturatoria and from the bone edge of foramen obturatorius, then the muscle bundles pass into the tendon adjacent to the hip joint and attach to the fossa trochanterica.
Function: rotates the hip from the outside.
Blood supply: aa. obturatoria, circumflexa femoris lateralis.
Innervation: n. obturatorius (plexus lumbalis) ((L II) L III L IV).
Muscle - tensile fascia lata, m. tensor fasciae latae - located in the gluteal region and in the lateral region of the thigh, with its distal end
woven v wide fascia of the thigh. It originates from the spina iliaca anterior superior, goes down and, at the border of the upper and middle third of the thigh, passes into the tractus iliotibialis, reaching the upper end of the tibia. Function: stretches the wide fascia of the thigh, flexes the thigh.
Blood supply: aa. glutea superior, circumflexa femoris lateralis. Innervation: n. gluteus superior (plexus sacralis) (L IV-S I).

The muscles of the pelvis and thigh in medicine are not considered separately, since the state of the first group of muscles directly affects the second, and vice versa, i.e. these 2 categories of fibers form a single kinematic chain. This article discusses the structure of the extensors, flexors and adductors of the thigh and the features of their innervation.

Pelvic muscles

They are withdrawn in the region of the pelvic girdle, sent to the femur, attaching in the upper section. They limit the hip joint, participate in its movements. According to functionality, they are divided into internal and external groups.

Inner group

Iliopsoas muscle─ consists of three muscles that combine into a single plexus, forming the muscular basis of the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity.

• The large psoas muscle (psoas major) ─ departs from the lateral surface of the XII thoracic and four upper lumbar vertebrae.
• Iliac - from the fossa of the same name.
• Small lumbar ─ from the XII thoracic and I lumbar vertebrae. Enters the iliac fascia.

Musculus iliopsoas is attached at the lesser trochanter.

Flexes at the hip joint. When the limb is installed, it participates in the forward tilt of the torso.

piriformis muscle begins on the pelvic surface of the sacrum, on the side of the anterior sacral foramen. Leaves the pelvic cavity, attaches at the upper part of the greater trochanter.

Superior and inferior twin muscles: the first departs from the ischium, and the second - from the tubercle of the same name.

obturator internus muscle─ origin from the circumference of the membrane of the same name. From the pelvic cavity it passes through the sciatic foramen and is attached to the medial surface of the greater trochanter.

The listed muscles perform a common function - they are involved in turning the limb outward.

outdoor group

Gluteus maximus muscle has a superficial location, has received the greatest anatomical development due to the upright posture of a person. It starts from the ilium and sacrotuberous ligament, attaches to the gluteal tuberosity.

Extends and rotates the thigh to the outside. During the rest period, it maintains the trunk in an upright position.

Gluteus medius─ the beginning on the surface of the ilium of the same name, is attached to the greater trochanter.

Gluteus medius performs turns in two directions ─ the anterior bundles turn inward, the posterior ones outward. In a fixed position, together with the muscle discussed below, it maintains the vertical position of the body.

Gluteus minimus─ starts from the outer wing of the ilium (PC), attaching to the greater trochanter. Performs functions similar to the previous fiber.

Tensor fascia lata departs from the PC and the adjacent part of the iliac crest. The continuation of this tendon is called the iliotibial tract, which is fixed to the lateral condyle of the tibia.

Flexes and abducts the thigh, turns it outward, together with the large and middle gluteal muscles acts on the knee. With a fixed proximal part, it rotates the pelvis.

Quadratus femoris(quadratus femoris) starts from the outer edge of the ischial tuberosity, is attached to the intertrochanteric crest. Participates in outward turns.

Obturator externus muscle has a triangular shape, originates on the outer surface of the pubic and ischial bones, is fixed in the trochanteric fossa. Responsible for the rotation of the TBS outward.

thigh muscles

Anatomy distinguishes three categories:

• anterior - flexors;
• back ─ extensors;
• medial ─ leading.

front group

Sartorius- longest in human body. Departs from the upper part of the iliac spine, goes down in an oblique direction, passing to inner surface. Behind rounding the medial epicondyle, it passes to the lower leg. Place of attachment ─ tibial tuberosity.

Functionality consists in bending the leg at the hip and knee joints, rotating the lower leg inward, and the thigh to the outside. Prevents twisting of the hip joint when squatting.

four-headed the muscle is formed by the direct, intermediate, lateral and medial wide muscles. Each has its own origin, in the area of ​​the knee it forms a tendon that covers the patella and is attached to the tibia.

• Direct ─ located above the acetabulum from the lower iliac spine, immediately covered by the sartorius muscle, descending down and passing into a thin tendon.
• Medial ─ starts from the rough line of the lip of the same name, in the downward direction it transforms into a wide tendon.
• Lateral ─ departs from the base of the greater trochanter, femoral crest and lateral lip.
• Intermediate - located under the rectus muscle, starts from the intertrochanteric line.

four-headed muscle fiber involved in leg extension and hip flexion.

back group

Biceps has 2 heads: a long one, the beginning of which is in the region of the ischial tuberosity, and a short one, which departs from the lateral lip of the rough line. Both form the abdomen, which passes into a narrow tendon attached to the fibula.

The function of the muscle is to extend the hip and flex the leg. At bent knee, alternately contracting on both sides, rotates the ankle outward.

Semitendon the muscle comes from the ischial tuberosity. Going down, it passes into a long tendon, attached to the tibial tuberosity. In this place, with bundles of collagen fibers of the fine and sartorius muscles, it forms the crow's foot.

Participates in flexion and rotation of the lower leg inwards, in extension of the thigh. Together with the gluteus maximus muscle, with a fixed lower leg, it straightens the torso.

semimembranosus muscle departs from the ischial tuberosity, in the lower section passes into a flat tendon, attached to the tibia. Here it is divided into three bundles, which form a deep goose foot.

With a fixed pelvis in the knee, it flexes the lower leg and straightens the thigh. With a similar position, the lower leg, together with the gluteus maximus, unbends the torso. With a bent knee, rotates the ankle inward, pulling the capsule of the knee joint.

medial group

thin muscle located superficially on the median side. Starting from the pubic bone, downward passes into the tendon, attaching to the tibial tuberosity. Function ─ hip adduction, lower leg flexion.

comb muscle presented in the form of a quadrilateral. Departs from the crest of the pubic bone, is fixed to the comb line of the femur. Responsible for adduction and flexion of the lower limb, rotates to the outside.

adductor longus muscle has a triangular shape. It departs with a short tendon below the pubic tubercle.

Short adductor─ originates from the lower branch of the pubic bone, is located behind the pectinate and long adductor.

Large adductor comes from the region of the ischial tuberosity and the lower branch of the pubis. At the site of attachment to the adductor tubercle, the medial condyle limits the tendon gap.

The place of attachment of the long, short and large adductor muscles is the rough line of the femur. General function consists in bringing the thigh and rotation to the outside.

Innervation of the muscular elements of the pelvis and thigh

Pelvis, internal:

• Iliopsoas, piriformis, geminal (upper and lower) muscles ─ by branches of the lumbar (LI-LIV) and sacral (SI-SII for the second and LV-SII for the third) plexus, respectively.
• Internal obturator ─ by the nerve of the same name (LV-SII).

Pelvis, external:

• Gluteus maximus ─ by the inferior gluteal nerve (LV-SII).
• Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fascia lata ─ superior gluteal nerve (LIV-SI).
• Square ─ ischial (LIV-SI)
• External obturator ─ fiber of the same name (LII-LIV).

Hip:

The anterior muscle group is innervated by the femoral nerve (LII-LIV).

• Biceps - tibial (SI-SII), peroneal nerves (LIV-SI).
• Semitendinosus and semimembranosus - tibial (LIV-SII and LIV-SI, respectively).

Medial group:

• Thin, comb, long and short adductors ─ obturator (the first LII-LIV, the rest - LII-LIII).
• The greater adductor is the posterior branch of the obturator canal (LII-LIII) and the sciatic nerve (LIV-LV).

Thus, the femoral and pelvic muscles perform important functions: flexion and extension of parts of the lower extremities, performing movements in several planes. Knowledge of the anatomy of the muscles in question will help to avoid injury and maintain the health of the elements of the musculoskeletal system for a long time.