When going skiing, remember that snow and cold temperatures will await you, so the equipment must be appropriate and provide you with warmth and protection from hypothermia.
Take felt boots with you, they will be needed for those who will be engaged in kitchen and campfire work, and will help out in case of damage to ski boots. They should fit the largest hiker foot size in your group. Ski wax kits, paraffin wax, boot grease, and spare bindings may come in handy. It would also be nice to take a pair of spare skis with you.

For more complex hikes, you need to have with you double layer tent and a portable stove.
Before the trip itself, the backpack, tent and clothing of all participants must be treated with a water-repellent agent, this will provide protection from dirt and water.

The daily routine of skiers on a hike depends on the age contingent, that is, if children participate in the hike, it is necessary to adjust the duration of the distance, and most likely in this case you will need a little more time to set up the camp and carry out morning preparations. At low temperatures, it will be necessary to go on the route at about 10 am, and shorten the time for small halts.

When moving on a ready track, the overall pace of the group is determined based on the speed of the slowest skier, i.e. most likely a child. Sharp jerks in movement should be avoided, because periodic cooling and overheating of the body can be hazardous to health. Indeed, on the track there will not always be conditions for changing and drying sweat-soaked clothes. When moving along virgin snow the group pace is determined based on the overall speed of laying the track.

If there are children on the hike, then the most suitable option for laying the ski track will be as follows: a team of strong tourists stands out, which makes the track track, and after it all the other participants of the hike go.

There is a second option, which is an alternate movement, that is, while one group is resting, the other is laying the ski track, and then the rested participants go to overtake, and the hardworking remain to rest, this option is suitable in cases where the strength and preparation in the group as a whole the same. Although with clear planning it can be done with children.

The order of movement during the descents should, above all, ensure the safety of the group, and be sure to take into account the capabilities of each skier. Here the leader of the group should be responsible for everything. Descents should be carried out only in those places where safety from avalanches is guaranteed.

With a sharp warming and cooling, you should also not move downhill, as well as in the first couple of days after a blizzard, snowfall or rain.

You should stay away from frozen reservoirs with a thin ice cover, as well as from those places where flowing water flows or flows from. With blows of sticks it will be necessary to investigate such an area.

Peculiarities of ski tourism: SKIING Presence of more than half of the trip time on the feet of skis leave their imprint on everything: a kind of load on different muscle groups during movement; a way to overcome dangerous and difficult sections of the route; the choice of the path of movement on the plains, forest, ice and rough terrain; order of movement of the group on the route; and much more.

Peculiarities of ski tourism: WINTER Winter for the tourist skier does not coincide with the calendar winter. You can go skiing on the territory of our vast Motherland from late autumn (November) to spring (April). Winter is the most severe time of the year, to which man by nature is poorly adapted. Winter is snow, cold, snowstorms, avalanches and other other signs that characterize this time of year and give rise to a whole bunch of nuances that you need to know and take into account during the trip.

Peculiarities of ski tourism - special preparation for a ski trip In a ski trip, the feeling of a team and the need to live and work as a single organism for a long time are felt especially acutely. Therefore, it is necessary at the preparatory stage to take into account every little thing, to prepare not only equipment and food, but also to train your physical, technical readiness, as well as morally - volitional qualities. Neglect at the stage of preparation for any of the above directions will inevitably reduce the safety margin of the group, which with a high degree of probability will lead to an accident on the route.

Route planning and day trip Pay ATTENTION: Autonomy of the route Short daylight hours Ice conditions in the area Thickness of snow cover Presence of winter roads, communications Necessity of overnight stays route of one or more participants

Route planning The area is selected according to the wishes of the potential group based on the following considerations: novelty, beauty, complexity of the area, transport (financial) possibilities. When planning routes of category 1-2, it is not advisable to go to distant areas (for Western Siberia), for example, Kodar, where the complexity of the passes is 2A-2B

Autonomy Route autonomy When planning a trip of 1 ks (6 days and 100 km), it is desirable that there are short (1-2 days) emergency exits from the route. For example, the route passes near shelters or settlements. Routes with high autonomy - usually from 3 k.s.

Ice situation in the area The manager finds out: Are the main rivers closed, Is there any icing Features of this area (Khamar-Daban - rivers covered with snow, without ice, Kuznetsk Alatau - wet icing, Tunkinsky goltsy - icing) Sources of information: Personal experience Reports from other PSO groups, local hunters, fishermen

The thickness of the snow cover The amount of snow can dramatically affect the speed of the group. It's one thing to trail a half-meter ski track in the Pripolryany Urals, it's quite another to glide over the crust in the neighboring (!) Polar Urals. Siberian regions, such as the Sayan or Transbaikalia, are characterized by the presence of icing on the rivers - areas pure ice. Moving along them is usually easier than along a snow-covered channel and walking along the taiga coast

Overnight stays - so that there is firewood On a hike, as a rule, overnight stays are not planned based on the presence of rivers or lakes nearby. In winter, water is everywhere, swamps - I don’t want to. The main thing is that there is firewood. However, already on the route, they try to extract water rather than melt snow, since there is no need to waste precious time and energy on kindling the latter. On the Terektinsky ridge - we encountered the fact that there is firewood but no water - (we went down from the ridge first to the GZL, then to the snow)

The division of overnight stays into "in the forest zone" and "outside the forest zone" In a ski trip, the division of overnight stays into "in the forest zone" and "outside the forest zone" is more common. The forest means saving fuel and the MOST IMPORTANT thing is dinner and going to bed warm, and “outside the forest zone” is the need to protect the tent from the wind, as well as the lack of heat in the evening (unless firewood is specially brought in).

Physical training Endurance training Intermittent outdoor training, skiing required, overnight experience required winter tent, for hikes with overnight stays above the forest zone – experience of overnight stays without firewood (primus overnight stays / overnight stays in a snow cave) cold water. Then wiping with snow, dousing in a spring, and finally swimming in an ice hole, winter swimming.

Moral and volitional qualities Be ready to live for a long time in conditions of low temperatures (especially critical in tundra regions). Rely only on the strength of the team due to greater autonomy Be ready for several weeks, or even a month, to be in a closed team. During the entire trip, the entire team lives and spends more than a third of the time within a closed space - a tent (where you can get away from a submarine). To be able to endure and endure all the difficulties of a ski trip, trying to enjoy it and not lose heart under any circumstances. Try to avoid interpersonal conflicts, it is better to give in - all the showdowns after the campaign

Preparing equipment Prepare equipment to the conscience, as its breakdown can be a very unpleasant and dangerous phenomenon. Repairing something in the cold, especially outside the tent, is extremely difficult and not pleasant. Repairman (contents of the repair kit) - must be ready to fix any damage to the equipment: breakage of the binding, loss of skis, tent break, etc.

Preparing food Low temperatures make it possible to take food with you on ski trips, which in summer can spoil within a few days. After all, in winter you are in a constant high-quality refrigerator for the whole trip, where not only freshly cooked products do not spoil, but also high-quality foodstuffs. Compared to mountain hikes in winter, they take more fat-containing foods (lard).

The first days, the beginning of the route The beginning of the hike is usually marked by the fact that a person wants to drink a lot, but not much to eat yet, hence the peculiarities of the layout. This is due to the adaptation of the body to the conditions of large physical activity when there is active sweating. Here comes a very significant help in a ski trip - a sledge. The possibility of their use is due to the presence of a plentiful amount of snow, on which the sled from the banner or the basket rolls like clockwork, lightening the backpack by 10 kilograms.

The main part of the route The body has already come to terms with the need to work every day to the fullest. He already needs less water, as he sweats less, but internal energy reserves are coming to an end and the stomach constantly requires supplements. As a rule, the most technically difficult sections of the route are passed at this time.

Stages of the ski trip Organization of the route consists of the following stages: Filling in the application route documents by the tourist group and submitting them to the route-qualification commissions (MCC), reviewing the application documents in the ICC and issuing (admission) to the route; passage of the route, preparation of a report on the passage of the route, consideration of the report and offset of the results in the ICC.

Hiking day mode 1-2 difficulty category Breakfast and packing 7:00-9:00 - 2 hours 1st transition 30 min + rest 10 min - 40 min, 2 km 2nd transition 40 min + rest 10 min - 50 min, 2, 5 km 3rd transition 50 min + rest 10 min - 60 min, 3 km 4th transition 40 min - 40 min, 2.5 km Lunch - 80 min, from 12:10 - 13:30 5th transition 40 min + rest 10 min – 40 min, 2.5 km 6th transition 50 min + rest 10 min – 50 min, 3 km 7th transition 50 min + rest 10 min – 50 min, 3 km 8th transition 40 min – 40 min, 2.5 km Bivouac work + dinner - 4 hours Night sleep - 10 hours, 21:00-07:00

Hiking day mode 1-2 difficulty category Total - 21 km Running time - 5 hours 40 minutes Halts - 2 hours 20 minutes Speeds 3.6 km / h Morning preparations - 2 hours Lunch 1 hour 20 minutes Bivouac work and dinner - 4 hours Night sleep - 10 hours (minus 1 hour 40 minutes - duty of each participant)

Natural obstacles: slopes Slopes - Their complexity depends primarily on the steepness and nature of the snow cover, which ultimately determines the tactics and technique for overcoming them, as well as security measures. Driving on snow-covered slopes is permissible only in the absence of an avalanche danger.

Avalanche-prone slopes The steepness, shape and orientation of the slope form snow accumulation and determine the avalanche dynamics of the snow mass. Of particular danger, even with a small amount of snow, are slopes from 25 to 50 °: falling and portable snow is well retained on them, accumulating up to a critical mass. There are cases of avalanches descending from slopes with a steepness of 1520°. Slopes steeper than 60° are generally considered non-avalanche prone because snow rolls off them and does not accumulate in sufficient quantities to form avalanches.

Natural Obstacles: Slopes Snowy slopes (slopes covered with deep, uncompacted snow) are usually negotiated without skis, by straight up (down) track after track, or by a short traverse. The steps are trampled down by the gradual compaction of snow. The leg should be placed on the entire foot, smoothly transferring body weight from the step. It is dangerous to tilt the body too much towards the slope.

Natural obstacles: slopes Nasty and ice slopes are overcome without skis, as a rule, using crampons, and if necessary, cutting steps. On slopes up to 30 ° they rise like a herringbone, turning the cats' toes wider, the steeper the slope. On slopes up to 40 ° and when traversing, the upper foot along the slope is placed horizontally, and the lower toe down. In areas steeper than 40 °, one should climb on the toe teeth of crampons with support on the slope with the beak of an ice ax.

Natural obstacles: frozen waterfalls Frozen waterfalls, if it is impossible to bypass them, are overcome according to the rules of driving on steep ice slopes with insurance. It must be remembered that when cutting steps, water often protrudes, and sometimes gushing: wet and icy shoes and clothes make it difficult to perform safety techniques. When driving on snow-covered areas, you should feel with an ice ax ( ski poles) places of unfrozen water covered with snow, very dangerous if you fall into them.

Natural obstacles: snow-covered ridges Snow-covered ridges with cornices should be passed on the windward side below the expected line of a possible cornice fragment in conjunction and with belay, which is organized 12 m below the path of movement. Access to the ridge in strong winds and poor visibility, approaching the edge of the eaves and descending from it is unacceptable. If it is necessary to overcome the eaves, the inflation in the safest part is brought down.

Natural obstacles: frozen lakes and rivers Frozen lakes and rivers. The most dangerous areas thin ice or snow-covered gullies, which are formed at the places where the river flows into the lake (river) or the river flows out of the lake, as well as at steep concave banks on sharp bends in the channel. Such places, usually observed in advance, the group always has the opportunity to bypass.

Natural Obstacles: Frozen Lakes and Rivers – Warm Springs Springs with warmer water away from the shore are a serious danger, failures in such places occur unexpectedly in the absence of insurance measures. Signs of a key ice gully - water that has appeared on the ski track, hovering over the ice, uneven snow thickness. Having met such a place, the group must go around it, dodging farther and farther to the side, until water stops appearing on the ski track

Natural obstacles: Frozen rivers - dangerous areas coastal ice edge, mouths of natural tributaries, groundwater outlets (springs), vegetation protruding from ice and foreign objects, places with fast current, open (covered with snow) cracks, polynyas, bridge supports Sometimes in rapids, water is covered by fragile snow cushions held on stones protruding from the water. The path in such places should be chosen closer to the convex coast, where the depth is less, the current is weaker, and the ice is stronger.

Natural obstacles: ice floes Apart from the trouble of falling on wet ice, icing can cause bruises and injuries only when skiing imprudently quickly on sharply lowering sections of the river, especially on rapids and waterfalls. In the latter case, the fall may cause more serious consequences. It is necessary to go down on such sites on crampons. D Driving on wet ice leads to wet shoes and clothes, which can lead to colds and frostbite.

Natural obstacles: Cracks in the glaciers Cracks in the glaciers. Even in the middle mountains (Altai, Sayan Mountains, Byrranga, Yakutia, Severnaya Zemlya), where most of the ski routes lie, there are glaciers dangerous with closed cracks. At the outer bends of the glacier, radial cracks are formed, fan-shaped diverging and expanding towards outside bending. In places where the glacier bends, transverse cracks form with external or internal expansion, and when the glacier enters a wide valley, longitudinal cracks form.

Dangers of the winter route: Frost "You can't get used to the cold." R. Amundsen. The centuries-old struggle for self-preservation has developed natural protective reflexes in humans. She taught him artificial methods of warming and making special clothes and shoes. Lack of suitable footwear for long ski trips, for example, leads to frostbite on the feet. The number of such frostbites is 90% of the total number of frostbites (Yu. Stürmer).

Dangers of the winter route: snowfall Even heavy dry snowfall in calm weather is not dangerous for a group moving on a plain or moderately rugged terrain. He can only slow down the pace. The situation changes dramatically if wet snow falls during a strong wind and the group finds itself on difficult terrain under these conditions.

Dangers of the winter route: snowfall Snowfall (damp snow) is a real danger, and the struggle to save the tent, timely measures against freezing of clothes and frostbite, the ability to quickly build a shelter in the snow become a struggle for life

Dangers of the winter route: wind Wind is dangerous due to its cooling effect and mechanical impact. Strong, gusty winds are dangerous when driving on rocky and snow-covered ridges, on steep slopes: it can cause loss of balance and lead to a fall. As a result of prolonged exposure to the wind, irreversible hypothermia of the body may occur.

Dangers of the winter route: wind The degree of cold influence of the wind depends on its strength and is expressed in thermal equivalent. So, if the air temperature is 10 ° during calm, then at a wind speed of 10 m / s, its cold index will correspond to a temperature of 30.5 °, and at a wind speed of 15 m / s, a temperature of 36 ° (over 18 m / s additional cold effect minor).

Dangers of the winter route: Blizzard and blizzard A blizzard is an unfavorable weather phenomenon, in which there is an intensive transfer of snow with the help of wind. In a blizzard, snow is transported, both raised from the ground, and snow that only falls as precipitation. A snowstorm can be caused by a vortex that has both cyclonic and anticyclonic origin. 3 types of blizzard - blowing snow, low and general blizzard

Dangers of the winter route: Blizzard and blizzard Blizzard is one of the varieties of blizzard, namely, a blowing blizzard. It is caused by wind blowing at a speed of at least 7 m/s. During a blizzard, a fresh snow cover rises from the surface of the earth, which was not touched by the melting process and which did not have time to become covered with an ice crust. A feature of a blizzard is that it can move snow even in the absence of precipitation, with an absolutely clear, cloudless sky.

Blizzard, blizzard, snowstorm In a blizzard, fragments of snowflakes are carried by the wind. Whole snowflakes are carried in a blizzard. As a result of a snowstorm, snow is laid on the surface of the earth evenly, with a small density. After a blizzard, the snow was laid unevenly - in the form of dunes and barkhans, with an increased density of snowstorm steppe blizzard. Snowstorm is called a blizzard in the steppe area

Dangers of the winter route: Limited visibility Limited visibility (fog, twilight, darkness, polar night) is not dangerous in itself, but because it makes it difficult to navigate and correctly assess the real situation: determining the actual steepness of the slope, avalanche danger, the presence of cliffs and cracks. Experience tells us that when visibility is poor, it is most prudent to stop moving.

Fog Fog beyond recognition distorts individual objects, landscapes: the low coast seems to be a mountain range, snowy sastrugi are peaks, and individual small stones are almost rocks. A three-meter stone pillar, thanks to the optical properties of fog, seems like a huge tower resting on the sky.

Dangers of the winter route: Sun, white haze The sun is especially dangerous for eye burns. You can get snow blindness not only on a clear sunny day. Cloudy days are no less dangerous. There are cases of eye disease in people, even those in a tent. For eye protection, each participant must have Sunglasses, mainly with orange glasses, which in cloudy and foggy weather best of all draw even small irregularities in the snow cover.

Dangers of the winter route: Sun, whiteout "Whiteout" scattered light on cloudy days, when everything is equally white and without clear edges. Whiteout is extremely dangerous in the mountains: due to the lack of shadows, bends are hidden and the relief is smoothed out, which makes it possible not to notice the dangerous steepness snowy slopes

Dangers of the winter route: Cold snap A cold snap, for example after a thaw, is dangerous if the group is forced to continue moving in. damp clothes and shoes, which in the cold quickly turn into an ice shell that does not retain heat at all. In the worst situation are tourists, who are caught by a cold snap while overcoming a difficult slope, which limits the possibilities of movement and dooms them to a sedentary nature of actions. Only a quick bivouac and warming up by a fire or in a sleeping bag (after changing into everything dry) can protect you from troubles with serious consequences.

Signs of cloudy, no precipitation, frosty weather clearing the sky of clouds and cooling in the evening; red dawn at sunset in a cloudless sky bluish-silvery glow of the sky after sunset; towards night it becomes colder in the hollows and fog appears; smoke from a fire rises in a calm "column"; the faint twinkling of the stars with a bluish light, the horns of the month are sharp; decrease in the afternoon of cumulus clouds and their complete disappearance after sunset; improvement in ski gliding in the evening; increase in barometric pressure.

Signs of deterioration in the weather - warming in the evening and deterioration in ski sliding; the appearance of thin cirrus clouds gradually covering the entire sky (snowfall is possible in twenty hours), the sun sets in clouds, the evening and morning dawn of a crimson-red color, the strong twinkling of stars, the appearance and intense increase in the number of cumulus clouds rapidly moving across the sky, the appearance around sun or moon white circles; the wind abruptly changes direction and intensifies in the evening; dampness of clothes and equipment, shortness of breath; "snow flags" appear on mountain tops and ridges; drop in barometric pressure, improved visibility.

Tactics, tasks for leaders You are planning a ring in the middle of the route 5 k.s. across the Baikal. From the cast we go up along the tributary, then we pass pass 2A, then pass 1B, and along another river, on which there is also a beautiful canyon with icefalls, we return to the cast. How to arrange the passes correctly (i.e. in which direction will it be easier to pass the ring)? a). as indicated in condition b). in the opposite direction

Tactics, tasks for managers Ridge Kodar, 6 Ph.D., 6 people Halfway through the hike, the group is on day 3 of the 5 day ring and is one day behind schedule. We passed the pass, estimated by the head of the 2B grade, although according to the descriptions of 12 years ago, it is 2A. On the ascent it was easy, and all the technical difficulties were on the descent. The descent (5 pitches) took 5.5 hours. For some participants it was the first pass 2B. The next day, the first ascent of a new pass is planned, which was clearly visible directly opposite from the saddle of the passed pass. As you can see, the rise is simple, approximately 1B k. tr. There is (and declared) a backup option to bypass the new pass through the valleys. a). Go first ascent b). Don't go repass, take a fallback

Tourism

The order of movement and ways to overcome the obstacle

Successful travel is largely determined by the ability of tourists to correctly allocate their time and effort, choose the most rational pace and order of movement for the group, master the methods of movement over various terrain and methods of overcoming obstacles. The safe passage of the route and, ultimately, the success of the entire journey depends on a clear and successful solution of these problems.

Below are tips on organizing the regime and order of movement during a trip, recommendations are given on the main ways to overcome obstacles in various types of tourism.

Hiking trip

Mode and schedule of the day

Hiking mode. Should provide the necessary rhythm in the alternation of loads and rest. The transition mode usually consists of 40-50 minutes of movement and 5-10 minutes of rest at small halts.

Although the mode of movement significantly depends on the area of ​​travel, the season and other factors, the first half of the day usually accounts for up to two-thirds of the day's transition, which takes from 3 to 5 hours of travel. It is recommended to start the route earlier and stop for the night earlier. In the middle of the day, tourists need a long rest and a hot lunch. In cold or rainy weather, a lunch break can be replaced with a short snack, but with hot tea from a thermos.

Sample daily schedule

7.00-8.00 - getting up, exercising, washing, bathing, cleaning the place of lodging for the night.

8.00-8.30. - breakfast, preparation for the transition.

8.30-12.30-transition along the route.

12.30-16.00 - big halt (lunch, rest, socially useful work, games on the ground).

16.00-18.00-transition along the route.

18.00-20.00 - preparation for the night, dinner.

20.00-23.00 - free time.

23.00-7.00-sleep.

Movement pace

The pace of the walking group. It is usually determined by the conditions of the terrain and weather, and allows you to pass 3.5-4.5 km per hour. In a group of novice hikers, the leader of the hike should set the pace based on the rule: matching the pace of the weakest. If the group is heterogeneous in composition (which is in principle undesirable), one should try to equalize the forces of tourists by varying the load of backpacks, as well as periodically sending more trained participants forward for orientation, reconnaissance or choosing a halt.

The rhythm of movement is one of the main means of preserving the strength of tourists and increasing their efficiency. On a good road, rhythm is expressed in a constant speed, and on rough terrain, in a constant number of steps in the same length of time. To maintain the rhythm of the body's work on easy descents, the tourist's step is lengthened, and on difficult sections and ascents, it is shortened. In this case, the usual speed of pedestrians on the slopes will increase to 5-6 km per hour or decrease on the rises to 1.5-2 km per hour.

You need to change the rhythm smoothly, gradually picking up speed at the beginning of the movement and slowing it down 3-5 minutes before the end. In case of unforeseen sudden stops, it is useful to “stomp” on the spot for a minute or two at a steady pace in order to gradually relieve the load on the heart and respiratory organs.

Group movement order

The order of the movement of the marching group. Tourists move in a column one at a time. A guide goes ahead, who chooses the path and monitors timely stops for halts. An experienced tourist is also placed at the end. His duty is to help those who are lagging behind and leave no one behind. When someone lags behind, he sets the signal (shout, whistle, etc.) to let the leader know about the need for an unscheduled stop or slowdown. The rest of the group members on simple sections of the route can choose their place in the column arbitrarily.

On difficult stretches of the path, weak participants are recommended to be placed immediately behind the guide, or even better through one with stronger tourists, so that the latter can provide the necessary assistance to their comrades. When moving along the route, it is not allowed for tourists to be further than the limits of visual or voice communication.

Place of the leader in the marching group. It should ensure the convenience of managing the group and the safety of its movement. The leader can be advised to follow immediately after the guide, from time to time helping him find the way and suggesting the right decisions.

On difficult and dangerous sections (crossing, swamp, scree), the leader himself checks their patency and does not go ahead, insuring tourists until the whole group reaches an easy section. He should also act when bathing tourists in an unfamiliar body of water, when boarding a vehicle, etc.

Line of motion

The choice of the line of movement on foot travel is determined by the relief, vegetation and the presence of trails.

Open spaces of meadows, uncultivated fields, as well as small copses, clear pine forests and other easily passable areas should be passed in azimuth. Dense forests with undergrowth, rugged terrain, thickets of bushes are best crossed along paths, even if they deviate somewhat from the desired direction.

If the route passes through the taiga or forest, where there are no paths, then you should choose the path along the rivers for movement. This is especially necessary in swampy areas, where the driest soils run in a narrow strip along watercourses.

In the forested middle mountains, the line of movement is usually chosen along gentle ridges: it is better to navigate there, it is more difficult to get lost and, most importantly, it is easier to go than below, in the gloomy gorges. Going out onto open areas of grassy slopes, mountain meadows, screes, convex relief forms should be preferred for movement. They are safer in terms of rockfalls, landslides and provide the most picturesque view of the surrounding area.

Overcoming steep slopes

To successfully move on steep slopes, it is important to have shoes with grooved, non-slip soles, as well as to master some walking techniques.

When lifting shoes, it is recommended to put on the entire sole, and not on the toe. At the same time, one must try to maintain a horizontal position of the foot, using each firmly lying stone, a slight bulge of the slope, which are stepped on by the heel of the boot.

The steeper the slope, the more you need to spread your toes. With a long ascent, it is recommended to climb in a “serpentine”: alternately either left or right side to the slope.

When moving along a grassy slope along it (traversing), the foot of the leg located above should be placed on the entire sole across the slope, and the other foot should be turned with the toe at some angle down.

Descent along a good trail and with a light backpack, prepared tourists can do it by running. At the same time, the legs, almost without bending, are thrown far forward, and the body is thrown back a little. On steeper sections, they descend on half-bent legs.

Forest thickets, rubble

In forest thickets, dense shrubs or high, hard grass, they move in a compact group with an interval that ensures safety. Everyone should carefully follow the one in front and repeat his movements. It is necessary to hold the branches set in motion so that they do not hit the one walking behind.

To protect against knots and branches, long-sleeved clothing is worn (a full storm suit is desirable). One hand is put forward to protect against the branches of the face and eyes.

When overcoming fallen trees blocking the path, forest blockages, one should not jump over, but carefully step over, climb over obstacles. It must be remembered that the trunks of rotten trees are unstable and often covered with very slippery rotten bark.

It is not recommended to have various interlocking objects on the backpack and on clothes: a bucket or a bowler hat hanging from the backpack, an ax sticking out of the pocket of the backpack. Even an ordinary skiing woolen cap with a pom-pom will touch the vegetation and delay the movement of the tourist.

Wetlands

Wetlands on the route are usually overcome along paved paths - gats. If they are not there, then in a safe swamp (preliminary consultation with local residents is necessary), tourists move by stepping or jumping from hummock to hummock. Everyone should have a pole in their hands, which serves as a support, a probe for measuring depth and a means of self-insurance in case of a fall. When crossing the quagmire, the interval between people is increased to 5-8 m. To reduce the pressure of the tourist’s feet on marshy soil, walking wicker “skis” can be used or simply tie easily removable pieces of plywood to shoes.

Crossing over luggage

Water obstacles in simple hiking trips, as a rule, are overcome on ready-made bridges and luggage. If the latter do not have railings and are unstable, then an experienced tourist will be the first to cross them. He tries the crossing and arranges belaying other members of the group with a pole or hand. To better maintain balance when transferring luggage, everyone should have a long stick.

It is most difficult to stay on a log if it swings in a horizontal plane. With a few springy squats, these vibrations can usually be canceled out or transferred to a vertical plane, which causes less inconvenience to tourists. Sometimes a rope railing is pulled next to the luggage at shoulder height or a pole is held.

Fording

Crossing wade without a rope. Fording on rivers with a relatively calm course can be different: alone with a pole, which rests against the current; together, standing facing each other and placing outstretched arms on the shoulders of a comrade; in a group of 3-4 people (“Tajik way”), standing in a wall so that the strongest and tallest tourists are from the edges, or in a circle, hugging each other by the shoulders.

In any case, the place of crossing is chosen after preliminary reconnaissance on the widest possible, and consequently, shallower section of the river.

If large stones stick out of the water, you need to go a little downstream of them, where the shock force of the stream is weakened.

It is necessary to cross a river with a rocky bottom or a bottom whose nature is unknown, with shod feet, taking off those clothes that can increase the pressure of the water. Each step should be done carefully, feeling the bottom with your foot.

Crossing with ropes. It is carried out on more turbulent rivers. The most physically strong and experienced tourist crosses the water stream first. His task is to move the end of the main rope to the opposite bank, which is attached to it with a bowline knot (Fig. 14). So that the tourist can swim freely if the current knocks him down, the bowline is tied not on the chest, but on the back.

In addition, an auxiliary rope is fastened to the tourist with a carabiner, the other end of which is held by two insurers, standing on the shore downstream. The issuance of the ropes after the crossing should be done carefully so as not to interfere with his movement and so that the ropes do not rinse in the water. The transferred end is securely fastened on the shore to a tree, rocks, the base of a strong shrub or to artificial supports made of stakes, stone tours, etc. Then, using an auxiliary rope with grasping knots, the main rope is pulled tightly over the surface of the water.

Attached to such railings with the help of a chest harness and a carabiner (the distance from the chest to the main rope should be shorter than the length of the arms), tourists alternately cross the river. You have to move sideways, sorting through the rope with your hands, facing towards the current. The body for better resistance to water pressure should be folded back. In the event of a breakdown, the tourist is pulled ashore with the help of auxiliary ropes (forward or backward.). Since such a crossing usually takes a long time, it is recommended to light a fire on the shore to warm and dry the mother-in-law.

Swimming

Swimming is possible on a calm river and for those who know how to stay on the water well. A convenient place for it is deep areas with a gentle fall of the channel. Expecting in advance to drift down the river, tourists swim at an angle to the current. You should not try to cross the obstacle along the shortest straight line,

In some cases, the first tourist swims with a rope guard. Then it is used to drag the raft and help other members of the group, who can belay, sticking to the water for any non-sinking object - a log, a board, a bundle of brushwood or securely packed in waterproof material and tightly tied with a backpack.

ski trip

Daily regime. In a ski trip, it depends on the length of daylight hours, frost and the need to spend more (than on hiking routes) time setting up camp and getting ready in the morning. In December - January, as well as at other times at low temperatures, one has to deviate from the usual regime and go on the route no earlier than 9-10 am, as well as reduce small halts.

Pace. When moving along a finished track, the overall pace is determined by the speed of the slowest skier. Sharp jerks should be avoided: periodic overheating and cooling in the cold is dangerous to health, and there are not always conditions on the route to change and dry sweat-soaked clothes.

When moving on virgin snow, the pace of the group is determined by the speed of laying the track.

Movement order. When laying ski tracks, several options for organizing traffic are possible. The most common - with a periodic change of guide, which occurs with a significant thickness of the snow cover every 1-2 minutes. If it is difficult to trail the track, and there are weak comrades in the group, then they should be placed through one and change two guides at once.

In a large group, it is advisable to allocate a special team of the strongest tourists for skiing. It is possible, by breaking the group in half, to organize the alternate movement of subgroups; while one is resting on a small halt, the other is laying a ski track. Then rested tourists overtake comrades, and they stop to rest.

The order of movement on ski slope must ensure the safety of the group and at the same time take into account the technical capabilities of each skier. Before the descent, the leader determines the path, the sequence of descent of tourists and outlines the collection point under the slope.

If the slope is large and closed, then you need to go down in stages with intermediate stops. In order to avoid falling (quite common for the third or fourth and subsequent tourists, when they are “carried out” along the ski track to virgin soil with sharp braking) and to speed up movement on a safe slope, you can descend on several parallel ski tracks. When passing slopes where there is no full guarantee of their avalanche safety, it is necessary to place an observer.

Line of motion

The line of movement in winter travel is more straight than in foot or water. In many cases, it is possible to cut a path straight through frozen swamps and ponds. However, you should not build a simple hike only in azimuth. It is better to use any passing ski track or a toboggan road that is convenient for movement.

In the absence of a ski track or road, you can move along clearings, woodlands, river beds. We must always remember that it is easier to go where the snow is less deep.

Behavior in the avalanche zone. In winter, the avalanche danger increases significantly. This should be taken into account when choosing a line of movement and should not be planned to cross concave relief forms - snow-gathering funnels, avalanche flumes, under ridges with overhanging cornices, and in general along all slopes where there is a sufficient amount of snow in an unstable state.

Avalanche slopes can be slopes with a steepness of 15 to 60 °, if the snow depth on them is more than 30 cm. Being in such a zone, tourists should not go on the route with an unfavorable forecast - a sharp warming or cooling, a drop in pressure, during and on the first day - two after snowfall, snowstorm, rain, hair dryer.

When moving along a slope, you must avoid crossing it, move only up or down the slope line, remembering that concave slopes are safest in their upper part, and convex ones in their lower part. Longitudinal recesses on the slope - couloirs and gutters - if it is impossible to bypass them, it is recommended to overcome them in the narrowest places, one at a time and with reliable insurance. In general, you have to move in the avalanche zone at the highest speed. At the same time, the leader needs to ensure that tourists avoid sharp turns on skis, falls - anything that can cause slope shaking,

Climbing, descending, braking, turning

On steep and long slopes, tourists move in zigzags ("serpentine"). At the corners of the zigzags, they turn with a fly turn around the leg, and the turn must be started from the outer, in relation to the slope, ski.

On short sections of the route, herringbone or half-herringbone climbs are possible. On very steep places, the only way to climb is the "ladder".

A big role in lifting with a load is played by the skillful use of stops on sticks.

Ski technique. For beginner tourists, who, as a rule, have non-edged skis and bindings that do not fix the heel on the cargo area, the ski slopes technique is limited to using the main rack and periodic braking on closed, steep or rolled areas with a “plow” or “emphasis”.

Compared to an ordinary skier, a tourist loaded with a backpack has to spread his legs wider on the descent, further put one ski forward and try to fit into the unevenness of the terrain as softly as possible. So that the backpack does not move on the back under the influence of inertia and does not change the position of the center of gravity, it is useful to fasten it to the belt with a special belt.

Movement on long descents is best done in zigzags with turns from the “stop”, on a falling crust, with turns overstepping or in place around the leg.

On very steep slopes, side slipping on the edges of the skis is convenient. If the slope is overgrown with forest with dense undergrowth, then it is better to go down in a stepping step - a "ladder". In some cases, if there is a danger of colliding with a comrade, a tree or a stone, one must be able to apply emergency braking, deliberately falling back to one side or simply sitting in the snow.

Descents in deep loose snow. On such descents, tourists must take the appropriate stance (normal - with uniform movement, front - with accelerated, rear - with slow) and be sure to remove the ski toes from under the snow. Both skis must be evenly loaded. Otherwise, one of them will begin to burrow into the snow and the tourist will lose his balance.

For a beginner, it is easiest to descend in a downhill stance, almost across the slope with a counter slope, which will allow him to easily brake for the next turn on the spot.

Overcoming obstacles

If on the way the skier meets a ditch, a small stream, fallen tree trunks, hedges, then they step over them sideways, having previously placed the skis parallel to the obstacle. Without removing the skis, you can also cross a higher barrier if you sit on it, rest with sticks on both sides and, raising your legs, move them simultaneously to the other side.

In the forest, you should not drive close to the trees - you can easily fall into loose snow near the trunk or, conversely, get into protruding roots or ice in the pre-spring time.

When driving downhill into a forest on a sunny day, you should slow down, as a sharp transition from light to shade causes temporary blinding of the skier. It is also necessary to slow down on descents on icy ski tracks, roads rolled by transport, and areas of windy crust.

Overcoming hillocks, shafts on the move, the skier must squat somewhat on skis, and when crossing a wide ditch, the ravine, on the contrary, straighten up. These movements must be done smoothly enough so that the inertia of the backpack does not cause a fall.

Overcoming frozen reservoirs. In order not to get on thin ice, the path should be chosen away from those areas where flowing water flows into or flows out of a lake or river. Preliminary reconnaissance is required - the place of descent onto the ice, since the ice sags near the coastal edge due to the winter lowering of the water level.

When crossing an unknown and untrustworthy body of water, it is recommended to walk with a distance of 5-8 m. The guide with sticks on ice determines its reliability for the movement of the entire group.

water travel

Features of the mode, pace, order of movement

The regime of a hiking day, In a water journey, depends on the specific route, weather conditions and the watercraft used. For example, when traveling on rafts or open boats during rain, it is better to “break” the regime and not leave the overnight stay until it ends. In a kayak trip along an uncomplicated river, on the contrary, we can recommend going on a day trip even in bad weather, waiting for only a slight clearing in order to collect and put things in kayaks.

The resumption of rain and even its transition to a hard one are not terrible for water tourists if they have reliable capes, and kayaks have waterproof decks and aprons. Under these conditions, it is necessary to move without lunch and choose a parking lot with the expectation of an overnight stay. It is clear that it is necessary to stop earlier, since the search for dry fuel and cooking dinner in the rain will be difficult.

Strongly interferes with tourists, knocking down the pace of movement, headwind. With a large windage of ships, it is better to wait out the wind by shortening the morning transition and, accordingly, increasing the part of the route along “plain” water in the evening, when the wind usually subsides.

Light conditions also affect the regime of a hiking day: in case of poor lighting or a low position of the sun shining directly into the eyes, it is impossible to pass thresholds, shivers, etc. Overcoming these obstacles must be transferred to a more suitable time of day.

Movement order. On boats or kayaks they travel in a wake column with a distance of 30-50 m between ships. When driving along narrow rivers or at a high speed of a passing current, the distance increases to 100-150 m.

Obstacles in water travel are passed, as a rule, one by one. When approaching them, the ship with the most experienced crew moves forward. Behind him, not moving far from the coast, so that you can always land, other ships follow. In case of danger, the crew of the boat in front disembarks and makes reconnaissance of the further path from the shore.

Viewing an obstacle consists in determining its nature, in choosing the method and order of movement of the group through the obstacle. Sometimes, for better reconnaissance of the water flow, control buoys (sticks, logs) are dropped into it.

With a difficult fairway and imperceptible obstacles on the banks from the water, it is useful to set milestones or put up “wavers” who will indicate to the crews of passing ships the direction of the turns. If necessary, posts with rescue posts are set up below the dangerous place; means.

Line of motion

The line of movement in tourist navigation depends on the nature of the water. On small flat rivers, the most convenient for beginners to travel, the line of movement of ships is the main stream. Here you have to go through deep places in order to fully use the speed of the current and overcome various obstacles along the fairway.

On large river arteries, tourists must comply with the Rules for Navigation on Inland Navigation Routes and stay close to the right bank along the course so as not to interfere with the movement of large ships.

On fast and complex rivers (for example, foothills), it is advisable to build a line of movement in such a way as to direct the boat from one cape to another, crossing the fairway on the stretches. In any case, when approaching sharp turns or obstacles, it is important not to be in the main stream, which can pile the boat on the clamp or drag it into high standing shafts.

When sailing in open water spaces, one has to constantly take into account the possibility of strong winds, large waves, surf, and build a transition plan depending on specific conditions, without moving far from the coast, in order to always be able to land on it.

Oar work

The technique of tourist rowing is not much different from the generally accepted methods of movement on the corresponding boats - pleasure boats, punts, boats, etc. It is important that in the process of rowing tourists work more with their bodies, make long wiring with some acceleration and lower the oars into the water no deeper than half blade.

On a kayak trip, the rower's body should, on the contrary, be motionless: tilting towards the rowing blade (a common beginner's mistake) causes only rapid fatigue.

The main thing in rowing is wide and free movements with maximum relaxation of the muscles at the moment of the oar drift and a strong stroke during the retrieve.

In addition to the basic technique of oaring, tourists must be able to “taban” (actively slow down with oars), properly get on and off the ship, depart and approach the ship to the shore and clearly follow the commands “Oars on board!” (when entering a bottleneck), "Sushi oars!" (to stop rowing), etc. Gives a command for such maneuvers and controls the steering wheel on a tourist vessel, usually the rear rower.

Raft management

Raft control differs significantly in that an ordinary raft does not have its own speed in the stream. To direct it to the desired part of the river (of course, downstream), you have to either rest against the bottom of the river with poles, or row with special oars - stern and bow rows, or, placing the raft at an angle to the current, maintain this position with the help of a steering oar.

When working with poles, you should move them forward as far as possible from the raft, so that, having time to make a push, raise the poles when the raft passes the stop point.

Any braking directly by the pole is excluded: the raft will fall on the pole and knock it out of the hands or throw the person into the water.

At a depth of more than one and a half meters, the pole is practically useless. With a weak current in this case, you can use a sail and a rudder or put ordinary oars. If the flow rate exceeds 2 m per second, then even in shallow water it is necessary to put good rows on the raft.

More detailed information on the carving technique, intended for experienced tourists, can be obtained in the special literature.

Going against the current

The line of movement against the current on a rowboat is chosen, if possible, where the flow velocity is the lowest. “Oncoming rapids at a speed of over 2-3 m per second and other obstacles are overcome with the help of wiring. To do this, tourists get out into the water (the legs must be shod) and, holding the boats two by two, wade them through shallow water.

On flat rivers with dry, unforested banks, it is more convenient to move on a tow-strong rope up to 50 m long. One of the tourists tows the kayak, walking along the shore, and the second, sitting in it, helps to keep it near the shore with the rudder and oar. In another version, the second tourist walks along the shore and with the help of a long pole (5-7 m) directs the nose of the kayak in the right direction.

On small taiga rivers with dense coastal vegetation, when using boats, the technique of walking against the current on poles is sometimes used. At the same time, six. usually two tourists work, one standing at the stern, the other at the bow of the boat. Consistently "pushing" with poles into the bottom of the river, they lead the ship forward.

If none of these methods is applicable, you have to carry (drag) boats along the shore.

Sail control

Working with a sail on a tourist vessel is determined by the type of auxiliary sailing equipment and the vessel, taking into account the wind (Fig. 16). If on a kayak, a raft, the simplest rake armament is used, then with a fair (jib) wind, the lower corners of the sail are stretched by the rods to the sides - a straight sail is set. With a backstay, it is better to remake the sail into an oblique one, attaching one lower corner of the sail to the mast, and the second with the help of a sheet and, preferably, a boom to “catch” the side wind (Fig. 17). With the backstay, sprint armament is also used.

A more complete use of the wind (including on the courses of gulfwind and partially hauled) is possible with the use of sailing equipment close to that of a yacht.

In strong winds, a kayak with a sail should be tilted or coupled with two kayaks side by side, turning them into a catamaran. It is also possible to use an oar as a yard to which outrigger floats are attached. Outriggers are made inflatable or glued from lightweight foam in the form of pointed cylinders. If an unexpected squall hits the sail, you must immediately release the sheets, put the kayak into the wind, and then lower the sail.

Major natural obstacles

Shoals, rifts, rapids, individual stones, driftwood, coastal thickets, blockages are very common natural obstacles in simple water travel.

Sandbanks and rifts. For light tourist vessels, they, as a rule, do not pose a serious danger. Obstacles pass through the deepest place (the so-called "trough"), which can be identified by the dark color of the water, the greater speed of the current, a large and even wave in the wind.

rapids. Convenient for driving on straight sections of rivers without particularly large slopes, they require caution when cornering. In order to avoid the pile of the boat on the concave shore, you should leave in advance from the middle of the stream and cuddle up to the convex sections of the shore.

Slugs and loners. On small and medium rivers, it is possible to meet with sunken trees (ploughs) and single stones (odintsy). If these obstacles are under water, then they are recognized by circles on the water, breakers below the obstacle, or by the so-called top of the triangle, formed by two jets of a stream breaking on a stone or tree.

If a single obstacle is noticed, it is better to change course in advance and go around it. If this cannot be done, then you should sharply tug from the side opposite the obstacle, and then level the boat.

thickets. Bushes hanging over the water, washed trees often cause a coup (overkill) of a tourist ship. Therefore, on fast rivers, you should stay away from the bulk (concave) shore with overhanging vegetation and do not try to slow down the kayak by grabbing a stationary object from it.

blockages. Formed where fallen trees block the river. In the event of a blockage, the boat has to be carried along the shore or cleared small passages. With a high current speed, it is important to land on the shore in advance so as not to be dragged under this obstacle.

Thresholds

A rapid is a short section of a river with a high fall and speed of water, usually complicated by numerous stones or ridges and standing waves from converging jets. Approaching the threshold can be recognized by the slowing down of the current and the rumble from falling water. Simple rapids are already found on routes of I-III categories of difficulty, so you need to know at least the general rules for passing them.

A simple threshold along a visible fairway is overcome, like a rapid, at a positive speed of the boat (that is, the presence of its own forward speed relative to moving water).

If there are a lot of stones in the channel and they cannot be bypassed, you have to maneuver between them. To do this, you need to pull in from the side of the obstacle and make strong strokes from the other side, trying to “flow around” the stone with the hull of the boat, all the while looking ahead.

On small rivers, tourists should keep middle line a triangle formed by the convergent jets of the threshold, because here the depth is usually greater, and the channel is cleaner. But on large rivers, where there is a danger of being flooded with standing waves, it is necessary to avoid moving through the top of the triangle.

In any case, if a preliminary inspection of the threshold (and it is mandatory for a novice tourist) gives reason to doubt the success of its passage, it is necessary to carry the boats around or guide them along the coast.

artificial obstacles

Bridges, ferries, some fishing structures, dams, locks, mole alloy are artificial obstacles.

Bridges. On small rivers they pass, as a rule, under the highest span. First you need to make sure that there are no old abutments, driftwood, sawn piles and other underwater and surface obstacles in front of the bridge. It should be remembered that in spans the current is noticeably faster. Approach the bridge at low speed, taking the exact direction in advance. Particular care must be taken under bridges crossing rivers at sharp angles - the probability of a pile on the abutment is the greatest here.

Low walkways and luggage. Tourists overcome them, leaning back on the bottom of the boat and first removing the oars (in a kayak, removing the breakwater and backs). Sometimes it is necessary to flood the boat to increase its draft. Then you have to resort to the help of the crew of another vessel.

Ferry crossings. They pass in accordance with the position of the ferry: either in the middle of the river above the cable or below it, clinging to the high bank.

Dams, locks, floating bridges, zapani (chains of logs tied with a cable), forest blockages, mole rafting. These obstacles beginner water tourists must carry around. Not coming close to the obstacle, you need to land on the shore and look at the path of the portage. Boats and kayaks are usually unloaded before porting. If there are no special carts, kayaks are carried together on the shoulders or on the hands, and boats are rolled along a flat road on stumps of logs with a diameter of 10-15 cm.

In some cases, narrow floating footbridges or dams without congestion can be crossed "head on" by slightly sinking one of the links of the bridge or forest boom. However, it is not recommended to sink boom logs from a kayak.

You can enter the gateway only upon presentation of the itinerary document and upon receipt of the appropriate permission from the head of the gateway. In the lock, tourist ships are not allowed to stand close to the walls and gates of the cells, to be between large ships. You should leave the gateway behind the caravan of ships.

mountain trip

Features of the mode, pace, order of movement

Schedule. In mountain travel, it usually differs in that it is "shifted" an hour or two ahead of the hiking schedule. This is due to the instability of the weather in the mountains (it often deteriorates in the afternoon) and some specific dangers of the mountainous terrain. So, closer to noon, the danger of rockfall increases, the strength of snow bridges decreases, “limp” snow becomes difficult to pass, and “swollen” rivers become difficult to cross.

In a mountain trip, it is recommended to make an ascent at 4-5 hours, and exit to the route at 6-7 hours. A big lunch halt sometimes has to be replaced by an hour's rest with a small snack, but it is necessary to stop and set up camp for the night at 14-16 hours.

Driving mode. On prolonged ascents, the account of more frequent stops for rest changes: every 30 minutes of ascent, a 5-8-minute halt should follow. On steep sections, one-two-minute stops (without removing the backpack) are made after 10-15 minutes of ascent. The pace of movement in the mountains largely depends on the specific terrain and slopes: on the rises, it is usually clearly slow, and on the descents along an easy path it is accelerated.

Movement order. Strictly in a column one at a time. When driving on steep rocky slopes, scree, moraine, it is not allowed to find some tourists directly above the slope above the others. If a different order of movement is not possible, then you should move close to each other.

Line of motion

Line selection. On mountain routes, as a rule, it is determined by the presence of paths laid local residents or tourists. Sometimes beginners try to ignore these tracks, which is completely wrong. Even if from some point of ascent it may seem that there is a shorter way to the pass and the trail “twirls” extra serpentines in vain, it’s still better to believe in a “smart” trail. The round trip is usually the most economical and safest. You can straighten the bends of the trail only on the descents. And then if the slope is not very large.

In the absence of paths in mountainous areas and when approaching an unknown pass, it is necessary to organize preliminary reconnaissance in order to choose the best path of movement.

Scheme of movement to the pass in summer. Despite the variety of local conditions, the scheme of movement to the pass is usually as follows.

Approach to the pass along the valley (preferably along the slope of the southern exposure or covered with more rare vegetation).

Further, traversing subalpine and alpine meadows and climbing scree, and for the path choose their "dead" areas with large stones. Then an exit to the glacier (along the terminal or lateral moraine, along the tongue of the glacier, etc.) and a relatively gentle path along the glacier, bypassing icefalls and cracks to a snowy rise or a small rocky wall of a pass saddle.

Climbing the saddle on snow or rocks is usually done vertically upwards, ensuring rockfall and avalanche safety. Of the rocky areas, gentle ribs and buttresses are the most suitable.

The scheme of movement to the pass in winter. In the forest zone in winter, tourists are usually advised to go along the summer path, but when it gets warmer, if possible, go to the northern slope, and when it gets cold, to the south.

When leaving the forest, it is advisable to stick to the bottom of the gorge (river bed). If the river is not frozen, then snow bridges created by previously fallen avalanches can be used to cross.

Climbing the glacier - directly from his tongue and in no case under the sheep's foreheads. Walking along the center of the glacier, it is better to choose concave places on its surface and avoid convex ones. The upper cirque of the glacier is usually overcome in the middle, if necessary, taking off the skis and moving straight "on the forehead".

Overcoming grassy slopes, screes, moraines

Of the natural obstacles in the mountain outcomes of I-III categories of complexity, grassy slopes, screes and moraines are most common.

The technique of moving in the mountains on grassy slopes is similar to moving along the same slopes on foot trips. However, in mountainous areas they are much steeper, longer and more dangerous, as they can be interspersed with rocky outcrops and limited from below by sheer drops and sheep's foreheads (smoothed ledges of rocks). On steep grassy slopes, descent and ascent are carried out in zigzags, trail after trail, with short intervals.

You have to go obliquely up the scree, choosing comfortable stones for setting your foot. The guide must warn those who follow him about each unstable support. It is necessary to go so close that a stone, accidentally moved from its place by one tourist, could be detained by a comrade following him. When descending in a group along the scree, one must beware that one tourist is above the other.

rocky areas

Moving on rocks requires the application of the "three fulcrum" rule. This means: you need to move in such a way that in more or less difficult areas, while moving one limb, the others do not come off the supports.

On light rocks, the hands usually only maintain balance and actively work only where there is no comfortable and reliable support for the legs. The torso should be kept as vertical as possible, and arms and legs spread at least shoulder-width apart. The protrusions should be supported by the inner welts of the boots. When using the grip, do not press against the rocks. This will provide Better conditions for footwork. It is necessary to move smoothly, without jerks - it is easier to maintain balance and save strength.

For movement, you need to alternately use stops and spacers, preferring the latter: with spacers, there is less risk of breakdown and stress on the fingers. On difficult, but convenient areas for movement with a spacer, you need to move straight up. If you need to move to the side, you need to do it. in lighter areas.

In the absence or insufficiency of reliable supports on a rocky area, should friction be used as fully as possible? (on slabs, scallops) and wedging force (corners, crevices).

Snow slopes and glaciers

Movement on snowy slopes in the mountains, if there is no special equipment, is permissible on simple snowfields, gentle, safe ascents to the pass or when crossing firn plateaus.

When moving, it is necessary to use an alpenstock (ice ax) and hard-soled shoes, since the main efforts when walking in the snow are spent on trampling traces, knocking out steps and maintaining balance.

A tourist should not sharply kick his foot into the snow - it is better to compress the track in it with two or three pressures. Moving along the fragile crust, do not try to stay on its surface. It is better to break through the crust and trample down the step. After all, everyone should take care of those walking behind. Therefore, the guide should measure the distance between the steps with the ease of movement of the shortest tourist in the group. Body weight should be smoothly transferred from step to step, relying on the entire foot.

When driving on snow, self-insurance with an alpenstock is observed. Climbing steep sections is organized “in three steps”: the tourist sticks an alpenstock in front of him and, holding on to it with his hands, drives first one, then the other leg into the snow. Then the alpenstock is transferred higher, and the movements are repeated in the same sequence. On gentle slopes, tourists descend facing the valley and press their heels into the snow perhaps harder. The Alpenstock keeps at the ready. Steep descents pass "in three cycles" facing the slope.

If there is a glacier under the snow, then in order to avoid falling into a glacial crack, you should move in bundles of 2-4 people. The front must carefully probe the snow in front of him with an alpenstock.

Plots soft ice small slopes on glaciers open from snow are overcome in ricketed boots or in shoes with rubber soles with deep corrugations. Feet must be placed on the ice so that they touch his entire foot.

The steeper sections of the open glacier can be climbed in crampons and cutting steps on the slope with an ice axe. When moving on "cats", the legs should be set somewhat wider than during normal walking (so as not to hook shoes and trousers with teeth). "Cats" are placed on the ice with a light blow simultaneously with all the main teeth. In some cases, it may be necessary to create additional points of support - driving in ice hooks.

For confident movement on ice, snow and rocky terrain, a deeper knowledge of mountain tourism equipment and climbing techniques is necessary. Those who are going to go on a mountain hike should definitely familiarize themselves with them from special literature and work them out almost before leaving for the mountains.

Crossing over rocks and snow

The most common way to overcome a narrow mountain stream is a rock crossing, when tourists step over or jump from one boulder to another, insuring themselves with ice axes or alpenstocks. Before crossing, it is important to outline the path of movement and, if possible, check the stability of the supports. Before transferring the entire weight of the body to the stone, it is advisable to test it with your foot and be ready, if the support is unsteady, to jump onto the next boulder. In a shallow place, tourists themselves can sometimes throw stones into the water for the crossing. It is necessary to cross the mountain rivers in the morning, when the rapid melting of snow and ice has not yet begun.

They cross the snow bridge after reconnaissance of its strength. To do this, the arch of the bridge is inspected from the water, stones are thrown at it. If there is no full confidence in the reliability of the bridge, the crossing is allowed only one at a time with rope insurance. An experienced tourist on insurance without a backpack is the first to cross (creep) the bridge with an ice ax probing the snow.

Hinged ferry

To organize a mounted crossing, one person needs to wade or swim across a mountain river in order to bring the end of the rope to the opposite bank. Sometimes the rope can be thrown over a stone, tree or rock on the opposite bank.

After crossing the first tourist and securely fastening the rope, it is strongly pulled (preferably with a bias in the direction of movement) and the rest of the group begins to be transported one by one. To do this, the next tourist is tied with a chest harness, makes a saddle, attaches to the main rope with two carabiners and, moving his hands along it, heads forward over the water across the river. With a large slope, the crossing is carried out feet first.

To insure the tourist, two auxiliary ropes are attached to his chest harness through a carabiner with a “guide” knot: one stretches to one side, the second to the other. With their help, you can pull out a weakened tourist or pull backpacks along the main rope, which are picked up by a carabiner in 2-3 pieces.

Belay and rope work

mutual insurance

Mutual insurance and assistance is one of the immutable rules of sportsmen-travelers. Insurance is a careful observation of a tourist overcoming an obstacle, or providing him with effective assistance to prevent a breakdown, fall, drowning, etc.

Belay techniques vary depending on travel conditions, but the most common method is belaying with a rope. The moment for applying insurance is determined by the group leader based on the degree of difficulty and profile of the path, the physical and moral condition of tourists and other reasons.

Preparation of insurance. Includes following points: the distribution of the forces of the group members to overcome the obstacle, determining the order and sequence of their actions on the insurance; checking the means of insurance (ropes, means for the unsinkability of the vessel, etc.); selection of a support site for insurance, its testing and, if necessary, processing (cleaning, strengthening the platform, cutting off sharp edges on the ledge); checking the availability of appropriate clothing (when belaying with a rope, for example, storm suits and gloves are needed); providing reliable self-insurance for the insured tourist.

Simultaneous insurance. It is organized on relatively simple sections of the route and simple obstacles. In this case, all tourists, being on the move, at the same time insure their comrades.

On foot, this is support during the crossing, in water travel - movement in a compact group during a wave, in mountain travel - movement in bundles along rocky areas or closed glaciers, etc.

On simple sections, you can organize gymnastic (ropeless) insurance. It consists in supporting the tourist and holding him on landing after a fall-off. One or two of the most experienced and physically strong members of the group are put on gymnastic insurance.

Railing insurance. Rope railings are most often hung for insurance and the speed of passing dangerous places by large groups of tourists. When moving along the railing, gymnastic techniques are used: the hands are intercepted along the fixed rope, and the legs rest against the slope, the log of the crossing, the bottom of the river.

Variable insurance. It is used on more dangerous obstacles, when one tourist moves, while others insure him. Depending on the nature of the obstacles; insurance may vary.

When overcoming areas with rocky terrain or where you can stably rest your feet, use rope insurance through the torso of the insurer. The most common types of such insurance are sitting through the lower back and standing over the shoulder.

In the presence of large stones, rocks, trees, insurance through a ledge is more reliable. Sometimes a combination of these types of insurance is used. On the snow, insurance is applicable through sticks, an ice ax, skis firmly stuck into the snow. At the crossing, a mobile belay can be used (the belaying tourist has freedom of movement along the coast). In addition, an “interception” control post should be installed below the crossing point.

The effectiveness of alternating rope belay is largely determined by the ability to take the correct position and position so that the jerk of the rope does not unbalance the insurer, and the ability to pickle the rope when belaying. Rigid attachment of the rope may break it or cause serious injury.

Self-insurance and self-detention

Self-insurance before an obstacle. Preparation for it consists in carrying out a series of activities to test your readiness to overcome obstacles.

They include checking individual equipment (availability, quality, testing it in action); checking individual life-saving equipment (for a water tourist - an inflatable vest, belt, circles; for a mountain tourist - an avalanche cord, etc.); mental repetition of the plan of one's own actions necessary to overcome the obstacle; assessment of possible options for stalling at an obstacle and emergency actions to prevent injuries; general mobilization of physical and mental forces to overcome obstacles.

Use of a stick (ice ax). The basis of self-insurance when passing many obstacles on foot, mountain, and partly ski trips is the use of additional support - an alpenstock, an ice ax, a ski pole. If the obstacle is not difficult, the stick is held with one hand, creating a third support if necessary and helping stability.

When moving on steep or slippery slopes, the stick is held in two hands in the “at the ready” position: the hand holding the upper end of the stick at chest level wraps around the shaft with the palm up, and the other hand, which is closer to the lower end (bayonet) of the stick, takes the shaft palm down and at any moment ready, as it were, to press the stick to the slope. With the help of a stick, you can constantly keep two points of support in motion: while the tourist takes the next two steps, he leans with a stick on the slope, then, standing on two legs, quickly transfers the stick forward to another point of support, and the movement cycle is repeated.

When crossing a slope (traverse, zigzag movement), the pin of the stick should always be facing the slope. When changing direction or turning to the slope with the other side, the stick is intercepted by hands without lifting the bayonet from the ground.

Ice ax on dangerous slopes they are also held in two hands (the upper one compresses the metal head of the ice ax), with the beak down and away from you.

When crossing a ford with a stick, her bayonet is carried out against the current. At the ford on a rope, it is strictly forbidden to use loops with grasping knots. Self-belaying in a similar way when moving along a rope railing can be used in a “dry place” (descents, ascents, traverses), and the length of the self-belaying loop should be shorter than outstretched arms.

self-detention. It consists in the ability to stop or at least partially slow down a fall, breakdown, etc.

When falling or sliding on a grassy slope or small scree, instant support with a stick (alpenstock, ice ax) into the slope from the “ready” position is necessary. If this was not possible and the tourist rolled down, one should strive to immediately roll over on his stomach, head up, and linger with a stick in a prone position. In this case, the stick is held in half-bent hands and rests with a bayonet obliquely on the ground.

When falling on a snowy slope, a tourist must jerk over to his stomach and, pressing a stick with a bayonet into the snow, gradually slow down the movement. It is very important that the legs of the fallen person be wide apart and rest their feet on the slope.

Ropes and knots

ropes. When moving and overcoming obstacles, the most common use of nylon ropes is the main (thickness 9-11 mm, length 30-40 m) and auxiliary (thickness 5-7 mm, length 30-40 m and 4.5-5 m). They are used when guiding various crossings, organizing ascent or descent along a steep slope, when belaying on dangerous rocky, snowy and other sections of the route.

When knitting knots, do not forget at the ends tied ropes make additional safety (control) knots: with heavy loads on the rope, they will prevent it from slipping and untying the main knot.

We must also remember about another feature of the knots: they should not only hold tight, but also be easily untied when necessary. Knots in the "self-untying" version are knitted with an additional loop of one of the ends of the rope in the knot or with a stick previously inserted into the knot.

Knots for loops and strapping. They are used for tying a rope with a loop to a fixed object (tree, rock) and for tying a tourist when organizing insurance.

The most common knots are "conductor" and "bowline". The first is simpler, it can be done both at the end and in the middle of the rope, but after tension it is difficult to untie.

When belaying, these knots are usually used in combination with braces, getting the so-called chest harness.

Harness-arbor is knitted from the short end of the auxiliary rope and is used for hanging crossings.

Auxiliary nodes. The noose knot can be used to quickly and securely attach a rope to a tree, stone, or ledge. Knitted at the end of the rope.

The “grasping” knot is knitted from the auxiliary rope on the main one and is used for belaying, climbing, pulling the rope at the crossing, etc. the rope is immediately tightened. Knitted at the end of the rope with a loop.

The stirrup knot is used for tying a rope, when tying transport devices, lifting, etc. It is easily adjusted and untied without difficulty. Knitted at the end and in the middle of the rope.

Help please! Features of the movement of tourists-skiers on the route and the mode of the hike.

• Preparing for a ski trip Be sure to take 1-3 pairs of boots with you, depending on the number of people in the group. Felt boots will be needed for cooking and campfire work at a halt, as well as spare shoes in case of damage to ski boots. Their size should be calculated on the most big foot in a group. Have a set of ski lubricants, paraffin wax for all types of winter weather (including for thaws), corks for rubbing them, grease for impregnating shoes and spare bindings. It is also recommended to take one or two spare skis with you. For more difficult ski trips, you need a special (two-layer) tent and a portable stove. Before hiking, treat your backpack, tent, clothes, shoes with water-repellent agents to protect them from dirt and water. If the route passes through places where there are a lot of blood-sucking insects, then soak the tent and clothes with repellents. Shoes are impregnated with grease and, if necessary, stretched along the leg. To do this, you need to hold the shoes for ten minutes in hot water (50-55 degrees). Having taken the shoes out of the water, they put insoles into them and put them on their feet hot (on one or two pairs of thick woolen socks). After walking in boots for an hour or two, they are removed, stuffed with paper and smeared. The impregnation of shoes is carried out with a slight heating. For a ski trip, tourists should have the following: Personal equipment: Insulated synthetic winterizer jacket (2 or 3 layers) Anorak Pants (light, windproof, durable), insulated pants. ) Turtleneck or vest (woolen) - 2 pcs. ski boots with felt insoles inside. Two sizes larger than ordinary shoes. Flashlights to protect shoes. Gloves, mittens. Thermos 0.5-1 liter. Toiletries. A bowl, spoon, mug (see "Dishes for a hike"). Skis, poles. Backpack, sleeping bag (Extreme temperature down to minus 20-30 degrees). Personal repair kit (needles, threads). Electric flashlight Foam Group equipment: Special tent ), ladle, ropeFirst aid kit Ropes, candles, matches (in hermetic packaging), dry fuel. The daily routine of a skier on a hike depends on the length of daylight hours, frost and the need to spend more time setting up camp and getting ready in the morning (unlike hiking). At low temperatures, it is recommended to go on the route no earlier than 9-10 am, and also to reduce small halts. When moving along a finished track, the overall pace is determined by the speed of the slowest skier. Remember to avoid sudden jerks. Periodic overheating and cooling in the cold is dangerous to health. And on the route there will not always be conditions to change and dry clothes soaked with sweat. When moving on virgin snow, the pace of the group is determined by the speed of laying the track. There are several options for laying the track. In a large group, it is advisable to single out a team of strong tourists for skiing. Or organize a turnaround. While one group is resting, the other is building a ski track. And then the rested tourists overtake their comrades, and they stop to rest. In areas with deep snow and heavy backpacks, alternate tracking without backpacks is used. And having broken the ski track, the tourist lets the group pass, returns for a backpack and catches up with his comrades. The order of movement on the ski slope should ensure the safety of the group and take into account the capabilities of each skier. The sequence of descent, the path is determined by the leader. On a large and closed descent, it is recommended to go down with intermediate stops and on several parallel ski tracks. Keep in mind that descents should be carried out only in places where there is a full guarantee of avalanche safety. the path can be laid directly through the frozen swamps and reservoirs. But if possible, you need to use a ready-made passing ski track or toboggan run. You can move along clearings, woodlands and riverbeds. It is easier to go where the snow is less deep.

To participate in a ski trip, you need to prepare well. This training should provide reliable protection against exposure to hazardous environmental factors. These factors include short daylight hours, low air temperature, deep snow, snowfall, blizzard, piercing wind (Scheme 15).

The main thing in preparing for ski trips is systematic training. These workouts strengthen health, increase endurance, harden the body. They help the skier to learn how to choose the right clothes and skis, evaluate and distribute their strength.

Scheme 15
Dangerous factors affecting the participant of the ski trip

Clothing and shoes for hiking should be light, warm, waterproof and not restrict movement. Usually this is an undershirt made of woolen fabric, a tight-knit sweater, a windbreaker (a jacket with a hood and trousers), mittens and a woolen hat. Ski boots must have a felt insole and allow plain and woolen socks to be worn at the same time.

Skis for a hike need tourist. They are somewhat wider and shorter than running ones.

Tourists select individual and group equipment depending on the specific conditions of the trip. The group equipment may include a camping stove and fuel (for example, dry alcohol).

The speed of skiers usually does not exceed 3-4 km / h. A tourist who is able to withstand a given pace of movement is the first to go along the laid ski track. The strongest skiers go ahead on the virgin lands, replacing each other. The distance between tourists in clear weather should be 8-10 m, and in limited visibility - about 4 m.

Remember: special care must be taken when driving through a river, lake, stream, swamp.

water trips

Water trips are one of the most difficult types of tourism. They require high discipline and diligence from the participants, special knowledge, skills and abilities.

Most often for water tourism use light rowing vessels: kayaks, catamarans, inflatable boats.

During the hike, you must follow the safety rules:

• documents and money should be placed in a waterproof bag, which you should keep with you;
• matches, dry alcohol should be stored in plastic or metal containers with tightly screwed lids;
• tents, bedding, spare clothes and linen, food should be in plastic bags;
• life buoys must be ready for use, and life jackets must be worn by the hikers;
• when landing, it is not allowed to jump into the boat, you must enter it from the stern and immediately take your place;
• on the route, the boat must be at a distance of visual and voice communication from boats moving ahead and behind;
• when moving, silence should be observed: any cry on the water should mean only one thing - “We are in distress!”;
• a place to stay overnight or a large halt must comply with the basic requirements specified in § 11; the shore should be convenient for mooring and disembarking.

  Remember: you should not camp on the island - the water can rise and flood it.

Bicycle trips

For cycling trips wise choice of roads local importance with asphalt or gravel-sand coating.

The structure of the tourist group, as a rule, includes 4-6 people. All must be at least 14 years of age. Every cyclist must know and follow the Rules traffic It is good to be able to ride a bicycle and keep it in good condition. It is very important to have security measures. This is a head protection helmet, knee pads and gloves.

For cycling tourism suitable for road and sports bikes. Moreover, it is better to use sports on paved roads (concrete and asphalt).

Cyclist clothing should be appropriate for the season and comfortable for cycling. In case of cold weather, you should have a wool sweater, wool socks, gloves and a windbreaker.

As part of group equipment, except for things necessary in any tourist trip, there should be a bicycle repair kit (wrenches, screwdrivers, rubber, glue, spare parts).

The speed of tourists on the route is usually 10-12 km/h. Tight turns, especially on slopes, should be driven at low speed. It is better to overcome long climbs on foot, and to drive a bicycle nearby. The route must be completed 1-2 hours before dark.

Remember: move to if necessary dark time day or in case of poor visibility (fog, haze) you need to get off the bike and walk like a pedestrian.

Questions and tasks

1. Name the dangerous environmental factors that can affect a skier.
2. What is the importance of training in preparing for ski trips?
3. Look at the picture and choose the clothes and shoes that are suitable for the ski trip.
4. What is the difference between touring skiing and cross country skiing?
5. What are the most dangerous places for skiers?
6. Why, in your opinion, water trips are the most difficult and dangerous view tourism?
7. Name the most important, from your point of view, water tourism safety rules.
8. Which roads are the most suitable for water tourism?
9. What safety equipment should a cyclist have?
10. Why do you think the speed of cyclists on the route should be approximately 10-12 km/h?
11. How should cyclists move at night and in poor visibility?