Sports tourism is a combination of relaxation and physical activity; such events are chosen by people who prefer leisure, love nature and close companies and cannot sit in one place. This type of travel is the organization and holding of group events related to skiing, rafting and hiking, including in the mountains. The main task of tourists is to overcome natural obstacles, to fight against the elements.
ski tourism develops on the territory and countries of the former CIS, since it is in these areas that snow has been lying for a long time. What is the peculiarity of this type of sports travel? A group of people gathers, equipped with everything necessary equipment, which includes tourist skis, thermal underwear, a tent, a sleeping bag, a portable stove. Shoe covers are put on boots to protect against snow, woolen socks are always taken. Such an excursion takes place in the mountains, natural obstacles are conquered, the group climbs the slopes and moves down from them, tourists can be on the move in frost reaching -40 ° C. This type of travel refers to ecological recreation. Of course, such tours around Russia are the most common - in the Urals, in Siberia, in Altai, on the Kola Peninsula.
Pedestrian sports tourism, or trekking, is one of the most popular types of ecological recreation in the world. The route is determined in advance, which can be of different length and complexity. At the same time, in order to participate in a hike of high complexity, a tourist must pass tests of lower categories of complexity. Trekking tours can be organized in almost any resort. This is a great opportunity to get acquainted with the history and culture of the country and have fun. Such trips take place both during the peak tourist season in the country, and during the off season and even during the rainy season. You can do trekking on the territory Russia and during holidays in other countries - , Nepal, in and etc.
Water tourism - This is, first of all, rafting, that is, rafting on the river on boats or rafts. The main task of the participants of such a trip is to overcome the rapids of the river and cope with the current. Professionals of this sport can take part in rafting, however, rafting trips for beginners are often organized at the resorts. In this case, all necessary equipment to ensure safety - helmets and a life jacket, beginners are instructed, and throughout the trip, rafting professionals accompany beginners and provide them with assistance. You can engage in this type of sports tourism in Turkey, Russia (Karelia, Altai, etc.), Bali, Greece, Crimea etc.
Special variety - mountain sports tourism. It resembles trekking in that a group of people gather and move along a certain route, however, in this case, a mountainous road is chosen. While overcoming obstacles, the participants of the trip use rock climbing techniques, but the main thing for a climber is to conquer the peak, which is why they climb very high mountains. In this situation, the main thing is to overcome the natural barrier: go through the pass, climb the mountain, etc.
This type of sports tourism is common in Russia (, Altai, Ural, etc.), Switzerland and etc.
The concept of sports tourism in Russia is somewhat different from the European one. Here it becomes more and more extreme. It is often associated with sports trips, however, this is only one of the types of sports tourism. In our country, everyone can choose the type of sports tourism that is close to them. It can be skiing, river rafting, hunting or fishing, as well as all kinds of hiking (hiking, mountain, skiing), etc. Often, due to insufficient infrastructure, sports tourism in Russia is carried out independently. In our report, we will consider those types that are organized special bodies and contribute to the country's economy.
Ski tourism
The mass passion for skiing and snowboarding in Russia has also given rise to the rapid growth of the corresponding winter resorts. Both the construction of new ones began, and the old objects, known since the 60s of the last century, began to be restored.
Russia is a flat country and there are no mountain ranges in its center. The main ski resorts in Russia are located in the Caucasus and the Urals. Many mountain slopes are located in Altai, Baikal, in middle lane Russia and Moscow region.
The most popular ski resorts in Russia are:
Elbrus region(2100-3800 m) - located in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic in the Baksan Valley. Here are the largest elevation changes and the highest mountains among Russian ski resorts. The total length of the slopes is more than 35 km, the length of the cable cars reaches almost 9 km. The Elbrus ski resort has two main skiing areas:
1) Mount Elbrus (2300-3800 m) and 2) Mount Cheget (2100-3040 m). The skiing season is set in November when there is sufficient snow cover. In the alpine zone of this resort, snow lies until May-June, and Gara-Bashi (the highest accessible point on Mount Elbrus) can be skied all year round. Elbrus is the highest peak in Europe (5642 m), so skiers and climbers from all over the world gather here.
Dombai(1600-3050) - located in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, 250 km from mineral waters. This ski resort is considered one of the most beautiful and prestigious. It is good for professionals, and for lovers of skiing, as well as for snowboarders. The slopes of Dombay are not too steep and quite wide. However, confident owners of this sport will find plenty of opportunities for off-piste and freeride. The skiing season opens in December and continues until May. However, February and March are considered the best time, because it is during this period that good snow, bright sun and positive air temperature are combined.
Krasnaya Polyana(550-2230 m) - located in the Western Caucasus. This is an actively developing young ski resort in Russia. It attracts tourists both in winter and summer. This resort is equally good for beginners and skiing professionals. Krasnaya Polyana is not far from the Black Sea (42 km) and Adler Airport (less than 40 km). Thanks to this neighborhood, it becomes possible to combine skiing and living by the sea.
In addition to the listed ski resorts, there are many more ski centers:
· Ski resorts the Volga region;
· Ski resorts of Kamchatka;
· Altai ski resorts (Belokurikha, Seminsky Pass, Mountain Shoria);
· Ski resorts of the Urals (Abzakovo, Solnechnaya Dolina);
· Skiing in central Russia (Sorochany, Borovsky barrow, Volen sports park);
· Alpine skiing on the Kola Peninsula;
· Alpine skiing on Baikal.
Rafting and rafting
Russia is surprisingly rich in water routes, along which tourists travel from spring to autumn on a wide variety of vessels: boats, yachts, rafts, kayaks, etc. The most popular is rafting.
In recent years, rafting has been of great interest, so most of the Russian rivers suitable for this type of active tourism are used by travel agencies to organize commercial rafting.
If we talk about geography, then the main centers for rafting tours are Altai, Karelia and the Caucasus.
The largest number of rafting tours in Russia, available in the arsenal of travel agencies, are routes in Karelia. Numerous Karelian rivers with a large number and variety of obstacles are a dream for water tourists. It is not difficult to choose a route of any complexity for rafting here. Commercial rafting is organized along the rivers Shuya, Suna, Chirka-Kem, Okhta and many others. One of the most popular water routes in Karelia, in which even children can participate, is rafting on the Shuya. The river passes through densely populated areas, flows in high banks covered with pine forests, abounds in beaches, and, of course, rapids - the second category of complexity.
Another route in the north-west of Russia, where rafting is really interesting, is rafting on the Umba River in the Murmansk region. Throughout the river stretches, lakes, rapids alternate - up to the fourth category of complexity. The best time for rafting on the Umba - July-August.
Altai, like Karelia, with its variety of rivers, allows you to make multi-day routes of any complexity. Most of the rivers here have a stormy mountainous character. Among the Altai water tours, the most common various options rafting on the Katun and its right tributary - Chuya.
Among the rivers of the Caucasus, the Mzymta and Belaya are especially popular with tourists, as well as the main raftable rivers of Altai, they are the venues for the stages of the Russian Rafting Championship.
In Russia, the hobby for diving became massive after perestroika, when the iron curtain collapsed. It was then that Russian submariners began to study according to international standards, most of which were developed by Jacques-Yves Cousteau. In 1994-1996, the first dive clubs appeared, and the number of divers began to grow exponentially: in 1997, about 2,000 Russian citizens were certified, and in 2001, the number of certified divers exceeded 15,000.
The number of certified diving centers in Russia has already exceeded one hundred.
Paradise for divers is located in the resort part of our country - Tuapse, Sochi, Anapa. In addition, there are diving centers on the White Sea, Kamchatka and Lake Baikal,
Hunting and fishing
In Russia, hunting and fishing are of great importance and have a rich history, due to the fact that the country has a rich wildlife. Hunting and fishing in Russia have their own customs and traditions that distinguish them from similar trades all over the world. It's practically a national occupation. The country has a huge number of hunting and fishing farms.
Main the centers of these types of sports tourism in Russia are: the Arkhangelsk region, the Kola Peninsula, Kamchatka, Yakutia, Altai, the Moscow region, Karelia, the Novgorod region, the Tver region.
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FEDERAL AGENCY OF MARINE AND RIVER TRANSPORT
Federal State Educational Institution
higher professional education
"St. Petersburg State University of Water Communications"
Faculty of Humanities
Department of International Business, Management and Tourism
Course work:
Sports tourism
Completed:
4th year student
group EU-42
Kuznetsova N.N.
Checked:
Divina N.A
St. Petersburg
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..3
1.1 History of sports tourism……………………………………………...4 1.2 Types of sports tourism……………………………………………………6 tourism……………..……………………………...7 1.4 Types of movement in tourism……………………………………………..9
2. Classification of routes………………………………………….……10
3. Ranks in sports tourism……………………………………....…...10
4. Tourist and sports events………………………………………....11
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...13
Bibliographic list…………………………………………………....14
Introduction
Sports tourism is an independent and socially oriented sphere, a lifestyle of a significant stratum of society; effective remedy spiritual and physical development personality, education of respect for nature, mutual understanding and mutual respect between peoples and nations; a form of "people's diplomacy" based on a real acquaintance with the life, history, culture, customs of peoples, the most democratic type of recreation, characterized by a specific form of folk art, a free choice of the form of own activity of all socio-demographic groups of the population, from preschool children to pensioners.
Sports tourism in Russia is a national sport with a long tradition. It includes not only the sports component, but also a special spiritual sphere, and the way of life of the wanderers themselves. Non-commercial tourist clubs (“tour clubs”) are still the centers for the development of sports tourism, although many tourists are engaged in it on their own.
The sport "Sports tourism" is included in All-Russian register of sports Under the number 0840005411I(2006-2009).
1.1 History of sports tourism
Sports tourism is a sport based on competitions on routes that include overcoming categorized obstacles in the natural environment (passes, peaks (in mountain tourism), rapids (in water tourism), canyons, caves, etc.), and at distances laid in the natural environment and on artificial relief.
Sports tourism in the USSR, as a sport, is included in the Unified All-Union sports classification 1 in 1949. When assigning sports categories and the title of master of sports, the number and complexity of completed trips, as well as the experience of independent management of them, are taken into account. Difficulty is determined by the duration and length of the routes, the number and variety of natural obstacles. Multi-day hikes (walking, skiing, water, mountain, cycling, car, motorcycles and mopeds) are carried out along routes of 5 categories of difficulty. Routes of increased complexity, especially of the 4th-5th categories, require good general physical and special training. Camping trips are carried out, as a rule, with the assistance of sports and tourist clubs, councils of sports societies, physical education teams. As a means of year-round training of tourists, the so-called. weekend hikes and competitions in types of tourist equipment (for some, all-Union competitions are held).
The procedure for the formation of tourist groups, the rights and obligations of their participants and leaders, paperwork, development and preparation of routes, etc. are regulated by the "Rules for organizing and conducting amateur tourist trips and Travel on the Territory of the USSR” (approved by the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions in 1972).
Sports tourism is the preparation and conduct of sports trips with the aim of overcoming the vast expanse of wild nature on skis (ski tourism), by means of rafting (water tourism) or on foot in the mountains (mountain tourism). The sports trip is carried out by an autonomous group of 6-10 people. It happens that travelers do not meet any traces of civilization for a month. To pass the route you need to be not only strong, agile, courageous and stubborn, but also to have a wide range of special knowledge from the technique of overcoming obstacles to human physiology in extreme conditions. Unlike conventional travel, sports travel includes a set of natural obstacles classified by difficulty. As a rule, in mountain and ski tourism such obstacles are mountain peaks and passes, and in water tourism - river rapids. Classified obstacles form the basis of the methodology for comparing trips by their difficulty. It's like grading the difficulty of gymnastics programs or figure skating. The most difficult trips performed with brilliance are nominated for the championship of Moscow and the championship of Russia.
The organization and conduct of sports trips are subject to the Rules approved by the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia. These Rules accumulate the experience of many generations of travelers. Therefore, when they are carried out, the level of safety achieved in sports tourism is guaranteed. This is controlled by the system of route qualification commissions (MCC). In particular, the ICC checks the readiness of the group to enter the route and the compliance of the experience of the participants of the trip with its complexity. In accordance with the Rules, sports trips can have six categories of complexity (c.s.). If the travels of the first k.s. feasible for beginners, then travel sixth k.s. extreme even for the strongest and most experienced travelers. Indeed, mountain “sixes” in some areas can include climbing to peaks over 7000 m high, ski “sixes” are hundreds and hundreds of kilometers of way in forty-degree frost along endless Siberian ridges, water “sixes” are breathtaking rafting along the frenzied rivers of Altai and the Middle Asia.
The system of sports tourism, created over decades, limits the initiative of travelers to a minimum. At present, a sports trip can be arranged to anywhere in the world, and everyone can become a team leader, as long as he has experience of participating in a trip of the same category of complexity and experience of leading a trip that is one category easier. The remaining members of the team must have experience of participating in a simpler (one category) trip. In addition to this basic principle, the Rules provide for exceptions to better take into account the actual experience of travelers (for example, mountaineering experience or experience in other types of sports tourism). The master level in sports tourism is associated with the leadership in travel of the highest (5th and 6th) categories of complexity. Therefore, making two trips a year, a gifted athlete reaches this level in 5-6 years.
1.2 Types of sports tourism
We can name the following forms of sports tourism, depending on its organization: sports tourism can be individual and mass.
Individual (custom) tours are tours that are formed at will and with the direct participation of the tourist. He is offered a choice of different service options for each type of service in the proposed place of rest. The services chosen by the tourist are formed into the tour program. Typically, such orders are formed in agencies and then come to the tour operator for implementation. The main advantage of individual trips is that they allow you to visit anywhere in the world and, even in classical Europe, find an original route. After all, such a product is created according to the requirements of each individual tourist.
Group tours involve the sale of a pre-planned standard set of services, focused on a certain type of holiday, as well as on the social class of tourists and their age, and sold to tourists in one package. The peculiarities of preparing and conducting this type of tour (a single program for all, strictly linked to the timing and schedule of the trip) do not allow making any changes to the composition of the services offered, so the tourist can either buy it entirely or refuse to purchase it altogether. This type of comprehensive service is called package tours (from the English package tour - package tour). Ready package tours allow tour operators to use special rates, and their cost is usually lower than the cumulative retail prices for the individual services included in the package.
1.3 Forms of sports tourism
It is customary to distinguish between forms of tourism depending on the origin of tourists, on the length of stay, on the age of travelers, and on the time of year.
1. Forms of tourism depending on the origin of tourists. Depending on the origin of travelers, tourism is divided into internal (travel within the Russian Federation by persons permanently residing in the Russian Federation); and international (travels for tourism purposes outside the country of permanent residence. This is a travel system carried out on the basis of international agreements, taking into account existing international customs).
2. Forms of tourism depending on the length of stay. A very important classification of forms of sports tourism is their classification depending on the length of stay. Travel duration refers to the time spent by a tourist in the course of a trip or stay in a visited place or country.
Day trips are classified as follows: less than three hours; three - five hours; six - eight hours; nine - eleven o'clock; twelve or more hours.
Overnight trips can be classified as follows: 1-3 nights; 4-7 nights; 8-28 nights; 29-91 nights; 92 - 365 nights.
Long trips are usually complemented by short trips. One-day tourism is daylight tours: they do not involve overnight stays. A particularly important form of short-term tourism is short-term tourism. Short-term tourism includes business tourism and weekend trips. Regardless of whether trips are made for business or personal purposes, their average duration is 2-4 days, i.e. they include minimum one, maximum - three nights.
3. Forms of tourism depending on the age of travelers. When classifying the forms of sports tourism, the age of travelers is also taken into account. According to the age scale, the following groups of tourists are defined: children traveling with their parents; youth (tourists aged 15-24); relatively young, economically active people aged 25-44; economically active people of middle (45 - 64 years) age (travel, as a rule, without children); pensioners (65 years and older).
4. Forms of tourism depending on the season. Depending on the time of year, winter and summer tourism differs. Seasonal classification of forms of tourism shows fluctuations in demand for tourism services during the year. The time at which the maximum number of trips is made is called the tourist season, the period of decline in travel is called the off-season. Tourist seasons in different regions may not coincide.
1.4 Types of movement in tourism
1. Automobile tourism - travel of people to countries or areas other than their permanent place of residence, in which the main means of transportation is a private or rented car. Car travel is a form of tourism.
2. Hitchhiking - free movement on passing transport with the consent of the driver.
3. Cycling tourism(cycling tourism) is one of the types of sports tourism, which consists in cycling routes containing general tourism and cycling-specific obstacles, as well as one of the types of outdoor activities.
4. Water tourism. Varieties are sailing tourism, rafting on mountain rivers, etc.;
5. Equestrian tourism - travel on horseback, great way learning or improving riding skills. Accommodation on horse trails: in the field in summer or at camp sites in winter.
6. Ski tourism - movement is carried out on skis. Ski trips are carried out mainly in winter, that is, during the period when temperatures are below 0 ° C.
7. Motorcycle tourism - movement on a motorcycle, on which you can get to places where it is impossible to get, for example, by car, to visit the most seemingly inaccessible corners of nature. This type of transport is very mobile and light.
8. Hiking- Movement on the route is carried out mainly on foot. A variety should be considered mountain tourism;
9. Speleotourism - the meaning is to travel through natural underground cavities (caves) and overcome various obstacles in them using various special equipment.
10. Combined tourism or "multi" tourism - the conditional name of the direction in which participants in one trip (hike) combine elements in different ways different types tourism.
2. Classification of routes
Depending on the difficulty of the obstacles to overcome, the area of the hike, autonomy, novelty, length of the route and a number of other factors characteristic of different types of sports tourism, according to increasing complexity, hikes are divided into:
1. Weekend hikes;
2. Hikes 1 - 3 degrees of difficulty - in children's and youth tourism;
3. Category trips. In different types of tourism, the number of categories of complexity is different: in hiking, mountain, water, skiing, cycling and speleological tourism - six categories of complexity (c. s.); in automoto and sailing tourism - five; in the horse - three.
3. Ranks in sports tourism
The category of a tourist-athlete allows one to judge his readiness to pass more difficult routes. To receive sports category for tourism, before passing the route, the group is required to register it and obtain permission from the route qualification commission (MKK). After the trip is completed, a report is submitted to the ICC, on the basis of which categories are assigned to all its participants.
According to the rank requirements for sports tourism, ranks can be assigned (in ascending order of sportsmanship):
badge "Tourist of Russia" - tourists who have reached the age of 12 are awarded
3rd youth category;
2nd youth category;
1st youth category;
3rd category;
2nd category;
1st category;
candidate master of sports (CMS);
master of sports of Russia (MS);
master of sports of international class (MSMK);
4. Tourist and sports competitions
A tourist-sports competition is the movement of a person alone or as part of a group in the natural environment on any technical means and without them. It is carried out on the following classes of distances:
I - Class long distances - « sports trips and tours.
II - Class short distances- “short sports trips and tours”.
III - Class of non-standard distances - "travel and tours".
IV - "Rescue and extreme distances and tours".
V - Class of technical distances - "tourist all-around".
VI - Class of technical distances on artificial terrain (obstacles).
All classes of distances are divided by types of tourism, categories of difficulty of routes and categories of difficulty of local (extended) obstacles.
According to social and age factors, competitions are divided into:
youthful;
student,
youth;
adults;
among the elderly;
among veterans;
uneven-aged;
among boys and/or girls;
among men and/or women;
among people with disabilities. 2
family;
Conclusion
Tourism has come a long way in its development and today is one of the most successfully developing sectors of the world economy. Like any other area of economic activity, the tourism industry is a very complex system, the degree of development of which depends on the degree of development of the country's economy as a whole. Currently, industrialized countries account for over 60% of all foreign tourist arrivals and 70-75% of travel worldwide. At the same time, the EU countries account for about 40% of tourist arrivals and foreign exchange earnings.
Tourism is beautiful because everyone finds what they want in it. Someone likes mountains, someone likes rivers, someone likes to relax on the beach, and others like to test their strength. Strained nerves and craving for competitions, oddly enough, can also help a person relieve fatigue. This is served by the growing strength all over the world, and especially in Russia, sports and extreme tourism. More and more people are eager to see the beauty of the underwater world, go down the mountain slope on skis and even jump from a parachute.
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