Japan boasts a wide variety of individual types of martial arts. Many of them originated in ancient times, and make it possible to achieve truly superhuman abilities. Some masters still dedicate their entire lives to mastering unique combat techniques. The presence of millions of followers of Japanese martial arts around the world does not allow such a peculiar art to sink into oblivion.
In our publication, I would like to consider the most popular martial arts, types and differences. We will also find out what techniques and strategies for hand-to-hand combat exist.
History reference
Various types of martial arts owe their appearance to the traditions of the Japanese samurai, as well as the use of the caste system in society. In ancient times, warriors were required to master the skill of owning various weapons. Considerable attention was paid to the technique of hand-to-hand combat. All this was required by the samurai not only to protect their own families, but also to ensure the safety of the nobility, who were called shoguns.
Over time, the practical side of the issue receded into the background. Mastering the techniques of martial arts has acquired a more philosophical meaning. Japanese masters began to call such studies the path that has no end. Types of martial arts began to be used in order to strengthen the spirit and body, improve certain skills.
Japanese Martial Arts Methods
There are several branches of Japanese martial arts. The so-called hard and soft methods of battle are used here. The concepts have a different focus. However, their nature is largely interconnected.
The hard method involves the practice of counterforce. In fact, this means a direct attack by an opponent, which includes manifestations of direct aggression in combination with striking in hand-to-hand combat or using cold weapons. On the contrary, the use of defensive technique makes it possible to resist such impulses and also forms part of the rigid concepts of combat.
Soft methods are characterized by the use of minimal force, which allows you to avoid damage, prevent attacks, or direct the kinetic energy of the opponent's body in the right direction. An example is the so-called sliding technique, when the defender with skillful movements avoids the aggressive actions of the enemy and thereby unbalances him. If hard methods are distinguished by their straightforwardness, then soft methods are more flexible in tactical terms.
Sumo
So, let's move on to the story of the popular Japanese types of martial arts. The list opens with the famous sumo wrestling, which stands apart from other popular martial arts. Initially, such an occupation was a symbiosis of Zionist rituals and competition. Some of the ancient ceremonial practices that were traditionally used in such wrestling have survived to this day.
What rules apply in the presented form of martial arts? Everything is pretty simple. To win, it is enough for a wrestler to force the opponent to touch the ground with any part of the body other than the feet. You can also simply push your opponent out of the ring line, which is lined with a special shimenawa rope.
Often the outcome of a sumo fight is decided by moments. However, any battle is accompanied by preliminary preparations in the form of peculiar ceremonies. Such ceremonies, as a rule, take a lot of time.
It will not be a discovery for anyone that in order to succeed in sumo, a fighter must have an impressive body weight. In ancient Japan, obesity was not considered a vice. The mentors of the wrestlers believed that kicking the ring awakened the spirits of the earth, which made the soil more fertile. Based on this, the larger the participants in the duel, the better. According to a special philosophy, there are no weight categories in sumo.
The biggest achievement in this type of martial arts is the title of Yokozuna, in other words, the Great Champion. It is worth noting that such a high status is assigned to a wrestler for life. If a champion begins to suffer defeat, he simply ends his career.
Jujutsu
The Jiu-Jitsu school was founded by the Japanese master Hisamori Takenouchi back in the 16th century. The type of martial arts was the result of the implementation of the idea of maximum economy of forces in hand-to-hand combat. The central place in tactics was occupied by all kinds of captures of the enemy, as well as throws using the opponent's energy.
The decisive importance in mastering jiu-jitsu techniques is given to breathing practices, fighting stances, and the ability to evade attacks. Despite this, martial arts also allow the neutralization of the enemy, which is achieved through a point impact on certain areas of the opponent's body.
Judo
Translated from Japanese, the concept of judo means "soft way". At the origins of this type of martial arts is the famous master Kano Jigoro, who founded his own martial arts school in the 80s of the 19th century. Many techniques were borrowed from jiu-jitsu. The master selected techniques that had the least chance of injury for both opponents, but at the same time were suitable for organizing spectacular competitions. Subsequently, Kano Jigoro introduced a whole host of spiritual practices into the martial art, which allowed the fighters to improve their own minds.
The type of martial arts involves, first of all, the comprehension of defensive techniques. The battle takes place without the use of melee weapons. Victory is achieved through lightning-fast avoidance of attacks, followed by the use of holding, painful or suffocating techniques. Strikes are practically not used here. Therefore, this type of martial arts is suitable for children.
Aikido
Aikido is a unique fighting system developed by a Japanese martial artist named Ueshiba Morihei. The fundamental difference between martial arts and the practices of other Eastern schools was the refusal to use offensive strategies and aggressive attacks. Subsequently, aikido began to be called the art of using the strength of an opponent against himself.
It is worth noting that competitions and championships are not held in this sport. Despite this, aikido is extremely popular among dangerous professions. A type of martial arts is suitable for girls who serve in the police or organize seminars where they teach how to quickly neutralize an ill-wisher.
Kendo
Kendo is a fairly popular martial art that involves the use of melee weapons. In fact, martial arts teaches fencing techniques with traditional Japanese swords. In ancient times, the comprehension of such skill was of extreme practical importance, since it made it possible to prepare skilled warriors for future battles. Today, kendo is nothing more than a hobby.
During training, special masks and armor are used, which reliably protect the body of a fighter from injuries. The weapons are traditional bokken sticks made of bamboo.
Karate-do
The type of martial arts originated on the Japanese island of Okinawa at a time when this territory had the status of a separate state. Karate-do originated as a method of self-defense that excluded the use of weapons. To this day, only techniques for practicing punches and kicks are used here.
The type of martial arts owes its popularity to a master named Funakoshi Gichin. It was thanks to this man that a large-scale campaign was carried out in the 20s of the last century, which helped to attract attention to this sport from the general public. Since then, karate-do has remained one of the most famous and sought-after martial arts in the world.
taijutsu(jap. 体術) - Japanese art melee without weapons, the art of maintaining a healthy body.
The taijutsu system includes almost all known groups of techniques: punches and kicks, painful twisting, throws, suffocations, etc., embodies the traditions of more than a thousand years of history of the development of the Japanese art of shadow warriors and, in all likelihood, one of a few who still consider their main task to be the development of consciousness, the spirit of a warrior through the study of real combat equipment and psychophysical practice.
When fighting high-level taijutsu masters, the slightest movement often decides the outcome of the battle, determining victory or defeat. Even if the movement is almost perfect, one small mistake sometimes determines life or death.
One of the ancient names of jujutsu, and in the modern era - the technique of movement and turns, which is an integral part of most martial arts of the East.
In ancient Japan, wrestling was quite primitive.
Nomi no Sukune arrived from Izumo and he and Taima no Kehai were immediately ordered to fight. These men stood opposite each other. Both raised their legs and kicked each other. And Nomi no Sukune broke Kehai's ribs with a blow, and once again struck and broke his lower back. Therefore, the land of Taima no Kehaya was captured and completely given to Nomi no Sukune.
- "Nihongi" ("Annals of Japan")
Similar competitions in "Nihongi" are called chikara-kurabe- "comparison of forces." It was strength, not technique and dexterity, that determined the winner in the fight. In the 5th-6th centuries, on the basis of chikara-kurabe, the wrestling of giants, popular and now, was formed - sumo, or rather, its early version of sumai. By the Nara period, this struggle had become widespread. Reliable information about the holding of sumo competitions dates back to this time.
As for the technology of the time sumo, then it, apparently, was quite primitive and included mainly pushes, knocks, and collapses. The emphasis was on strength. The wrestlers sought to increase their own weight by means of a special diet, and, judging by the images, they succeeded even in those distant, not quite well-to-do times. In tournaments, strikes were no longer used due to their extreme health hazard, but in real combat, wrestlers often used punches and a forward heel push. Since the victory in the ritual fight was awarded to the wrestler who threw the opponent to the ground, the fight in the stalls was not conducted and, accordingly, was not studied.
First Chinese Wave
VIII-IX centuries became a very important milestone in the history of the struggle without weapons in the Land of the Rising Sun. At this time, contacts with the mainland intensified, and a powerful cultural flow, along with thousands of immigrants, poured from China and Korea to Japan. Immigrants brought with them their original fighting methods, in which the main place was given to a variety of punches and kicks, painful holds on the joints. In this regard, it is necessary to mention the semi-legendary school shosho-ryu(“the school of all awards”), reports of which either appear or disappear in the sources of the XII-XIV centuries. The creator of shosho-ryu is considered to be a native of a noble Chinese immigrant family, the commander Sakanoue Tamuramaro, who became famous for his victories over the Ainu. The specificity of this school was the development of exceptional hand strength and over-hardening of impact surfaces, which allegedly made it possible to break through the steel plate of the shell. Sources say that when the invincible commander of the late XII century Minamoto Yoshitsune saw the work of a shosho-ryu master, he was shocked to the core.
The school also left a noticeable mark in the history of Japanese wrestling without weapons. Chosui-ryu, created by Otomo Komaro, who studied Chinese fist art from master Jianzhen, who came to Japan during the reign of Emperor Koken (749-758). Later, in the middle of the 14th century, the samurai Urabe no Sukune Kanesada improved her technique by adding the techniques of the Chinese mentor Sunren Ishu. Kanesada called the art of Chosui-ryu daken-jutsu - "the art of fisticuffs". Chosui-ryu unarmed combat technique formed the basis Cookie Shinden-ryu- one of the most influential schools of Japanese bu-jutsu.
Yoroi-kumiuchi
From about the 10th century, in parallel with the formation of the military class of the samurai, a special combat system of fighting in armor began to take shape - yoroi-kumiuti (kumiuti, yoroi-gumi, katchu-gumi). In many ways, she was like sumo - the same pushes and stalls. This is easily explained, because the fighters in the battles wore armor, the weight of which successfully replaced the artificially overtaken weight of the sumo wrestler. And bulky, box-like shells made it difficult to take a comfortable grip. However, the yoroi-kumiuchi technique was much richer. There were no conditional restrictions as in sumo - to fight only while standing, in no case to fall to the ground, not to use blows and weapons. The fighters were free to use any tricks and methods - only the result was important.
Yoroi-kumiuti techniques were used in all cases when a warrior lost a weapon - dropped it, broke it, etc. In the battles of the X-XIII centuries, the battle began with an archery exchange, followed by a counter attack and the opponents immediately found themselves on the ground. It was very difficult to use the sword in such a situation - there was simply no time to take it out of its sheath. Therefore, yoroi-kumiuchi enjoyed much more honor in those days than fencing with large tachi swords. But the short kodachi sword or tanto dagger was very popular, as they could be used in battle in the yoroi-kumiuchi style.
The basis of yoroi-kumiuchi was various wrestling techniques - captures, throws, creases, strangulations - which made it possible to effectively fight with an armed and armored enemy. On occasion, warriors could also use punches and kicks, but only as an auxiliary weapon - it was easier to beat off an arm or leg on enemy armor than to cause any harm.
The main thing in yoroi-kumiuchi was the correct use of the hips and the strength of the limbs. This was achieved with the help of a special mutual symmetrical grip, which was called yotsu-gumi - “quadruple clutch”. In yotsu-gumi, both fighters tightly clasped each other, without grabbing their hands on the plates of armor. Such a grip helped the warrior to maintain balance and mobility and allowed him to effectively control the actions of the enemy.
At any convenient moment, one or both fighters were ready to instantly draw a short sword or a special dagger for piercing armor, called yoroi-doshi. Yoroi-doshi was worn tucked into the belt on the right thigh, usually pulled out with the left hand. It required remarkable skill to control an opponent with one hand and maintain balance while the other unsheathed the dagger and tried to hit the vulnerable, uncovered part of the opponent's body. It was extremely difficult to do this in a landfill, since it was necessary to get into a small gap between the plates, and even at a strictly defined angle.
In yoroi-kumiuchi, a variety of falling throws were often used, in which the fighter sought to use the weight of his own body and the weight of the armor to knock the opponent to the ground. After the throw, he sought to lean on the whole mass from above and used the hold to weaken the enemy, and then finish him off with a dagger blow.
Yoroi-kumiuchi masters strove for the most efficient use of the design features of Japanese armor. So, when attacking from behind with a jerk for the visor of the helmet upwards, when the back plate rested against the base of the neck, it was easy to break the cervical vertebrae. The metal ring for fastening the quiver on the back plate of the shell was used as a convenient handle when throwing through the thigh.
As can be seen from the description of the yoroi-kumiuchi technique, this type of wrestling was designed mainly for one-on-one clashes. In those days, in the X-XIII centuries, battles, as a rule, turned into colossal tournaments with traditional loud proclamations of genealogies, with theatrical challenges to battle. Samurai considered it below their dignity to fight an enemy who did not give his name and did not have a noble origin, did not want to humiliate himself to kill the enemy en masse, when it was impossible to determine who had shown great valor in battle. All this predetermined the specific nature of yoroi-kumiuchi as the art of winning in hand-to-hand combat in armor. His followers did not think about the need to protect themselves from an attack from behind. Gripping with the enemy, they could no longer react to the actions of other opponents ... And often they turned out to be victims of these oversights.
For a very long time - approximately from the 11th to the 16th centuries - yoroi-kumiuchi was the main form of unarmed fighting, but it was canonized quite late - in the 14th-15th centuries. Although yoroi-kumiuchi has entered the program of many schools of bu-jutsu, two schools argue for primacy in its canonization: Muso chokuden-ryu, according to legend, was founded back in the 13th century by the legendary Buddhist monk Ikeibo Chohen, and Tsutsumi Hozan-ryu, created in the 14th century a student of the semi-legendary founder of Japanese bu-jutsu, the Zen monk Jion Tsutsumi - Yamashiro no kami Hozan.
Kogusoku
Since the middle of the 16th century, the Japanese art of hand-to-hand combat without weapons has been undergoing revolutionary changes. This was predetermined by many factors. The general nature of warfare has changed. The battle of this period is no longer a grandiose tournament, but a clash of armies, where the role of an individual warrior fades into the background before collective actions. Here, no one responds to a challenge to a duel, the steel horse mass simply crushes a lone warrior, and the wall of spearmen turns him into a sieve in the blink of an eye. Attacks from behind, ten men against one are becoming commonplace. Compared with the previous period, the number of armies has sharply increased, which are now completed not only from noble bushi, but also from commoners. The increase in the number of warriors, combined with new maneuvering tactics, is leading to a change in defensive weapons, which should become lighter and cheaper. And in the 16th century, a lightweight gusoku scaly armor made by the famous master Matsunaga Hisashige appeared. Its abbreviated form, kogusoku, consisting only of a chest plate, a cuisine, greaves and bracers, was widely used, which served to equip hordes of ordinary infantry soldiers ashigaru ("light-footed").
As a result of all these changes, a new system of hand-to-hand combat in lightweight kogusoku armor is emerging, known as kogusoku and koshi no mawari("surrounding the lower back"). Compared to the yoroi-kumiuchi, the arsenal of the kogusoku was much wider. Here are throws familiar to us from judo and aikido through the hip, back, shoulder; original coups of the enemy upside down with the subsequent lowering of the skull on the pavement; various undercuts; pain holds on the elbow and knee, cervical vertebrae. In kogusoku, strikes were already quite widely used, designed to defeat parts of the body that were not covered by armor - the kidneys (circular punch around the body), groin (hit of the “uppercut” type under the “skirt” of the armor), knee (hit with the edge of the foot), etc. n. The invention of the kogusoku is attributed to Takenouchi Hisamori, who was strong in spirit, but small in stature and weak in body, and therefore dreamed of learning how to defeat stronger and taller opponents due to dexterity and technique.
Kogusoku was not supplanted by the Yoroi-kumiuchi during this period, since the highest-ranking samurai still wore heavy armor that could even protect against a musket bullet. As a result, many bu-jutsu schools have introduced both of these types of hand-to-hand combat into their curriculum. An example of such a system is the well-known Yagyu Shingan-ryu school, where the level of ashigaru - kogusoku, and the level of bushi - yoroi-kumiuchi are clearly distinguished, and in addition there is also jujutsu - that is, the art of fighting without weapons (or with small improvised species weapons) and without armor, but this is the next stage in the evolution of Japanese wrestling.
jujutsu
With the end of internecine wars at the beginning of the 17th century, a long-awaited peace was established in Japan, and the armor was forever packed into chests. This caused a genuine revolution in the world of the art of unarmed combat. All the restrictions associated with fighting on horseback, in armor, are a thing of the past, and hitherto unseen expanses of countless interpretations opened up to the eyes of the wrestling masters.
The 17th century was a time of active reflection on the experience gained over many years of wars. The wrestling technique was improved, fundamental theoretical works on bu-jutsu were created. As a result, a new, sophisticated bare-handed fighting system was born, called jujutsu (also known as yawara, wa-jutsu, taijutsu etc.).
This name, literally meaning "the art of gentleness", is full of deep meaning. Jujutsu was based on the idea of overcoming the enemy - unarmed or armed - with the help of elastic compliance, and not force. A jujutsu master never exhausts his strength in the fight, but on the contrary, he tries to wear down the enemy so that it is easier to defeat him. He forces him to make sudden movements and deftly dodges them. Without putting up hard blocks, he quickly retreats, as a result, the enemy, without encountering obstacles and obeying the law of inertia, moves forward. Letting the opponent's strength pass or redirect it, and when it is depleted, add your effort - this is the essence of jujutsu.
Legends claim that the principle of soft compliance was first formulated by a doctor from Nagasaki named Akayama Shirobei (in another version - Miura Yoshin), who studied in China for a number of years traditional medicine. There he got acquainted with the technique of throws, painful holds and strikes of the system, which he called hakuda. Returning to his homeland, he founded private school martial arts, where he began teaching hakuda techniques. However, the monotony of training led to the fact that soon almost all students turned their backs on Akayama. Four years after opening his dojo, the doctor closed it and retired to a Buddhist monastery for a hundred days of meditation.
According to the legend, one early frosty morning, Akayama went out for a walk in the garden. Here, his attention was attracted by a wonderful picture: heavy snow had fallen the day before, and many trees had broken branches, only willow (according to other sources - cherry-sakura) stood as if nothing had happened - heavy clods of snow simply slipped off its elastic branches. It is said that Akayama had an epiphany at the sight of undamaged willow branches. In an instant, he realized that it was useless and destructive to resist force by force, he had to dodge the attack, redirect the force and use it to his advantage. This comprehensive principle of overcoming strength with gentleness and suppleness formed the basis for further research by the master, who soon managed to increase the arsenal of his system to 300 (according to other sources, up to 70) techniques and create his own school, which after the death of the teacher was called Yoshin-ryu.
Iai-jutsu - the art of the first strike, a very significant example of a true Japanese style of wrestling. This way of fighting in an instant-offensive manner, the samurai from a sitting position (relaxation), moved to an explosive attack (concentration). Legend has it that the founder of the Shin Muso school, Hayashizake Ryu, invented Iai Jutsu Hojo Jinsuke.
He was faced with the seemingly impossible task of taking revenge on his father's killer, the famous swordsman, without resorting to murder from behind a corner, and he achieved his goal. In iai-jutsu, the whole calculation is based on one, maximum two blows, made unexpectedly, clearly, with top speed without tension.
"Strike before you are struck."
Such a tactical orientation is very interesting for studying applied sections, since:
practically does not imply active protective actions
the attack is more speedy than forceful
phases are clearly expressed:
implicit convergence
(possibly) shocking blow
finishing moves
This view of the duel has purely Japanese roots, only in Japan rationalism is so developed, and the purity of movement is brought to aesthetic perfection. I will give just a few examples of the expediency of the samurai approach to martial arts.
A clear victory in judo is given for one effective throw.
Sumo wrestlers do not have weight classes. Immediately before the fight, shikiri is carried out - a psychological struggle of views, the strongest in spirit wins already before the battle, suppressing the will of the enemy.
There are not so many notches on the old samurai swords, the winner was revealed in two or three blows, and to substitute the "Yakiba" (hardened - cutting part of the sword, strip ~ 5mm.) of the grandfather's sword under the blow of the enemy was an exceptional step.
Only in Japan, a Samurai warrior could commit seppuku (ritual suicide) if unable to fulfill his duty. Such intransigence should be the basis of the strategy of special units.
China, Korea, Vietnam and Thailand have certainly achieved tangible results in the development of martial disciplines, but nowhere have they achieved such rationality as in Japan. It would be wise, after adapting to local conditions, to use the rich tactical and technical experience of the ancient warriors of the East. Just do not forget that everything is moving, changing, any heritage should only be an occasion for reflection, and not an axiom that does not require proof.
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Having started practicing Nippon Kempo, the question often arises: what can you do in between training sessions to develop your abilities on your own? Understanding general methodology the physical training of Japanese hand-to-hand combat can help compose personal training program at home and a good addition to the basic kempo classes in the dojo. Such self-study, designed taking into account the specifics of hand-to-hand combat, will allow you to develop flexibility, strength, speed characteristics and endurance. Flexibility increases the range of motion of the body, physical strength increases the power characteristics of the melee fighter's technique. During additional loads, a person learns to use the energy of his body correctly and economically, which means that endurance increases.
Hand to Hand Combat: Training at Home. Under the word home training, first of all, you need to understand additional hand-to-hand combat classes that can be carried out anywhere: at home in an apartment, in a country house, on the street in the yard or in the gym of the office where you work. Carry out at any time: in the morning, in the evening, in the middle of the day - the main thing is that there is a certain frequency of these home workouts. For example, plus one or two classes per week in addition to basic kempo training. It is not necessary to practice hand-to-hand combat at home alone - you can cooperate with your friends who also practice kempo, since some types of exercises are desirable to be done in pairs.However, we must remember that the wrong workouts, the wrong load, the wrong sequence and priorities of exercises at best will not give any effect, at worst they can even harm. And, conversely, additional home workouts carried out using right methods training in Japanese hand-to-hand combat, are able to qualitatively raise your overall level and quickly distinguish you from a number of fighters who started training with you at the same time, but attend only basic training in the gym.
Working with makiwara Harmony of physical development
A set of specific movements that train the human body in Japanese is called undo(Undo) . In our language, this concept can be translated as physical exercise, set of movements. It is necessary to distinguish between exercises undo, which are repeated many times from a set of exercises kata, which are aimed at polishing and training the fighter's technique and represent a chain of various movements. Undo exercises - polishing and repeated practice of any movement in the martial art.
It is possible to get outstanding results in the technique of kempo only when a certain physical level of a person is reached. Moreover, in Japanese martial arts, including Nippon Kempo, the physical level means not just physical strength, flexibility, speed and endurance in themselves, but the harmonious combination of all these qualities with the technique of movement, the movement of the human body - in fact, harmonious physical development human body. The section of exercises for the development of this physical harmony is called shintai undo (shintai - body, yap) and includes such concepts as exercises for the development of leg and arm movements (shishi undo) and body movements (tai sabaki).
Types of physical training exercises in Japanese hand-to-hand combat
Actually, the complex of exercises for the development of movements is divided as follows:
- Jumbi undo– Warm-up and preparatory exercises;
- Kokyu undo- Breathing exercises;
- Junan undo– Elasticity exercises;
- Hojo undo– Special exercises;
- Kigu undo– Exercises with special equipment;
- Seiri undo– Final exercises
Warm-up exercises Jumbi Undo / Jumbi Undo
Purpose of warm-up exercises jumbi undo turn on and set up the body and spirit for training, bring the body into working condition. This is a necessary section for the correct and safe performance of all subsequent training.
Exercise circular movements of the knees The warm-up can take place from top to bottom, starting from warming up the head and ending with the joints of the legs, or, conversely, from bottom to top. Usually perform 10-12 exercises.
How to perform the Undo exercises of Japanese hand-to-hand combat. The principle of performing undo exercises is as follows. All actions are performed by counting out loud "ich, ni, san, shi, go, roku, shichi, hachi" (one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight) - usually up to the number eight. Then move on to the next exercise. If the student is engaged alone, he performs the calculation aloud on his own. If the group is engaged, the leading senior student of the group (leader) begins: "ichi-ni" ("one-two"), the group picks up: "san-shi" ("three-four"), the leader continues: "go-roku" ("five-six"), the group - "shichi - hachi" ("seven-eight"). Such a rhythm sets the group to a working mood. Score is preferred for any kind of undo except breathing exercises kokyu-undo.Exercises from the section jumbi undo, are performed in such a way as to preserve and strengthen the spiritual state achieved during the previous mokuso meditation. This meditative state helps to invest all your strength, soul, ability to concentrate in subtle movements controlled by breathing, and, being aware of each of these movements, comprehend the extremely complex background of classical technique.
The meaning of warm-up in martial arts. Every person involved in martial arts must warm up before starting classes. Therefore, the warm-up exercises are designed in such a way that anyone can take part in them, regardless of their degree of physical readiness. A warm-up precedes each workout, even if the student is engaged separately from everyone, alone, he is still obliged to start classes with a warm-up. A good warm-up helps to improve technique, improve health and develop your physical capabilities. Throughout his life, any master, and just a person involved in martial arts, performs jumbi undo exercises. These activities strengthen the body of a person and discipline his spirit.
An example of a Jumbi-Undo warm-up (bottom-up):
| 1 | Ashisaki ageru undo | foot rotation |
| 2 | Kakato ageru undo | Heel lift |
| 3 | Ashikubi mawasu undo | Circular rotation of the lower leg in the knee |
| 4 | Hiza mawasu undo | Circular rotation of the knees |
| 5 | Ashi mae yoko ni nobasu undo | Raising and moving the leg to the side |
| 6 | Ashi maeue uchinanameue ni ageru undo | Direct kick and kick in |
| 7 | Tai no kusshin undo | Digging movements of the waist |
| 8 | Koshi no nenten undo | Twisting of the body in the lower back |
| 9 | Ude nobasu undo | Pushing hands |
| 10 | Kubi no nenten undo | Head rotation |
| 11 | Shinkokyu | Deep breathing |
Breathing exercisesKokyuUndo / Kokyu Undo
The purpose of the exercises Kokyu undo– carry out work with breathing, normalize and adjust the circulatory and respiratory system. Saturate the muscles with oxygen. These exercises combine three main components: physical exercises, breathing and psychotraining. There are three types of breathing exercises used in Nippon Kempo:
- Combination of diaphragmatic and pulmonary breathing;
- Small cycle of breathing in the abdominal cavity;
- Great circulation of breath throughout the body.
A short cycle of kokyu undo breathing exercises is performed at the end of each of the other undo cycles.
Junan Flexibility and Elasticity Exercises U ndo / Junan Undo
Most kempo training cycles that focus on various exercises include exercises that affect flexibility and elasticity. Also, flexibility and stretching exercises are included at the end of the workout.
There are three most common stretching techniques.
The first static stretch is when you slowly increase your range of motion and then hold in the final position for 8-10 seconds.
The second is stretching with alternating muscle contraction and stretching. After stretching for 8-10 seconds, tighten the muscles for a short time, and then repeat the same stretch. Most static stretches can be done on your own, and many tension-relaxation exercises are best done with a partner.
The third method is "flying" or "dynamic" stretching. When you stand and hold on to a support with your hands and perform “flying” movements with your limbs.
Special exercises Hojo Undo / Hojo Undo
A section of special exercises that improves the performance of a particular technical action. In fact, these are standard movements from the kempo technique, which are repeated over and over again under the count. If a student of budo understands the principles behind the exercises, he can greatly improve his technique and increase his physical abilities.
An example of Hojo undo exercises
| 1 | Shomen geri(Mae geri) | Kick forward |
| 2 | sokoto geri | Side kick |
| 3 | Seiken tsuki | Forward punch |
| 4 | (Mawashi tsuki) Furi tsuki | Arc punch |
| 5 | (Hiraken uke) Hiraken tsuki | Block and punch with a flat fist |
| 6 | Shuto uchi, Uraken uchi, Shoken tsuki | Strikes: sword hand, reverse fist, "eye of the phoenix" |
| 7 | Hiji tsuki | Elbow strikes in 4 directions |
| 8 | Tenshin zensoku geri | Pivot, front kick |
| 9 | Tenshin kosoku geri | Turn, back kick |
| 10 | Tenshen shoken tsuki | Turning, punching the "eye of the phoenix" |
| 11 | Koj no shippo uchi-yoko uchi | "Carp tail" - horizontal movements |
| 12 | Shinkokyu | Deep breathing |
However, we live in a modern world where there is rarely at least one jug in any kitchen, and a city dweller can see straw only in the cinema, and the rejection of modern shells in the physical preparation of a fighter is unacceptable. Therefore, you are welcome to visit gyms and use of professional equipment Olympic sports sports modified for martial arts.
Calming exercises Seiri Undo / Seiri Undo
Final exercises. The goal is to normalize breathing, relieve stress, complete the lesson. Often, at the end of the training, various single katas are performed, similar in interpretation to the exercises in Tai Chi Chuan.
Acquiring self-defense skills is one thing, but bringing them to their logical conclusion in a real situation is quite another. By improving your kenpo skills through training in flexibility, strength, endurance, and striking technique, you will not only hone your skill, turn your body into an excellent fighting machine, but also gain excellent physical shape, as well as gain years of full and healthy life in addition to those that you were counting on.
Types and styles of martial arts
Aikido is one of the youngest martial arts in Japan, founded by Morihei Ueshiba. Aikido is an art that synthesizes the study of techniques, spiritual, energetic, psychological aspects of personality development.
Aikido is equally effective as a general strengthening and self-developing health system of exercises, as well as its applied part, which is a universal means of self-defense.
The practice of Aikido is very useful for people of any age, regardless of physical data, is not of a religious nature, and is equally accessible to everyone.
Aikido is a synthesis of martial arts combined into an effective defense system. In addition, it is also a dynamic form of meditation, which is designed to resolve most conflict situations.
Aikido is a unique martial art that originated in Japan in the early 20th century. Founder - Morihei Ueshiba (1883 - 1969). Aikido is based on the Philosophy of harmonizing the internal energy of a person with the outside world. The formation of the personality of a person studying Aikido occurs in the process of repeated practice of a specific technique of self-defense. Combat technique, when properly performed, turns into an effective intra-articular massage. The main goal of Aikido is the formation of a healthy, creative and integral personality of a person, the harmonious and timely repayment of a conflict through a certain technique and human behavior in an extreme situation. It should be noted that there are no restrictions and contraindications for practicing Aikido, neither for age nor for health reasons. This allows you to work with young children, adolescents, people with diseases of the locomotor system, poor eyesight, and even with the absence of some internal organs lost as a result of amputation.
KICKBOXING
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Kickboxing is a sport that combines kicking techniques borrowed from a number of martial arts and boxing fisticuffs. There are several varieties of kickboxing: full contact - with fights in the boxing ring, and light contact - with fights on the mat. Fights of such types of kickboxing as full-contact (full-contact), low-kick (low-kick) and K1 format are fought in the ring; on the tatami - semi-contact (semi-contact), light-contact (light-contact), kick-light (kick-light) and solo compositions (musical forms).
During the competition, protective equipment is used: a mouthguard, hand wraps, boxing gloves, a protective inguinal shell, a shin guard, feet and a helmet. Clothing varies by discipline: silk shorts, shorts, or belted uniforms. All types of kickboxing are very spectacular and are popular with fans all over the world.
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Kendo, which means "the way of the sword", is a modern Japanese swordsmanship that traces its history back to traditional samurai sword techniques. Kendo is an activity that activates both the physical and mental powers, combining the traditional values of martial arts and sports physical elements. The kendo fighter calls out the name of the strike at the moment of attack, demonstrating complete control of the situation and the power of the fighting spirit. Kendo assumes the unity of three elements: "Ki (spirit) - Ken (sword) - Tai (body).
Wushu is a spectacular full contact sport. Modern wushu includes two directions: Taolu and Sanda.
Taolu is a combination of gymnastics and martial arts. Athletes are awarded points for the movements they performed: poses, kicks, punches, balancing, jumps, hooks and throws. The duration of bouts is limited in time and can vary from 1 minute (20 seconds, according to some styles) to more than five minutes for internal styles. Modern wushu athletes carefully practice acrobatic techniques such as 540 and 720 degree jumps and kicks, increasing the difficulty and improving the style of performance.
Sanda is a fighting style and sport very similar to kickboxing or Thai boxing, but combining a greater variety of grappling techniques.
Wrestling is an act of physical interaction between two people using force. The athlete is trying to gain an advantage or control over an opponent. Physical techniques used in wrestling: lock, grab and pass. Wrestlers try to avoid the use of technical elements that can lead to injury to the opponent. Many styles of wrestling are world famous and have a rich history. There are different types of wrestling that are used both for sports and recreational purposes. In the free form of wrestling, grabs by the legs, techniques with the action of the legs are allowed. The ultimate goal is to put the opponent on the shoulder blades or achieve victory due to the advantage in the points scored.
taekwondo
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Taekwondo is a Korean martial art. Usually translated as "the way of the hand and foot", but some translate it as "the art of kicking and punching". The popularity of taekwondo in recent times is the result of the evolution of martial arts. It combines combat techniques, self-defense, sports, exercise, meditation and philosophy. In modern taekwondo, the emphasis is on control and self-defense. The art as a whole focuses on kicks from a mobile stance, using great strength and great reach (in relation to the hand). Taekwondo technique includes a system of blocks, kicks, hands and an open palm, sweeps and fixation of joints.
Unification various forms Taekwondo originated in the 1950s when standardization of rules made it possible to create a full contact martial art. The application of rules that allowed non-stop combat, the introduction of protective equipment and changes in various techniques contributed to the creation of a separate and distinctive style.
The dynamic and refined technique of the duel, together with the grace and plasticity of the athletes, attracted the attention of sports fans from all over the world. The popularity of taekwondo has grown to tens of millions of practitioners who have adopted the rich traditions and philosophy of the martial arts. The introduction of the scoring system (PSS) and instant video replays (IVR) made it possible to create a transparent competition system.
Taekwondo is represented at the World Martial Arts Games, competitions are held in accordance with the rules of the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF).
Along with the development of the technical part in taekwondo, new forms of fights also appeared. For the first time in 2010, 5v5 team fights were presented in Moscow as part of the WTF World Tour. In this format, at the beginning of the match, two teams field one participant each for a short fight. Then the first pair of fighters is replaced by the next one.
This format was officially introduced in 2012 at the Taekwondo World Cup in Aruba.
Sambo is a relatively young type of martial art, combat sport and self-defense system developed in the Soviet Union. The word "sambo" is an acronym derived from the phrase "self-defense without weapons". The origins of sambo originate in Japanese judo and traditional folk wrestling such as Armenian koch, Georgian chidaoba, Moldavian trynta, Tatar kuresh, Uzbek kurash, Mongolian hapsagay and Azerbaijani gyulesh.
Savate is a European martial art, also known as "French boxing", characterized by effective punching technique, dynamic kicking technique, mobility and subtle strategy. Savat has a long history: this type of martial art originated as a synthesis of the French school of street hand-to-hand combat and English boxing; In 1924, it was included in the Paris Olympic Games as a demonstration sport.
Savat competitions are held as part of the SportAccord World Martial Arts Games in accordance with the rules and regulations of the International Savate Federation (F.I.Sav).
At the next World Martial Arts Games SportAccord in 2013 in St. Petersburg, F.I.Sav will present 88 athletes who will compete in 3 disciplines:
Asso (L'assaut) - light contact: the fight is fought with punches and kicks. The accuracy of the blows, the style of fighting and the technical skill shown by the athlete are evaluated. Accented strikes are strictly prohibited.
Komba (Le combat) - full contact: the fight is fought with punches and kicks. The quality, accuracy, effectiveness of strikes and the fighting spirit of athletes are evaluated. Knockouts are allowed.
Canne komba (La canne de combat): a type of duel in which the athletes are armed with a long, light cane. This swordsmanship includes various strike techniques, blocks, feints and combinations. In this discipline, strong blows are prohibited. The athlete's equipment must include protective clothing, gloves and helmets.
Men (6 categories): 60 kg, 65 kg, 70 kg, 75 kg, 80 kg, 90 kg.
Women (4 categories): 52 kg, 56 kg, 60 kg, 70 kg.
Fights consist of 3 rounds, each of which lasts 2 minutes, the break between rounds is 1 minute.
Sumo is a type of wrestling that originated in Japan, the only country where this sport is still practiced professionally. At present, amateur sumo is being developed in 88 countries, which is considered as modern look martial art. Sumo fights are dynamic and spectacular with easy-to-understand rules. Touching the floor in the ring (dohyo) is possible only with the soles of the feet, the goal is to force the opponent to touch the floor with any other part of the body or push him out of the ring. There are 82 tricks with which you can achieve victory, they include various types of throws, lifts, pushes.
THAI BOXING
Thai boxing or Muaythai is the martial art of Thailand, which has recently become on a par with such famous types of martial arts as karate, aikido, judo and sambo. This martial art is as close as possible to a real duel between two fighters. The term "muay thai" means "duel of the free" or "free fight". Fights in Thai boxing are fought in full contact and according to very strict rules. Muaythai is based on percussion technique. Blows to the enemy are delivered at all levels: to the head, to the body, with hands and feet, elbows and knees. Grabs and throws in Muay Thai play an important role. Since ancient times, Thai boxers have a saying - "One world - one Muaythai." The strength of Muay Thai is in unity, in traditions, in the continuity of generations, in the mystery of transferring knowledge of martial art from trainer to student.
In modern times, Muaythai has proven to be extremely popular on television, being a clear embodiment of the aspirations, hopes and efforts of athletes, as well as an example of mutual understanding between different cultures. In 2012, the popularity of Muaythai was confirmed by a nomination for an international Emmy Award for the television reality show “The Challenger Muaythai”.
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Boxing is a type of combat sport in which two opponents of identical physique and power participate in striking each other with fists in special gloves. Fights last from 3 to 12 rounds, victory is assigned if the opponent is knocked down and cannot rise within ten seconds counted by the judge. This outcome of the fight was called a knockout. If after a set number of rounds the fight has not been completed, the winner is determined by the referee's decision or the judges' scores. Boxing styles of different rules exist in many countries of the world.
Judo means "soft way" in Japanese. This modern martial art comes from the Land of the Rising Sun. The main judo are throws, painful holds, holds and chokes. Judo is based on the principle of unity of spirit and body and differs from other martial arts by lesser use of physical force when performing various technical actions.
Professor Jigoro Kano founded judo in 1882, in 1964 judo was included in the summer Olympic Games. Judo is a codified sport in which the mind controls the movements of the body, it has the most pronounced educational character in Olympic program. In addition to competition, judo includes the study of technique, kata, self-defense, physical training and the improvement of the spirit. Judo as a sport discipline is a modern and progressive form of physical activity. The International Judo Federation (IJF) includes 200 affiliated national federations on five continents. More than 20 million people practice judo, a sport that perfectly combines education and physical activity. The IJF organizes over 35 events annually.
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Karate or karate-do is a martial art that came from Japan, from the island of Okinawa. Initially, this set of techniques existed for self-defense without weapons, using only arms and legs. It took years of development for martial arts to evolve into the modern sport of karate. Now dangerous techniques are prohibited in competitions, and contact fighting is allowed, but does not allow injuries to the face, head and neck.
Feigning non-existent damage is considered a major violation of the rules. The simulator fighter is sanctioned ("Shikaku"). Exaggerating the effect of a real injury is also not welcome and is considered unworthy behavior.
During tournaments, kumite and/or kata competitions may be held. Kumite is held in the individual and team categories. In the individual category, the performing athletes are divided by age and weight. Normal kumite matches for men last three minutes, for a medal four. In the women's category - two and three minutes, respectively.
To open the score, the fighter must perform a technique by attacking the corresponding zone of the opponent.
The scores given by the judges are:
IPPON
three points
VAZARI
two points
South Kazakhstan region
One point
When scoring points, the following criteria are taken into account: the form of execution, sports character, swiftness of execution, attentiveness (ZANSHIN), timeliness and distance.
Ippon is awarded for jodan strikes and any hold on a fallen or falling opponent.
VAZARI is assigned for hitting chudans.
Yuko is assigned for chudan or jodan tsuki and jodan or chudan uchi.
Attacks are limited to the following areas: head, face, neck, stomach, chest, back, and side.
JUJUTSU
Jiu-jitsu is a general term used for a combat system that is almost indecipherable. This is hand-to-hand combat, in most cases, without the use of weapons, and only in some cases with weapons. Jiu-jitsu techniques include kicking, punching, punching, throwing, holding, blocking, choking and tying, as well as the use of certain weapons. Jiu-jitsu does not rely on brute strength, but on skill and dexterity. The use of minimal effort for maximum effect. This principle allows any person, regardless of their physical form or physique, to control and use their energy with the greatest efficiency.
FENCING
Fencing belongs to the "family" of martial arts that use edged weapons. From time immemorial, people have tried to invent a tool to protect against animals and other threats, the history of the development of fencing is a clear confirmation of this.
In modern fencing, the rapier, sword and saber are used. Competitions between men and women are held individually and in teams. The differences between the types of weapons are in their shape and the size of the affected surface. Refereeing rules for each weapon are different, respectively, and the strategy for obtaining points is different.
However, there are common features between all types of fencing that combine elegance and tactics, movement and reaction, the interaction of mind and body. Concentration and coordination are essential elements for all fencers. As well as an expression of respect and courtesy towards the opponent, the referee and the audience, which is demonstrated by the traditional salute before and after the fight.
Following the first World Martial Arts Games held in Beijing in 2010, fencing was included in the program of the second World Martial Arts Games to be held in St. Petersburg in 2013, which will feature 96 of the best athletes. Fights are held in accordance with the rules of the International Fencing Federation (FIE)
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Kempo is an ancient martial art that originated in Japan, which is a combination of many martial arts techniques. The active spread of kempo around the world gave rise to many martial arts, such as karate, judo, jiu-jitsu, etc. Nowadays, the name "kempo" is often used as a term for martial arts in general.
Kempo, as a modern sport, is being developed by various international organizations. The largest international organization developing kempo is the International Kempo Federation ( IKF )”, which has branches in more than 50 countries around the world. In many countries, kempo is an officially recognized sport.
In Russia, since 2002, the Interregional public organization "Federation of Universal Karate" has been engaged in the promotion and development of kempo. In November 2012, the Universal Karate Federation was reorganized and registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation as the All-Russian physical culture and sports public organization for the development of mixed martial arts "Federation of MMA and Kempo of Russia", which has its own structural divisions (regional branches) in 43 regions of Russia.
Kempo competitions are held in two sections: combat and traditional sections.
In the combat section, athletes fight in six disciplines: MMA Kempo,
Full Kempo, Kempo Knockdown, K1 Kempo, Seven Kempo, Submission.
In the traditional section, competitions are held in four disciplines: “Kempo self-defense”, “Kempo self-defense with weapons”, “Kempo-kata” and “Kempo-kata with weapons”.
KARATE Style Shotokan
Shotokan (or Shotokan) is the most numerous style of karate in the world. Its founder is Gichin Funakoshi.
Funakoshi declared the main principle of karate the concept that "attack has no advantage", or "karate is not a weapon of aggression." Thus, rn emphasized the idea of humanity, which he preached in karate-do. However, in addition to the philosophical meaning, this motto also contains a practical meaning, which consists in the fact that the attacking arm or leg of the opponent turns into a target for the defender and can be hit by a powerful block or counterattack (this is why kata in Shotokan karate always begin with a defensive movement - a block).
In his book Karate-do: My Way, Funakoshi outlined the basic principles that reveal the spirit and essence of karate-do, namely:
Be very careful while exercising. Whatever you do, always think about the enemy. In combat, when striking, you must not allow a single drop of doubt, because one blow decides everything.
Train with full dedication, without theorizing. Often the inability to concentrate leads to the search for truth in words and reasoning. The horseman's stance (kiba dachi), for example, looks very simple on the outside, but no one can do it perfectly even if they practice it every day for a year. Therefore, the complaints of the student after several months of classes that he cannot master the kata are not serious.
Avoid arrogance and arrogance. Anyone who publicly declares his success will never enjoy the respect of others, even if he really shows ability in karate or other types of martial arts. It is all the more absurd to hear the self-praise of a completely incapable person. In karate, this is usually done by beginners who cannot resist the temptation to brag or show something. But in doing so, they humiliate not only themselves, but also the art they have chosen.
Watch how sincere you are in your actions, and take an example from what is worthy of praise in the work of others. As a karateka, you must carefully observe the work of others and learn from the best. At the same time, ask yourself: do you give your all to training? Everyone has good sides and bad ones. A prudent person seeks to develop the best and eliminate the bad.
Follow the rules of etiquette.
No one can achieve perfection in karate-do until he realizes that karate-do is also a belief in the way of life.
Shotokan is a relatively more complex style than others for a number of reasons:
1. This is the toughest style of karate and requires good physical condition.
The tiger - the totemic sign of the style - was one of the five "animal" styles practiced in the Shaolin Monastery. The style is distinguished by sharp, powerful, swift attacks and movements. The requirements for execution completely coincide with the Shaolin ones - the same sharpness, power, strength, low stances, maximum concentration of efforts in any action.
2. Execution of each technical reception must contain several parameters at the same time:
Proper breathing, which activates the circulation of internal Ki energy;
Performing an action at the right time;
Clear correct execution technical action and completion of the action;
The development of maximum effort at the impact amplitude for the minimum impact time and a sharp stop of the impact, which enhances the impact impulse (cyming), as well as the fastest reverse (reverse) movement of the limb.
3. The training program is quite complex and voluminous. Knowledge of more than twenty kata is required.
Particular attention is paid to:
The acquisition of a stable balance, which is achieved by working in low racks;
Strong rotational work of the hips in the horizontal plane in the direction of the blow or in the opposite direction to the blow, which significantly increases the force of the blow or block;
Compliance with the principle of "concentration - relaxation", i.e. timely and instant inclusion of all antagonist muscles in the final phase of movement. In this case, the positive acceleration is replaced by a negative one, which leads to an abrupt stop of the shock limb, due to which the resulting shock wave penetrates deep into the affected surface.
Shotokan differs from other styles of karate in the predominantly linear application of the force of blows, since the shortest path to the goal is a straight line.
Initially, Shotokan adopted the principle of "Ikken hisatsu", that is, "one hit on the spot."
AIKIJUJUTSU
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Daito-ryu aikijujutsu is one of the oldest schools of bujutsu, believed to have been founded in 1087 by Yoshimitsu Minamoto (1056-1127). The central temple of the Yoshimitsu family was called Daito - “Great East”, and classes in Aikijujutsu were held in it, and since in Japan it was customary to name the school by the name of the place where martial arts were practiced, the name Daitoryu was formed by itself - “School of the Great East ". Before the Meiji Restoration, the art of the sword was more popular than jujutsu, which was then only beginning to be practiced.
The only exception was oshikiuchi (oshikiuchi - o - correct, shiki - etiquette, teach - inside the house) - a secret technique - the palace art of indoor combat, which formed the basis for the formation of Aikijujutsu techniques, supplemented by sword techniques and the corresponding movement system. The whole life of a person was serving the shogun, he died on the battlefield or killed himself, rarely died a natural death, so it was necessary to develop a system of palace etiquette that could reduce the level of violence within the family, within the clan. Oshikiuchi is a system that allows you to disarm a person without harming him, because it is an indoor fighting system, which is why there are so many techniques in suwari waza. It was categorized as "Otome Ryu", meaning that it was a style of martial art that was hidden from the general public and was forbidden to be taught. To understand what Aikijujutsu is, one must understand what oshikiuchi is, in what context, and in what environment it arose. Of course, before 1870, the techniques that were there could be used not only for disarming, but also for killing. Oshikiuchi was a defense system that allowed the law to be preserved, and if you understand this, then you stop looking for things in Aikijujutsu that do not exist there.
The ability, which came from working with a sword, to effectively coordinate the work of the body, arms and legs, while manipulating the wrists in a certain way, forms the basis of the Daitoryu techniques. In addition, the short sword technique (tanto), which was an integral part of Tamori Ryu, a sword school developed for protection inside the house, had a significant influence on the formation of the general concept of Daitoryu.
Over the centuries of hand-to-hand combat, the technique has been improved and honed by superbly trained warriors. The techniques were carefully kept secret until the end of the nineteenth century, when master Sokaku Takeda introduced them to the general public. Later, Daitoryu was the basis for a large number of styles and directions in Aikijujutsu, which are now practiced all over the world.
Aikijujutsu, in its vast variety, even today gives preference to the spiritual education of students and judges their progress by changing their character, level of devotion, humanity, will, thus contributing to the prosperity of the Dojo, the progress of students in mastering the basic principles, increasing the level of personal development of each . All this makes it possible to initiate worthy students into the inner secrets of art.
Although the techniques may seem outdated to an outside observer, it is these techniques that make art timeless. Principles are never given to students in pure form. The main criterion for comprehending the truth is practice. Long and painstaking work on each of the techniques leads you to the desired result. As with all true bujutsu, there are no shortcuts to comprehension in Daitoryu.
At the heart of Aikijujutsu techniques is work in three planes, which gives you the opportunity to constantly unbalance your opponent. In the course of mastering technology, the understanding comes that learning ends only with death. Only when a student begins to realize simplicity, seemingly incomprehensible, makes every possible effort, proves his perseverance and perseverance - only then does he deserve teaching and the right to teach.
HAND FIGHT
A universal system for teaching defense and attack techniques, which combines many functional elements from the arsenal of world martial arts (punching, kicking, wrestling techniques, painful techniques), tested in real combat activities. A modern and rapidly developing type of martial arts, which gained popularity for full contact fights.
The system includes the following sections: technical actions; tactical actions; psychological preparation; special physical training; technical actions, this is a technique of punches, kicks, head, elbows, throws, grabs, etc. from different positions of the body at different angles. Actions in a fight with one or more opponents, armed or not. Working with melee weapons and items that replace them, and much more. Tactical actions are various options for actions in certain situations, including taking the right positions or moving in the right direction, etc. Special physical training consists of three levels, the development of which takes place in stages. It most effectively develops the parameters necessary for combat (speed, strength, endurance). It also contributes to excellent physical condition and health.
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The term "kobudo" in Japanese means "ancient military way". The original name - "kobujutsu" - "ancient martial arts (skills)". Under this term, the art of owning various types of oriental types of edged weapons is represented today. Currently, there is a division of kobudo into two autonomous independent areas: 1. Nihon-kobudo - a direction that combines systems common on the main islands of Japan and uses in its arsenal bladed weapons of samurai origin and weapons from the arsenal of ninjutsu. 2. Kobudo (other names Ryukyu-kobudo and Okinawa-kobudo) - a direction that combines systems originating from the islands of the Ryukyu archipelago (modern Okinawa Prefecture, Japan) using tools (items) of peasant and fishing households of the inhabitants of these islands in the arsenal. The Russian Kobudo Federation is focused on spreading kobudo, mainly of Okinawan origin.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF KOBUDO.
With some stretch, we can say that the first person who began to use, along with primitive weapons, various improvised items to counter his own kind, was the founder of kobudo. But, if we talk about kobudo in the modern sense of the word, then the above statement will only be partially true. One thing is clear, that the very first information about the origin of kobudo is lost in the mists of time. Today, there are two versions of the appearance and development of kobudo in Okinawa: legendary and modern, more realistic, based on the latest historical information. It should be borne in mind that the history of kobudo (kobujutsu) is inextricably linked with the history of karate-do, since the division of Okinawan hand-to-hand combat systems into unarmed and using weapons occurred relatively recently - at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. By the way, even now a number of karate schools in Okinawa have in their attestation programs the requirements for knowledge of not only karate, but also kobudo at the same time. But, we digress. So, the history of karate and kobudo says that these types of hand-to-hand combat began to develop on the Ryukyu Islands from time immemorial and were originally united under a certain system "Te" or "Okinawa-te", which meant respectively "Hand" and "Hand of Okinawa" .
This system has been repeatedly supplemented and expanded throughout its existence. So, in the XII century. (the Taira-Minamoto era), the defeated Taira clan rolled back from Japan to the south and, in part, settled on the Ryukyu. He brought to the islands a large store of military knowledge, including in the field of martial arts. In 1350, with the establishment of official relations with China, an embassy arrived in Okinawa to spread Chinese culture on the island. The transferred knowledge also included martial arts, which were well developed by that time in China. Chinese martial arts mingled with earlier Okinawan developments, giving new impetus to the development of combat systems on the island. By the beginning of the 15th century, the island of Okinawa, which was ruled by numerous feudal princes, was divided into three large states: Hokuzan (in the north), Chuzan (in the center) and Nanzan (in the south), - known as the "Three Kingdoms". In 1429, they were united under the rule of one ruler - Sho Hasi, with the capital in the city of Shuri. His descendant Sho Shin (1477-1526) finally eliminated feudal fragmentation, founded a state based on the principles of Confucianism, and gathered all the feudal princes of Okinawa (anji) in Shuri. At the same time, a ban was imposed on the carrying of swords and possession of weapons. This state, known as the Ryukyu Kingdom, lived and prospered thanks to trade with China, Korea, Japan and other states of Southeast Asia. In 1609, the samurai of the Japanese Satsuma clan from the island of South Kyushu invaded Okinawa and captured it. The new rulers tightened the "Decrees on Weapons" introduced by Sho Sin, and in 1699 banned the import of any weapon. Further, the legendary version says that at that time oppression reached such a level that one knife was issued for household needs for the whole village. It was then that the art of karate (unarmed combat) and kobudo (combat with the use of household items that were not weapons at that time) reached its peak. In order to fight the invaders from the Satsuma clan, peasants and fishermen began to create secret communities, the purpose of which was to expel the Japanese from the island. For this noble purpose, community members studied karate and kobudo, practicing day and night. And after a while, in battles with armed samurai, the islanders convincingly and more than once proved the highest efficiency of karate and kobudo. A more modern historical version states that in 1724, for various reasons, a large number of representatives of the Ryukyu nobility (shizoku) concentrated in Shuri. In order to free the capital from them, it was decided to allow shizoku to engage in trade, crafts, fishing and agriculture on remote islands and away from the cities of Okinawa. The nobles brought their culture to the new settlements, including knowledge in the field of kobudo. However, the local population, especially the peasants, who were loaded with work almost around the clock, were in a state close to that of a slave. Therefore, the development of kobudo was extremely slow and mainly among people from the nobility. After the Meiji Restoration (1848), the islands were annexed by the new government of Japan. In 1879, the last Ryukyu king Sho Tai was exiled to Tokyo. The Japanese government created a new prefecture - Okinawa. The process of Japaneseization of the indigenous population and the eradication of traditions and customs that were considered alien to the original Japanese began, which ended only at the end of World War II. In the period of the late 19th - early 20th centuries, Okinawa kobudo was practically forgotten, it was owned by a very small circle of masters, who often had scattered knowledge of certain types weapons. In the modern world, there are a small number of traditional Okinawan kobudo schools. The main ones are various versions of Ryukyu-kobudo by master Taira Shinken (1897-1970), Matayoshi-kobudo by masters Matayoshi Shinko (1888-1947) and his son Matayoshi Shinpo (1923-1997) and Yamani-ryu kobudo by master Chinen Massami (1898- 1976).
WEAPONS OF KOBUDO.
There are a large number of different types of weapons (mainly of Chinese origin) and items that were not originally weapons, which are tools modified for combat use or without any changes. Following are the main types of kobudo weapons:- bo(other names: rokushakubo, kon, kun) - the most common weapon, a wooden pole (bo) six (roku) shaku long. The Japanese shaku measure was about 30.3 cm. the length of the pole was about 182 cm. The Okinawan names for the pole are "kon" or "kun"; - sai- a metal trident, the prototype of which was the vajra - one of the symbols of Buddhism. Another version relates the origin of the sai to the pitchfork for loosening the soil. Dual weapons. Related types of sai include: manji no sai (swastika-shaped sai) and nunti (spearhead, similar in shape to manji no sai); - tonfa(tunfa, tuifa, tuykha, tunfua, tonfua, toyfua, tonkua, tunkua, taofua) - a stick about 40 cm long with a transverse handle, originally a lever for turning the millstone of a hand mill. Dual weapons. - nunchaku- two sticks about 30 cm long, connected by a rope about 10 cm long. According to various versions, horse bits or a flail for threshing rice served as a prototype for the nunchaku; - jo(tsue, sutiko, sanshakujo, yonshakujo, hanbo) - a stick (staff) 90-120 cm long. - Kama- a sickle, an agricultural tool for harvesting rice. Used in singles and doubles. When used in pairs - nitegama (two sickles); - ecu(ueku, ieku, kai) - paddle;- surutin- a rope or chain with metal or stone sinkers reinforced at both ends. Device for mooring and fastening boats to the pier. There are two types: naga-surutin (3 m long) and tan-surutin (1.5 m);- kue(kuva) - hoe, ketmen;- nuntibo- prison, a pole about 210 cm long with nunti at one end; - tekko- metal spiked brass knuckles, a saddle stirrup could serve as a prototype. Dual weapons;- sansetsu-kon- a wooden three-link flail with links about 65 cm long connected by ropes or a chain about 5-7 cm long. - tinbe-rotin or tinbe-seiryuto - an unpaired weapon, originally a lid from a large pot (to-hai) in combination with a spatula for stirring rice - hare. To-hai was used as a shield, haera as a club. However, techniques with to-hai and haera were not canonized in a timely manner and therefore were subsequently lost. At present, to-hai has been transformed into a shield: a metal round one (diameter approx. 60 cm) or a bone, approximately oval shape, made from the shell of a large sea turtle. Instead of hare, they use rotin or seiryuto. The rotin is a short javelin with a spearhead and often a forked shank. Seiryuto - billhook (machete) for cutting large fish;-
-tanbo(tambo, nityotanbo) - two thick uneven sticks 60-70 cm long. Dual weapons;
- tattoo(titchu) - knitting needles, short metal rods, pointed on both sides with or without rings in the middle part, with or without transverse protrusions. Dual brass knuckle weapons;
Other types;
In the FKR, the list of weapons, in addition to the listed types, includes a bokken, a wooden model of a samurai sword.
Currently, kobudo is experiencing a kind of renaissance period. A large number of schools of karate and other martial arts without weapons, for various reasons (often commercial), introduces work with weapons into their arsenal, borrowing information from all available sources. In some cases, the weapon tradition is adopted entirely from one of the well-known areas of Kobudo, but more often karate schools develop their own weapon arsenal, compiling it at their own discretion.
Expert of the Kobudo Federation of St. Petersburg - Vladimir Balyakin
SENE is a mixed martial arts system. He studies striking technique with hands and feet, throws, painful and suffocating techniques, self-defense techniques. The SEN'E School has been leading its history since 1969. The physical culture and sports public organization "All-Russian Federation SEN'E" received its legal status in 1991. The founders of the School of SEN'E are Kasyanov T.R. and Shturmin A.B. Students of the SEN'E School stood at the origins and made a significant contribution to the development of many types of martial arts in the territory of the former USSR, such as hand-to-hand combat, kickboxing, Thai boxing, taekwondo, etc.
SENE is a unique sports discipline of its kind, which is not only a kind of testing ground for development and improvement physical qualities, the formation of a wide range of motor skills in the field of martial arts, but also forms the moral and volitional qualities of the person involved.
The tactical and technical arsenal of SENE is a viable and interconnected system for the synthesis of striking techniques of arms and legs, throwing, painful and choking techniques that allow fighting at various distances, using a wide range of combination actions regulated by the Rules in compliance with all the necessary principles of conducting a sports duel (control injury hazard, entertainment, objectivity of assessment of actions, etc.).
Currently, SENE, as a sport, is relevant and in demand for a number of objective reasons. Firstly, the occupation of SENE does not require large material costs for the equipment of sports facilities and equipment for those involved, secondly, this system of martial arts meets the growing interest of the general population in the development of diverse techniques for conducting a duel, and thirdly, SENE is an excellent means of positive educational influence on the younger generation, promoting a sustainable habit of a healthy lifestyle, forming a real defender of their Fatherland.
TAIJIQUAN
Taijiquan- a unique art of self-development, including martial arts, a health system, and meditative practice. Taijiquan is one of the optimal and harmonious ways of learning qigong - the practice of controlling one's internal energy.
Like qigong, taijiquan requires the simultaneous action of three factors - consciousness, movement and breathing. At the junction of qigong and taijiquan, complexes of taijiqigong exercises arose.
What will a taijiquan practitioner gain? First, physical and spiritual health, longevity. Secondly, a means for relaxation and stress relief, the ability to quickly overcome stress and conscious actions in extreme situations.
Thirdly, the harmonization of the emotional sphere and interpersonal relationships.
Willow Path
Mac Woon Ken - Donald
Introduction.
"Softness is the soul of the willow, it is able to direct the force of the wind against itself"
An old poem about the benefits of softness in martial arts describes an example of the softness of a tree like a willow that succumbs, bends before strong winds during a storm, instead of resisting them.
Due to the absence of this resistance, the willow continues to live after the storm, while trees that refuse to succumb to the wind can be damaged or even uprooted. The Wing Chun Kuen of my respected Sifu Chow Tze Chuen, handed down to him by Grand Master Yip Man, is based on the idea of softness overcoming hardness. This article will explain the main points of Wing Chun Kuen Sifu Chow that make this gentle submission possible. There will be sections on neutralizing with structure, dispersing with footwork, using the shoulder line to create a void, etc.
Give in like a willow.
The willow is chosen by us as a metaphor to illustrate the wise strategy and method of overcoming the attacking forces. In order for a willow tree to grow, seeds must first be planted. Powerful roots, a straight trunk, flexible branches and leaves grow from seeds. This is the basis for using the concept of pliability like a willow. In actual practice, the hands can be seen as leaves and branches that make first contact with the attacking force. With the right alignment with the direction of the force, the opponent's force can be reduced to nothing without disturbing the structural integrity of the Wing Chun practitioner, just as willow branches and leaves succumb to the wind while remaining in place. Secondly, a Wing Chun practitioner's torso can be likened to a willow trunk - upright and structurally erect in order to take in the opponent's strength internally and redirect it using wrist strength, or take it into the ground through the legs. The third basis of assimilation to a willow is the development of powerful roots that allow the practitioner of Wing Chun to be stable, not allowing him to be pushed into an unstable position by any external force.
Conditions for learning how to be malleable.
In our study of Wing Chun, as taught by Sifu Chow Tze Chuen, we put emphasis on developing the following points that are essential in understanding how to be pliable:
Relaxation The first key to understanding how to successfully absorb an opponent's strength lies in total relaxation at all times, especially during combat;
We define proper relaxation as "not using unnecessary muscle tension that does not contribute to the efficiency of movement towards the goal." Relaxing, one can understand the meaning of internal martial arts, defined by four criteria:
"Yuk Yau But Yuk Keung" means that the practitioner of Wing Chun should give in instead of resisting the opponent with muscular strength;
"Yuk Shun But Yuk Yik" - encourages the Wing Chun practitioner to move harmoniously, and not fight with the flow of the opponent's power;
"Yuk Ding But Yuk Luen" - a practitioner of Wing Chun must move clearly, stably, evenly, for constant control of the center line;
"Yuk Jui But Yuk San" - A Wing Chun practitioner must correctly use his body mass as a whole, and not separate and inefficient use of it.
Central line.
The second key lies in the constant control of the center line. The center line is so important in Wing Chun that it can be said to be the art of defending and attacking the center line. The principle of "Man Fat Gwai Chung" (literally "ten thousand techniques originating from the center line") best describes the pivotal role of the center line in Wing Chun.
The meaning is that during the attack and defense, the opponent will attack the center of the practitioner's body, because. the most vulnerable places are located there. Understanding the center gives the Wing Chun practitioner a reference area from which to build attack and defense strategies. At right direction(reference path) it becomes possible to redirect and reduce the attacking force into the void. This strategy will be discussed in the next paragraph on shoulder line.
Fixed elbow.
The third point is the concept of a fixed elbow. It is necessary to keep the elbow close to the body and on the center line. Holding the elbow stationary gives the practitioner constant protection of his body throughout the fight without having to do it every time the opponent attacks or counterattacks. Proper elbow position also allows the body to be grouped behind the arms, allowing the practitioner to use the power of the entire body rather than relying on local arm strength. The condition of spontaneous (unintentional) use of the center line is also satisfied. For this reason, a common instruction in the school of Grand Master Yip Man was that the student should not keep the elbow too close or far from the body. Proper elbow position allows the practitioner to redirect the opponent's strength using the entire body rather than the separate arms, which is common among beginners.
Correct body position.
The fourth key is correct body position. In Wing Chun, the point of correct body position is for the practitioner to keep their center line perpendicular to the horizontal line formed by the shoulders. In this case, both hands can be easily used to attack without the need to constantly move the body. Attack and defense accuracy is also greatly increased by using the 2D isosceles triangle used to place the body in the most advantageous position relative to the opponent in order to successfully redirect force and counterattack. Body position allows the Wing Chun practitioner to use the sides of the triangle to direct the opponent's force to a safe area.
Simultaneous defense and attack.
The fifth point is the ability to defend and attack at the same time. This is told by another principle "Siu Da Tong Bo" or "Sheung Kiu Bing Hang". The main idea of "Lin Siu Dai Da" (Simultaneous Attack and Defense) is the next prominent characteristic of Wing Chun.
The principle requires that all defensive actions be accompanied by an attack for a short time, in order not to lose a short-term advantage over the opponent. Or, to put it simply, the best defense is an attack. In a real combat situation, it is necessary to control external and internal factors. Improper control of factors means possible damage due to several causes such as fatigue, slowing down, loss of concentration, etc. The use of simultaneous attack and defense in connection with the concept of non-resistance encourages the practitioner to not resist the opponent, using his strength, body position, line and angle of movement to take the best position from which he can best control the opponent's body and therefore dominate him.
Racks.
The last key in learning how to properly control the strength of an opponent is the ability to use Wing Chun stances. A properly held stance allows the practitioner to absorb the strength of the opponent in a static stance, and in a dynamic stance to move the body so that the opponent cannot catch on the body.
Keys to understanding how to be flexible.
In the final part, we will touch on the moments needed for pliability as a willow sags in the face of a large force of the wind.
Neutralization with shoulder line. This is the basic mechanism for yielding to more force. It encourages the practitioner to lead the opponent's strength in such a way that it falls into the void using the line of the shoulders. The sides of the two-dimensional isosceles triangle, which is described in the section on correct body position, can be thought of as a way for a Wing Chun practitioner to bring the opponent's net force vector together.
Use of body structure.
The principle of Wing Chun is "Ying Siu Bo Fa, Ying Fu Sung Yung" (structure neutralizes, legs disperse, opponent can be controlled with less force). This principle shows the importance of proper body structure and footwork.
Correct body structure means:
immobility of the elbows;
using the structure to "roll" the enemy force;
weight is on one leg;
movement comes from the waist;
Point 1 has already been considered. Items 2-4 are outside the scope of this article. The following illustration by Sifu Chow gives the reader an idea of the structure from which the force rolls and the distribution of weight on one leg.
Proper structure allows the practitioner to be supple like a willow in the following way:
Stay in one place while absorbing the opponent's force in the practitioner's body, forming a vector to direct the force directly from the point of its application to the ground, where the opponent's force is safely redirected;
Rotate the body while controlling the center line and accompanying the opponent's attack so that they fall into the neutralizing line of the shoulders, formed by a two-dimensional isosceles triangle, becoming safe. However, the dynamics of real combat are such that sometimes the practitioner has to step back, especially if the duel is against a person who can move quickly or deliver a blow much more powerful than the practitioner's motionless body can absorb. This is where the footwork from the second part of the Ying Siu Bo Fa principle comes into play.
Use of footwork.
Applications from "Ying Siu Bo Fa" as mentioned above in "Using Structure" when structures static body or turning the body in place is not enough to neutralize the opponent's attack, a step back becomes necessary. In Wing Chun our lineage, the use of the legs allows the practitioner to either move the body completely out of the direction of the attack, or to follow the vector of the opponent's force. Footwork requires the practitioner to move to a strategically more advantageous position from which to counterattack while maintaining 100% weight on one leg paired with a properly aligned shoulder line. The use of footwork has other purposes as well. The introduction of the legs into the process allows the Wing Chun practitioner to expand the range of motion in order to not only neutralize but also close the gap, catch up, bridge and follow the opponent's movements in all directions. At the same time, the opponent's movements will be cut off, limited, or fall into the void, not finding an opportunity to use force against the practitioner.
Conclusion.
In this article, we introduced the reader to the unique features of the Wing Chun direction, how he came to Sifu Chow Tze Chuen from the Great Master Yip Man. The use of key points - the foundation of Wing Chun, paired with the ability to be pliable akin to a leaning and swaying willow during a strong storm, makes Wing Chun Kuen a reasonable and excellent style of martial arts in our opinion. In the words of Grand Master Yip Man, "If you stand on the highest mountain, there is no one above you. Wing Chun is above us."
Sifu Donald Mac.
February 2000.
STYLE KARATE
often identified with traditional karate, although these are different concepts. Traditional karate should be understood as those directions that have retained their ideology, basic principles, mode of action, content of the program and training methodology in the state in which they were laid down by the founders.
Essentially, traditional karate is a cultural and aesthetic phenomenon, the main purpose of which is to preserve and popularize Japanese traditions in martial arts. The training of athletes or hand-to-hand combatants is not the task of traditional directions.
Martial art, from the position of traditional Japanese attitudes, is expressed in the demonstration of exquisite movements, filled with strength and speed, as well as in the education of a perfect body and military spirit. By our time, there are practically no truly traditional directions in karate.
What is widespread today are stylistic trends that have retained some traditional features. Names, symbols, rituals, as well as the technique of performing kata, interpreted by the masters of each subsequent generation, were inherited from previous generations. This is mainly due to the wide spread of sports and commercial karate, as well as the emergence of a large number of new types, many of which are focused on commercial success.
COMPLEX MARTIAL BATTLE
an applied type of martial arts, created in 2003 on the basis of the most rational techniques and tactics of boxing and kickboxing, freestyle wrestling and sambo - in conditions of active confrontation, against the backdrop of high mental stress and physical fatigue. Comprehensive Martial Arts consists of two versions: Sports-applied and universal-full-contact. The sports-applied version began to emerge at the Moscow Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia since 1996 and is basic training on the formation of motor skills of shock and wrestling techniques. According to this version, the largest part of the competition and training is held, and the competition consists of two rounds of three minutes of pure time with a minute break. The first round is a striking martial art in boxing gloves and protective equipment, where punches to the head and kicks to the defense are allowed. The second round is in the nature of a sports fight without protective equipment, with throws and painful holds. The winner is determined by the highest number of points scored in two rounds or a clear victory - knockout or submission.
The universal-full-contact version began to be introduced in the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, after the tournament of the strongest special forces fighters, which took place in Moscow in 1992. The version is a kind of testing ground for testing the effectiveness of various techniques in a tough confrontation, without protective equipment in boxing gloves.
In competitions according to this version, within the framework of one duel, divided into three two-minute rounds with a minute break between them, punches, kicks, throws and painful holds are allowed.
In 2003, it was decided to bring both directions together, as a result of which the system of Comprehensive Martial Arts appeared. Its promotion as an independent sport was decided to be carried out within the framework of the Federation of Comprehensive Martial Arts, established on April 11, 2003 at a conference that included 49 regions of Russia.
ORIENTAL
Mixed martial arts style. It is interesting, first of all, because it is a system of mixed martial arts, a synthesis of striking techniques with hands and feet and wrestling according to uniform rules.
Since ancient times, mankind, in an effort to protect itself, invented a variety of methods and methods of self-defense, improved weapons. It was in this context that the gradual development combat arts, which have largely lost their combat focus and evolved into sports. The East was the ancestor of most of modern systems hand-to-hand combat. However, in everyday consciousness, most of the latter, both ancient and quite modern, are associated with the Far East, primarily with China, Japan and Korea. In the last decades of the last century, this list Thailand included. This is not surprising - karate, jiu-jitsu, judo, wushu, taekwondo and Thai boxing are extremely popular around the world. However, the Middle East has also given the world its combat systems, some of which are becoming mainstream these days. Perhaps the most diverse and detailed such system is the Iranian Oriental.
This martial art got its name from Mount Arvant (Iranian "Alvand"), located near the city of Hamadan. In addition, the term "Oriental" has long been commonly used in the meaning of "Eastern". Thus, this system is an oriental martial art.
Oriental began its development in Hamadan in the second half of the last century. The "father" of this style was a specialist in various types of martial arts, master Mohammad Hasem Manuchihri. basis for creating new martial arts first became the ancient Iranian type of wrestling - koshti, martial art game alak dolak, as well as the so-called shadow struggle. Soon Oriental also included the basic techniques and strikes of boxing, karate, freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling, as well as judo. As a result, a complex martial art was formed, which includes all aspects of hand-to-hand combat - work in a stance, including punches, knees, elbows; in capture, with the use of various throws, sweeps and stalls; as well as in the stalls, with blows, painful and suffocating techniques.
From the beginning of the 70s of the 20th century, the oriental went beyond the borders of Hamadan and began to spread in the southern and eastern parts of Iran. However, a series of political upheavals that overtook the country just at that time could not but affect the development of sports. It was seriously complicated and slowed down. The first national championship took place only about 30 years later - in 2000. By this time, thousands of Iranians were practicing Oriental. By the end of the first decade of the 21st century, at least 15 thousand adherents of this style were recorded in the Islamic Republic. In 2005, the World Oriental Federation (World O-sport Federation) appeared, which began to spread under the name O-sport. This discipline was recognized by the United Nations, which was personally stated by its Secretary General Kofi Annan, emphasizing the national, Iranian basis of Oriental.
In oriental sports, both shock and throwing techniques are allowed, as well as the technique of working in the stalls with the use of wrestling, painful techniques (mixed fight). Adherents of various martial arts and schools can find themselves in oriental sports because this sport consists of several sections.
ARMY HAND FIGHT
This is a universal system for teaching defense and attack techniques, which has absorbed all the best from the arsenal of world martial arts, tested in real combat activities, worked out on the multinational Russian soil.
date of birth ARB considered to be 1979 when the first championship of the airborne troops took place in the city of Kaunas at the sports base of the 7th Guards Airborne Division. Created by specialists and enthusiasts of physical training and sports of the Airborne Forces, Strategic Missile Forces, other types and branches of the military, the ARB was successfully introduced into the training program and became the main component of the forms of physical training of military personnel.
The versatility of hand-to-hand training, spectacular fights, reliable protective equipment and clear refereeing made the new kind sport popular among military personnel. This made it possible to hold the first championship of the Armed Forces in 1991 in the city of Leningrad, which determined the ways and directions for the development of the ARB.
The Military Institute of Physical Culture (VIFK) became the educational and methodological basis for the development of the ARB. At the Department of Overcoming Obstacles and Hand-to-Hand Combat, future specialists in physical training and sports of the Armed Forces and power structures Russian Federation, CIS countries, near and far abroad. In the hand-to-hand combat center, instructors are trained, coaches and judges improve their skills. The research center is engaged in the development and publication of manuals, textbooks and manuals on hand-to-hand combat.
In order to popularize and develop the ARB, on the initiative of the Sports Committee of the Ministry of Defense (SC MO), in 1992, the Federation of Army Hand-to-Hand Combat (FARB) within the framework of the Army Association of Contact Martial Arts (AAKVE). The purposeful work of the FARB together with the SC MO made it possible to include the ARB in the military sports classification for 1993-1996, in the Unified All-Russian Sports Classification for 1997-2000, develop and publish competition rules in 1995 and obtain from the State Sports Committee of Russia the right to provide documents for conferring the title of "Master of Sports" and sports categories.