Position

about holding a tourist rally "Hunting for piranha"

Tourist rally "School of Survival" is held in the format of a role-playing game, during which participants receive points, the number of which determines the winning team. Participants form teams and occupy their respective positions (see Annex 3).

The legend of the rally is based on the movie "Piranha Hunt". The participants' tourist camp is attacked by a group of bandits led by the ruthless leader Commissar. The participants will have to overcome difficulties to escape from captivity and get to the nearest settlement with minimal losses.

Goals and objectives

Tourist rally is held for the purpose of:

attraction to outdoor activities;

· fostering a competitive spirit;

physical and psychological development.

Flying tasks:

Propaganda of tourist movement among university students;

Improving travel and tactical skills;

cultivating love for nature.

2. Leadership of the rally

The preparation and holding of the rally is managed by members of the Tourist Club of the SSU "Roads of the Territory" and the Paintball Club of the SSU "Paint Republic".

Time and place

The rally is held from May 12 to May 14, 2017 near the village of Lokh, Novoburassky district, Saratov region.

4. Participants of the rally

Teams and individual students of universities in Saratov are allowed to participate in the rally.

5. The program of the rally

The tourist rally takes place in two stages. At the first stage, from March 13 to May 9, theoretical and workshops for training and deepening knowledge in the following areas:

Orientation and work with maps;

accommodation and organization of the camp;

· field kitchen and campfires;

· first aid;

equipment and personal protective equipment;

survival

· tactical training.

At the second stage, a trip to the rally is carried out, which includes:

daytime orientation

an obstacle course

technology of hiking;

paintball competition;

The game "Commissar's Chest";

competitive program:

tourist skills competition;

· competition of representation of commands and amateur performances;

bard song competition;

competition for the title of the best commander

Detailed description the program of the rally is presented in Appendix 1.

Living conditions and necessary equipment

Teams are housed in tents and must have equipment and equipment for living in the field. If the team or participant does not have individual items of equipment or equipment, then the organizers of the rally provide assistance in acquiring them. The completeness of the equipment is also evaluated and is included in the overall score of the rally competition. Each team cooks their own food.

Contributions

Each participant of the tourist rally pays a participation fee of 400 rubles, which will be spent on food, expendable materials and paintball equipment.

Definition of winners

During competitive activity, teams earn a certain number of points for each element of the program. At the end of the competitive program, the points are summed up. The team with the highest total number of points is considered the winner. In case of equality of points between two or more teams, the advantage is given to the team that has more first, second, third places in the scoring competitions.

Attachment 1

Plan

holding a tourist rally "Hunting for piranha"

Day one ("Camp")

· Arrival of teams.

Setting up a camp.

· Construction, opening of the rally.

· Competition for the presentation of teams and amateur performances.

· Technology of hiking.

· Bard song competition.

· Personal time.

· Construction.

Day two ("Escape")

· Climb.

· Charger.

· Personal time.

· Breakfast.

· Daily orientation.

"Commissioner's Chest".

· Personal time.

· Construction.

Day three ("Struggle")

· Climb.

· Charger.

· Personal time.

· Breakfast.

· Construction, announcement of the daily program.

· Paintball competition.

Breaking camp.

Departure of teams.

A detailed description of the elements of the competition included in the program is presented in Appendix 2.

Appendix 2

Test program

Tourist gathering "Hunting for piranhas"

day orientation

15 checkpoints (CP) have been established and marked on the map on the ground. It is necessary to go through all the checkpoints in a limited time, complete the corresponding tasks and return to the starting point. Teams independently choose the order of passing the CP. The mark on the passage of the checkpoint is made with a punch or a pen on the team card in the cell with the number corresponding to the checkpoint number.

Participants start as teams. The interval between starts of teams is 5 minutes. The order of the teams is determined by a draw.

Control time - 3 hours. Time is cut off when the last team member returns to the starting point. For exceeding the control time by participants up to 5 minutes, 1 CP is not counted, up to 10 minutes - 2 CP, up to 15 minutes - 3 CP, etc.

The result of the team is determined by the largest number of CPs found and the best time.

Hiking technology

List of stages:

knitting knots;

crossing on parallel ropes with self-insurance;

· hanging crossing;

a vertical pendulum

lifting on a double "grasping" knot;

slope traverse;

Descent on the "eight";

· crossing a ravine on a log with railings with self-insurance;

· "bumps";

· "gati";

a horizontal pendulum

Setting up a tent

kindling a fire;

trolls.

All participants must wear a field uniform covering the elbows and knees, sports shoes, gloves and hats.

Participants start as teams. The order of the teams is determined by a draw.

The result of the team is determined by the time of passing the distance, taking into account the penalty time.

Table of penalties

No. p / p	Name of violation	Fine
	Step over the stage boundary: single touch beyond the boundary (in danger zone) with one foot without self-insurance.	30 sec
	Passing the stage with an unmuffed carbine	30 sec
	Loss of personal special equipment - for each piece of equipment lost during the stage (in the danger zone) or left on the starting shore.	30 sec
	Not passing a stage	withdrawal
	Error when tying knots: the knot is not straightened, or the control knot is missing, or the free end of the knot is less than 5 cm.	30 sec
	Loose or incorrectly tied knot: The knot pattern does not match the pattern.	1 minute
	Incorrect belay or lanyard - lanyard rubbing against the main rope while moving	1 minute
	Cessation or absence of belay, self-belay: start of movement without belay, self-belay, release of the railing rope from hands, incorrect fastening on sections passed under the conditions without loss of self-belay: the participant unfastened from the previous section before fastening to the next one.	1 minute. 1 minute. 1 minute.
	Two participants on stage	1 minute
	Knot grip (grasping knot is clamped in the hand during movement)	1 minute
	Incorrect order of fastening or unfastening: the participant connected to the railing before he got on the self-belay, and when unfastening it was the other way around	1 minute
	Hold-down fall - both legs have lost support, but the participant holds on to the railing with his hands (subject to further passing)	30 sec
	Participant's fall with hanging on the belay, self-belay (if he continues to move) (if he does not continue to move)	3 min withdrawal
	When descending on a "grasping" knot, the rope is not laid behind the back	1 minute
	When descending, the release of the railing rope from the adjustable arm	1 minute
	Incorrect use of the brake device "eight"	1 minute
	Failure to comply with the conditions and passing the distance, failure to comply with the requirements of the judges to ensure safety	withdrawal
	Assistance of the referee	3 min
	Wrinkles on the roof of the tent (each)	30 sec
	Lack of verticality of the tent	1 minute
	Loss of pegs (each)	30 seconds
	Lighting a fire without gloves	1 minute
	Bonfire without headgear	1 minute
	The thread is not burned out during the control time (3 min)	3 minutes

Tourist Skills Competition

Tourist skills and lifestyle are assessed throughout the tourist rally. When evaluating the tourist camp and the life of the team, the following indicators are taken into account:

the state of the camp and kitchen, food storage conditions;

Compliance with the rules of conduct and daily routine;

Compliance with the norms of sanitary and hygienic, fire, environmental, general security.

The list of penalties for violating the rules and regulations is given below.

On the first day, a control and advisory tour is carried out referee team, in the following days - morning and evening rounds to check the condition of the camp, kitchen, food storage conditions, etc.

When checking the condition of the camp, kitchen and food storage, cleanliness, order, compliance with hygiene, fire, environmental standards and safety regulations, compliance with the daily routine, rules of conduct on and near water, discipline, culture of behavior and mutual respect between all participants in the competition are taken into account.

The referee team can record violations at any time and anywhere in the camp.

List of fines.

A penalty of 1 point is assigned for:

Violation of hygiene standards for washing and drying linen;

violation of the rules for storing dishes, tools and equipment;

Violation of the rules for the disposal of food waste and household waste;

The presence of garbage in tents and on the territory.

A penalty of 2 points is assigned for:

violation of food storage standards;

Non-observance of hygiene and safety precautions when working in the kitchen;

Poorly washed dishes

Washing dishes and washing outside designated areas.

Specially specified violations - a fine of 5 points is assigned for:

Violation of fire, environmental and general safety standards;

non-compliance with the daily routine;

failure to comply with the orders of the judges.

Competition "Representation of teams and amateur performances".

The participation of the whole team is mandatory. Performance time is limited to 10 minutes. The team, using various art forms, talks about themselves, in the key of tourism and the theme of the rally. The order of performance is determined by a draw.

Criteria for evaluation:

mass character;

coherence of the presentation;

artistry;

the quality of performance;

The originality of the performance.

The maximum score is 30 points.

Commander Competition

The judging staff throughout the meeting observes the commanders of the detachments and evaluates their skills. Estimated:

The ability to make quick and correct decisions;

ability to organize personnel;

Execution of received orders;

Work with the received documentation and keeping a journal.

The game "Commissar's Chest"

The main task of the teams is to collect the password from the combination lock as they pass the tests at the checkpoints located in the camp district. The location of the checkpoint is marked on the maps of the camp. The tests are aimed at testing the ingenuity, intelligence, and fortitude of the participants. Teams can team up with each other to complete tasks. You have 3 hours to complete the game. After the time expires, all checkpoints are closed. The reward for successfully completing the game is the contents of the chest and extra points to the overall team score.

The team may refuse to participate in the game at any stage.

Paintball competition

The game involves two opposing sides, consisting of participants in the rally. One side holds the defense in prepared positions, the other must get as close as possible and “blow up” the positions with the help of a conditional bomb.

Appendix 3

The composition of the teams and equipment of the tourist rally "Hunting for piranha"

Tourism and recreation

Technique and tactics of movement in the campaign. Overcoming obstacles Tourism technique is the rules and techniques of movement and overcoming natural obstacles encountered on the route. The correct organization of the movement of the group ensures the rhythm of the work of the body, the dosage of physical activity, the clarity in the actions of the group, which in general has a positive effect on the safety of the route. If you put the boys in front, they can set the pace too high.

8. Technique and tactics of movement in the campaign. Overcoming obstacles

Tourism technique is the rules and techniques of movement and overcoming natural obstacles encountered on the route. The correct organization of the movement of the group ensures the rhythm of the body, the dosage of physical activity, the clarity in the actions of the group, which, in general, has a positive effect on the safety of the route. It is determined by the terrain, the presence and nature of difficult areas, the presence of weakened participants.

When planning a route, it is necessary to take into account the norms of crossings with cargo, as well as approximate and very conditional norms of weight loads for young tourists. These norms are conditional because they do not fit well with the realities of life: the lists of tourist equipment recommended in various reference books (personal plus group plus products) in terms of the actual weight of items often in total greatly exceed these norms of weight loads. Experience working with children of primary school age shows that if a child of 9-10 years old has a backpack weighing no more than 5 kg, then such a load will not tire him. During daily practice exercise, mostly morning exercises, as well as sports games Boys and girls can easily walk through uneven terrain up to 8 km at a speed of no more than 3 km/h. Every 25-30 minutes of walking they need a rest (halt) for 10-15 minutes.

For adolescents, approved norms of loads in a tourist trip and travel have been established. So, children aged 11-12 tolerate crossings up to 12 km per day well. The weight of their backpack must not exceed 8 kg. Adolescents 13-14 years old can make transitions up to 15 km per day. The weight of their backpack can reach 12 kg. Older teenagers (15-16 years old) can walk up to 20 km on some days of multi-day trips. The weight of their backpack can reach 15 kg for girls and 18 kg for boys.

In general, we must remember that the weight of a backpack is a very individual load. After all, the guys are very different in terms of complexion, physical development, and character. And you also need to understand that any weight on the shoulders is always an undesirable phenomenon. No wonder the guys say: "Our backpack is our friend and enemy." Therefore, it is not necessary to look for optimal norms for the weight of backpacks, it is better to find ways to reduce their weight.

After all, we do not want to set records in carrying weights! It is necessary to set completely different records: with a full set of everything necessary to achieve the minimum weight of the equipment.

There are guys who are able to carry much more weight, but there are teenagers for whom the standard weight is also large. At first, they need to reduce the load due to the weight of the backpack and, if possible, due to the slower passage of the route.

Group order

The most convenient movement of the group is in a chain - a column one at a time. On the streets of the city, along the roads, you can go in pairs so that the group does not stretch too much, but everyone must know exactly their place in the column. The structure of the group is an indicator of its organization, and also has a practical meaning: firstly, it is inconvenient and unsafe to move in a crowd on difficult sections and paths; secondly, it is much more difficult to determine at one time or another whether everything is in place in a crowd; thirdly, it is easier for each participant to notice shortcomings in the movement of the person in front if he constantly follows the same person.

The physical strength and endurance of the participants in the campaign are not equal, there are always a few people who think that the group is moving slowly, and they are rushing forward. Their demands have a depressing effect on those who are already tired, have rubbed their legs or feel unwell. In the children's group, mutual dissatisfaction often arises between the two. If you let the guys go as they please and can, they will be divided into groups, stretch for several hundred meters, and the tourist group will become uncontrollable. It is not far from the accident, the loss of a participant.

You should immediately determine the order of building the column: in front, within sight, the guide on duty and the commander. It is not necessary to get close to them, they can make stops for orientation. The girls follow, then the boys. The column goes at the pace of the girls. Putting the boys ahead of them can set the pace too fast. But at the same time, the leader must ensure that the pace of the girls does not fall to a snail's pace, because girls are capable of this. Most often this happens because of conversations among themselves.

It is desirable to exclude unnecessary conversations on the route. By talking, children imperceptibly churn their breath, get tired faster, become

become scattered. As a result, the child may stumble, not notice a branch at face level, get injured.

At the end of the column is the closing one - the most experienced and strongest participant, whose task is not to allow the group to break. It must be the last one all the time. If someone needs to stop (for example, someone's backpack strap came off and he must repair it), the trailer determines whether to stop the whole group or stop together. He must report this to the group leader. And only he makes a decision and, if necessary, stops the group.

The head and his deputy determine their place depending on the situation: if the conditions for orienteering are difficult, one of them goes at the head of the column with a guide; during the normal movement of the group, they are in the middle of the column; when overcoming natural obstacles - ahead. For some time, the leader may go with the last one, as he is often offended that he is the last one. By the way, walking at the end of the column, the leader sees all the children. One rule is strictly followed: when approaching an obstacle, the group stops, the leader inspects (evaluates) the obstacle and gives a command to bypass or pass.

Organization and mode of movement

The most convenient time to travel along the route is the first half of the day from 8 am to 12 pm. At this time in the summer it is still not hot and it is not difficult to walk. Usually, for a lunch halt, the time is determined 3-4 hours after starting the route. You can also focus on the state of the weather: if the traffic schedule allows, it is better to wait out the midday heat at a halt, and from 16 to 19 hours, when the heat has already subsided, continue moving.

Sample daily schedule
6.00 - the rise of the attendants.

7.00-7.45 - general rise of the group, exercises, cleaning the territory,

alet. 7.45 - 9.00 - preparation for departure, breakfast. 9.00 - 12.00 - movement along the route, excursions, local history

Job. 12.00-16.00 - big lunch break, afternoon rest. 16.00-18.00 - movement along the route, excursions. 18.00 - 20.00 - selection and preparation of accommodation, dinner.

20.00-22.30 - free time, putting in order marching
records, clarification of the plan for tomorrow, conversations and songs
campfire.
22.30 - 23.00 - evening toilet.
23.00 - lights out.

10-15 minutes after leaving the place of a long halt (overnight, lunch), you need to make a short halt to fit backpacks, take off too warm clothes. Perhaps someone did not have time to run to the toilet for morning preparations ...

Further, 15-minute halts are arranged every 45 minutes of movement. A certain time of movement is not a dogma, but a guideline. If a little earlier or a little later (earlier is better, because later - it is not known when) a convenient place for a halt appeared on the route (a beautiful clearing, a fallen tree where you can sit; or there is a large open space ahead where it is inconvenient to halt), then it is better make a stop. This will not in the least affect the organization of the movement for the worse.

Thus, in the morning the group will make 3-4 transitions, in the evening - 2-3. If excursions are planned, then the running time will be reduced.

Depending on the terrain and weather conditions, the group overcomes 3-3.5 km in transition (45 minutes) at the rate of 13-15 minutes per kilometer. The speed is sharply reduced on steep or long climbs, on sand, stones, in a swamp, in dense undergrowth, on taiga blockages. Under these conditions, the speed may drop to 1.5 km/h. When planning a traffic schedule, this must be taken into account.

3-5 minutes before the planned stops for a halt, the pace of movement of the group should be gradually reduced. It is necessary to start moving after a halt for 2-3 minutes from a low pace, gradually increasing it to the optimal one.

The interval between the walkers is approximately an outstretched arm, so that in the event of a sudden stop, you don’t bump your nose into the backpack of the person in front. The leader walks with his calm, even step and must maintain this pace.

And who keeps track of the time on the route? Who gives the orders to stop? It is better to entrust this to the conductor on duty. You can - the commander. They will keep track of running time in their notebooks and give commands for halts.

The rhythm of movement is the main means of conserving strength. On a good road, it is expressed in a constant speed, without jerks and

stops. On descents, the speed increases, on uphills it decreases. It is necessary to avoid long-term movement on a very hard surface - stone, concrete and asphalt roads, otherwise scuffs and cramps of the legs appear.

The hiker's step should be calm, free, natural, with the body slightly tilted forward to balance the weight of the backpack. Feet, slightly turned to the right and left, are placed from the heel with a roll to the toe. The supporting leg is not extended to the end, which creates springiness and smoothness of movement. Hands should be free from any objects (all in a backpack). In the hands can only be an alpenstock.

On the route, there will inevitably be streams, rivers, springs. Even those who do not want to drink involuntarily reach for the water. Thirst on the route can arise for objective reasons - heat, climbing, and subjective - extra clothes, an unreasonably high rate of movement. It is better to eliminate subjective causes than to use all the water sources encountered. After all, excess water is a loss from the body of salts that come out with sweat. Besides cold water and an organism warmed up by walking are incompatible.

Obstacles on the route

Formally, the indicators of the complexity of the trips of young tourists are their duration and length. But the number of days and kilometers, without taking into account the set of natural obstacles on the route, does not fully reveal the sports properties of the route. One kilometer on a well-found clear path is not at all equal to one kilometer on sand, mud, stones or dense thickets.

Everything natural obstaclescan be divided into five main groups associated with certain natural factors:

Group 1 - terrain-related obstacles. These are more or less steep ascents and descents along the slopes of ravines, cliffs, hills, mountains (characterized by vertical corners in degrees); this is a greater or lesser duration of such ascents and descents, their smoothness or, conversely, sharpness.

2nd group - obstacles associated with the hydro network. These are crossings over rivers, ditches, streams, channels; these are swamps, bogs, areas flooded with water.

3rd group - obstacles associated with vegetation: forest, shrubby thickets, blockages (windbreaks, windblows),

4th group - obstacles due to the nature of the support field and various natural obstacles. And here the question arises, which is better: to avoid encounters with difficulties and obstacles, or, on the contrary, to look for such encounters? Contrary to the comic tourist law: “Smart will not go uphill” - all tourists climb mountains. So, for some reason they need it, for some reason they like it. But the expression: “We are going on an easy hike” is complete nonsense, because the hike cannot, should not be easy, because then it will be uninteresting, meaningless and will change its name to another - “walk”. Overcoming various difficulties is the meaning of tourism, it contributes to physical and spiritual growth and development.

However, it is necessary to take into account the degree of preparedness of children, their strength and capabilities. If a difficult obstacle is encountered on the route, to overcome which the group is not ready, does not have the appropriate experience, then, if possible, the obstacle must be bypassed.

Overcoming natural obstacles requires the mobilization of the forces of the group, organization, mutual assistance. The leader must remember that overcoming an obstacle (a steep descent, ascent, etc.) is an important educational moment. It is no coincidence that one of the laws of young tourists says: "Help a friend and you will feel better." The first ones who passed the obstacle are waiting for the whole group to overcome it, they provide all possible assistance - they support, give a hand or an alpenstock. Mutual assistance can also be expressed in unloading (in complete release from the load) a sick, weaker comrade when climbing a steep wet slope, etc. Children should be taught not to rush to an obstacle (luggage, blockage, stile, etc.), but to stop and wait for the command of the leader.

Driving in heavily forested areas.When driving through the forest, you need to use passing country roads, clearings, trails, glades. It is much easier to walk along the path, even if it is barely noticeable, than directly - in azimuth. In addition, the trail, as a rule, goes around obstacles or crosses them in a convenient place.

When moving through dense undergrowth, you should hold the branches, take them away with your hand not in a horizontal plane (in the direction of your own movement), but in a vertical one, bending the branch under your thigh so that they do not whip the face of the person walking behind. To protect against branches and knots, it is better to move in a windbreaker. The eyes will be protected by a hat with a large dense visor. Group members must walk at intervals of 3- 5 meters, allowing not to lose sight of each other.

Those who go ahead should warn with a voice about dangerous places: pits, protruding tree roots, logs lying across the path, slippery places.

If possible, do not step on fallen trees. Firstly, you can slip, and secondly, stepping on a tree and descending from it to the ground, we do unnecessary work, waste our energy uselessly. It is better to go around or step over fallen trees, while the group does not stop and, most importantly, does not lose pace. You can walk along the trunk of a fallen tree only if it lies on a swampy area or across a stream. For climbing and climbing, it is desirable to choose clean, branch-free sections of the trunks. Active mutual assistance is needed here: landing when climbing the trunk, securing when descending, if necessary, separate transportation of backpacks through a log or dragging them under it.

Even more carefully you need to go through the forest thicket, if there is a need to move in azimuth. In such areas, special attention should be paid to clothing and equipment - for example, tent pegs sticking out of the pockets of a backpack can lead to injury.

Overgrown deep ravines, ravines, often littered with windbreak, stones, with streams flowing along their bottom must be overcome, choosing the most gentle slopes.

It is quite difficult to move in the tundra zone and the middle mountains, through thickets of elfin, a shrub that creeps along the ground with hard branches and a powerful root system. It is quite low, and sometimes reaches a height above human height (for example, rhododendron). When entering such thickets, you should pre-determine the direction of movement and stick to it. At the same time, clothing should cover all parts of the body, it is better to tuck trousers under socks (you can prepare special “flashlights” for this that protect legs and trousers). In the same way it is necessary to act when moving through dwarf vegetation.

Movement in the taigahas its own characteristics. There are much fewer paths and, moreover, roads here than in the forest; much more blockages, windbreak. This complicates and slows down the movement. In addition, orientation on the route is also complicated. When moving, you should try to choose more free places, bypassing the rubble. If this is not possible, then it is necessary to overcome them carefully, helping each other.

Overcoming steep slopes.Climbing uphill - silently. Wait for comrades, help each other. It is more convenient to climb obliquely on steep slopes. If the rise is protracted - serpentine (either left, then right side to the slope). When lifting, it is recommended to put the foot on the entire sole, and not on the toe.

Highway traffic.If it is not possible to avoid traffic on the highway, you must go in a strict chain along the left side of the road, towards the transport.

Driving through wetlands.Heavily swampy areas should be bypassed, because. overcoming them requires significant physical and psychological efforts. In case of urgent need, they are overcome after careful questioning of local residents.

Bogs are divided into lowland, upland and "hanging". The former are formed in the floodplains of rivers, when water bodies are overgrown and feed mainly on groundwater. Riding (moss) are more common on watersheds and feed on precipitation. "Hanging" swamps are more common in the mountains, on the slopes. They are formed by the release of keys and atmospheric precipitation.

Swamps are classified by passability into passable, difficult and impassable. The first of them are covered with dense grass interspersed with sedge. Impenetrable swamps are covered with moss, among which water is visible, cotton grass grows, dense bushes of willow, alder, birch. The most dangerous swamp is an overgrown reservoir, the surface of which is covered with bright green grass. It is practically impassable and will have to be bypassed.

It is necessary to go through the swamp strictly in the footsteps of the scouts, put your foot smoothly, without jerking. It is safer to lay the path over bumps, near bushes and tree trunks.

For insurance when moving through the swamp, tourists must constantly keep the pole at the ready, holding it in a horizontal position, loosen the straps of the backpacks. A person who has fallen into a quagmire must quickly pull the pole towards him and lie down on it with his chest. If the tourist himself is not able to rise, then he should not make sharp and convulsive movements, so as not to break the rafting even more. You can't lose your composure. Help for the failed should be provided quickly, without fuss and very carefully. First you need to make a place near it with poles and branches. Then carefully approach the victim, help remove the backpack and get out.

Hollows (pits with a depth of 50 cm or more) are more convenient to pass along the poles, which are successively laid in the direction of bottoming. As they are released, the trailer passes them forward. You should walk along the slippery path carefully, leaning, if possible, on a pole.

If reconnaissance has established that there is solid ground under a layer of water, then you can move forward in the wake of the leader. Movement in any case Should be carried out smoothly, self-belaying with a pole is obligatory. When moving through a swamp, you must constantly monitor the direction * of movement, mark your path with sticks. This marking may be useful for returning if further progress along the Olot proves impossible.

You need to go through the swamp in shoes and clothes. Pants should be tucked into socks or shoes so that they do not cling to or interfere with dressing. The contents of the backpack should be protected from moisture as much as possible.

It must be remembered that in the off-season and in winter, the swamps freeze unevenly. When passing them at this time of the year, one must also be very attentive and careful.

Movement in the mountains. In the mountains, even moving along the valley, tourists are almost constantly on the slope, making the ascent or descent. It requires certain movement skills. Climbing the path, they bend their leg at the knee, put their foot on the ground. For better adhesion of the soles to the ground, the socks are turned slightly in outside. If possible, it is better to step over small stones lying on the way, if not, then step carefully, without straightening the leg completely so as not to raise your center of gravity (so as not to do useless work).

On gentle descents, the leg is placed, almost without bending, first on the heel, then on the entire foot. The body is tilted back slightly. On steep slopes they walk on half-bent legs, with short steps, putting their foot on the whole foot. On very steep slopes, you have to put your foot across the slope, focusing on the boot welt.

Energy consumption when moving on slopes is much greater than on the plain. To this is added nervous tension, lack of oxygen in the air. Therefore, the pace of movement in the mountains is lower, halts should be organized more often, focusing on the condition of the weakest members of the group. On steep slopes, frequent and short stops (1-2 minutes) are made to rest and restore the rhythm of breathing. At the same time, you do not need to sit down, they rest while standing, turning their backs to the slope, leaning on the alpenstock.

When driving on grassy slopesthere are dangers, primarily associated with poor grip of the sole with a support covered with grass (especially if it is wet). When climbing a grassy slope, the foot is planted with the whole foot to increase the adhesion of the sole to the grass. With an increase in the steepness of the slope, the toes of the legs turn more and more (herringbone rise). When descending, the leg is placed with the whole foot, the legs are slightly bent. When climbing and descending, you should try to use each firmly lying stone, pothole, bump as a step, placing your foot horizontally on them.

When traversing the slope (moving across it), the foot of the inner leg to the slope is placed with the entire foot across the slope and slightly up along it, the foot of the outer leg is placed with the entire sole, turning the toe down the slope the stronger, the steeper the slope. When changing the direction of traversing ("serpentine"), you need to take a step forward outside leg by putting it a little up the slope, then deploy inner leg at an angle to the first one slightly up the slope so that the feet are in the “herringbone” position, as when lifting. Then you need to put your feet, as when crossing the slope, and move in the opposite direction.

Climbing up the slope in a group should be a trail in a trail, with an interval of about 1.5 m. On slopes with a steepness of 25-30 °, they rise and descend in short zigzags, “serpentine”, located as close to each other as possible. At the same time, the leader must

so that those who go ahead do not

they climbed on the next segment of the serpentine above those walking behind (when descending - vice versa) in order to avoid falling stones from under the feet of those who were higher up the slope (Fig. 24). The guide must choose the path along potholes, animal paths, located one above the other.

Rice. 24. Serpentine movement

When driving, self-insurance with an alpenstock or ice ax is necessary. With the hand closest to the slope, the shaft of the alpenstock is covered from above in

20-25 cm from the bayonet, with the other hand - at the upper end, covering the shaft with the palm up. The bayonet of the alpenstock is directed towards the slope above the points of support with the feet (Fig. 25). If a tourist slips or stumbles, then he should slightly group, rest with a bayonet against the slope, creating an additional, third point of support for himself. When falling, it is necessary to quickly, without releasing the alpenstock from the hands, lower the hands down the shaft (but not bring them together) and firmly rest the bayonet on the ground in order to delay sliding down (Fig. 26). If there was a fall on your side, back, you should try to roll over on your stomach, while spreading your legs, preventing rotation of the body and additionally braking with the toes of your boots.

On steep slopes, the rule of two points of support must be observed. The Alpenstock is transferred at the moment when both feet are on the support. The leg is transferred when there is support on the other leg, and the bayonet of the alpenstock rests on the slope.

Constant observance of the rule of two points of support must be observed on steep slopes, on slippery ground and grass. At the same time, when changing the direction of movement on the serpentine, the position of the hands also changes. You should not tilt the body towards the slope when moving, this only reduces stability.

Scree movementassociated with the danger of rockfall, falling when relying on unstable stones. It is easier and safer to move along the scree of compacted small or, even better, large stones (old scree). A sign of such scree is the darker surface of the stones, close in color to the surrounding rocks, and lichens growing on such stones. The foot on the stone should be placed closer to the slope, so as not to disturb its stability. Reliance on the alpenstock is not allowed here.

When climbing a small scree, the leg must first be deepened into the scree until the sand (gravel, small stones) stops sliding, and only then the weight of the body is transferred to it. The alpenstock is used as a walking stick. When descending a small scree, you need to step over in small steps, sometimes as if marking time and moving down along with the scree "pillows" that form under your feet.

On unstable stones of medium size "live" scree should be walked very carefully so as not to cause a rockfall. Near the rocks, the stones usually lie stronger, but the probability of rockfall from the rocks increases. When moving in a serpentine, you should strictly ensure that one participant does not appear above the other. The passage of each section of the zigzag should be done by the whole group, only after that you can change direction. If it is impossible to pass the scree obliquely or serpentine, the group rises (or descends) straight up. In this case, the group must move in a tight formation, without breaks. With such a formation, even if someone catches a stone and it flies down, it will not have time to gain high speed and knock down the participant.

Movement on snowfields.Slopes covered with snow are not uncommon for mountains. Some of the passes used by hikers on the route may be covered in snow; often tourists have to cross the snow fields of glaciers.

Snowy slopes are fraught with the danger of avalanches. Therefore, when preparing to overcome the snowy slope, the team leader must objectively assess the state of the snow cover in order to develop tactics for passing this section. The possibility of avalanches in dangerous areas increases as the sun warms the snow. Therefore, it is preferable to pass such sites early in the morning.

On the other hand, if there is no danger of avalanches on the site, then it is better to walk along it when it is slightly warmed up by the sun. At the same time, the snow becomes softer, it is easier to cut steps in it. Supervisor

A group that takes children out into the snow must themselves have sufficient experience in climbing snowy slopes.

On a snowy slope, the use of an alpenstock or an ice ax is mandatory. On hard snow and firn, ice ledges, it is necessary to have boots with a special sole - tricones and crampons. The rules for using an alpenstock (ice ax) are the same as on a grassy slope. Just keep in mind that sliding on snow is much faster than on grass. Therefore, in case of a fall, it is necessary to act quickly, without panic.

The choice of the path of movement depends on the state of the snow cover, the presence of an avalanche danger, the steepness of the slope, etc. On a gentle slope, they climb straight up the “herringbone”, cutting down the steps with the inner welt of the boot. On a steeper slope, not threatening with an avalanche, you can climb in a zigzag manner, knocking out steps one parallel to the other. In this case, it is necessary to use an alpenstock or keep it at the ready (Fig. 27).

When climbing head-on on steep sections of small snowy slopes, the steps are knocked out with the toes of the boots, relying on " 0 _ _

^ „ _ Rice. 27. Climbing in the snow

alpenstock, sticking it in front of you. You can transfer the alpenstock to a new point of support only by firmly standing with both feet on the steps.

On a gentle slope, you need to go down with your back to him, taking small steps and crushing the snow with your heels. In dense snow, steps are knocked out with heels. At the same time, the alpenstock is held on the side, with a bayonet back. On a steep descent, they move facing the slope, knocking out steps with their toes, sticking an alpenstock in front of them, as if on an ascent.

On gentle, non-avalanche slopes, you can go down in sliding steps, holding the alpenstock at the ready. You can glide on several legs apart, like on skis, leaning on the back of the alpenstock - “gliding”. In this case, it is necessary to choose non-hazardous areas, without cracks and stones sticking out of the snow.

Overcoming water obstacles

By their nature, lowland and mountain rivers differ greatly. The speed of the flow of lowland rivers is small, and the depth and width are sometimes very significant. The shores are often swampy. Mountain rivers have a much higher flow rate, but less depth. They are already flat, the shores are rocky.

Rivers are dangerous obstacles to overcome on their own, and if possible it is better to look for a bridge or luggage. If the luggage does not have a railing and is unstable, then one of the experienced tourists will be the first to cross it. He checks the crossing and organizes belaying the passage of other participants with the help of a hand or a pole. You can wade through shallow and narrow streams and rivers, where the water level is just above the ankle, and the transition is carried out in shoes. After the stream is passed, water pours out of the boots, dry socks are put on.

It is advisable to ford the river, to direct the crossing only in case of emergency or for educational purposes. However, young tourists should know the ways of crossing. In addition, crossings as spectacular technical stages are included in the programs of tourism competitions. At the same time, it should be reminded once again:All hikers must be able to swim.

There are many ways to cross. The choice depends on the nature of the river and the level of training of the hikers. The head of the group determines the most convenient place for organizing the crossing, conducts reconnaissance and then decides how the crossing will be carried out.

Fording is the most common way. For the crossing, a section of the river with the smallest depth and speed of flow is selected. The depth should not exceed 1.2 meters, the flow speed - 3 m / s. On mountain rivers, sections are selected where the main channel of the river is divided into several narrower and shallow branches. If stones protrude from the water, it is necessary to plan a path below these stones relative to the course of the river. Although the water foams there, it seems to be faster, but due to the turbulent currents that have arisen, the pressure on the legs is less there and it is easier to walk.

You should not try to get to the other side by jumping from stone to stone. You can slip on a wet stone and fall into the water. Stones are used only when it is possible to step from one to another without jumping, while leaning on a pole. The pole is placed above the line of motion relative to the flow of the river. When crossing a ford, one at a time should be used for self-protection

hovki alpenstock, placing it above itself along the river and leaning on it (Fig. 28). If this is difficult, you can move in groups of several people in a line. In this case, the strongest participant is placed upstream. It will have the main pressure of water (Fig. 29).

If the water barrier is not too wide, you can try to put a log across it or knock down a tree growing on the bank across the river. After that, the first participant on the insurance goes (crawls) to the other side and fixes the railing there.

The most difficult ways to organize a crossing, which are used mainly in tourist competitions, are a rope crossing with a railing and a hinged crossing. The establishment of such crossings is a laborious process and feasible only for well-trained groups. For more information, see the chapter Tourist Gatherings and Competitions.

Features of technology and tactics in a ski trip

The regime of the day in a ski trip depends on the length of daylight hours. It is necessary to go on the route no earlier than 8-9 in the morning (when it gets lighter). It is necessary to reduce small 15-minute breaks. Stop the movement of the group at dusk.

When moving, the group should not stretch too much. The interval between walkers is 2-3 meters. In the forest, in dense thickets, the interval should be reduced.

The pace of movement should be even, not running, in order to avoid severe overheating and then a sharp cooling of the body. According to the finished track, the pace is determined by the weakest (youngest) skier.

When moving on virgin snow, the pace of the group is determined by the speed of tracking the track. The order of movement remains the same, in a chain, but now the trailblazers will go ahead of the guides of the group, who will lay the track in the direction indicated by the guides to a given visible landmark. Tropilytsiki should be changed every 5-10 minutes. With a significant thickness of the snow cover - every 1-2 minutes. The first person in the chain who worked on the trail steps aside, lets the group pass and stands at the end of the chain. Then the second one works, and so on. If it is difficult to trail a ski track, weak guys should be released from this work or, so that they are not so offended, their trailing time should be reduced. However, one should not entrust the trailing to a few of the strongest guys, even if they really want to show their strength and endurance. First, save their strength. Second, be careful. Do not forget - in winter, a hot, sweaty person is very susceptible to colds.

The path of movement. It is very tempting to make a shorter path - straight through the frozen swamps and reservoirs. It can be dangerous, so it's better to use a passing ski track, a toboggan run. If there is no ski track or road, you can move along clearings, light forests. Remember that it is easier to walk in less deep snow. In the forest, you don’t have to drive close to the trees - you can fall into the loose snow at the trunk.

Descents. The order of movement on the descent must ensure safety and take into account the capabilities of each participant. Before the start of the descent, the leader determines the path of the group, the sequence of descent. On the descent, it is necessary to increase the interval between the participants (at least 15 m) in order to avoid collisions. If the descent is steep and dangerous, the next member of the group should not start it until the previous one reaches the end of the descent.

When descending, a semi-squat is done: the legs are on a full foot; knees slightly forward; hands are freely lowered; the sticks are at the back, so that in case of a fall they do not get injured.

From steep, steep, forested slopes, one should descend in zigzags, at an angle to the direction of the descent. If for some of the participants the descent seems very steep, you can go down the "ladder".

Descent from the mountain in a group is a very important educational moment. After all, there are probably experienced skiers in the group, for whom any slide is “nonsense”. There are also weak guys, "clumsy". It is necessary to organize mutual assistance, to create such a microclimate in

group, in order to avoid ridicule, focus on the fact that in the campaign they do not reckless on the descent, but safely overcome it, which implies the most “modest” methods - “ladder”, “zigzag” or even on foot, without skis.

Overcoming obstacles.If possible, it is better to bypass them. If necessary, a ditch, fallen trees, a small stream step over sideways, putting the skis parallel to the obstacle.

Overcoming reservoirs.Special care should be taken when overcoming large reservoirs - places of amateur fishing. There may be a large number of snow-covered, slightly ice-covered holes. When crossing a body of water that does not inspire confidence (if it cannot be bypassed in any way), it is necessary to move at intervals of 5-8 meters. By hitting the sticks on the ice periodically determine its reliability for the advancement of the group. When moving on ice, you must free your hands from the lanyards ski poles, unfasten the ski bindings, carry the backpack on one shoulder so that in case of falling through the ice, quickly get rid of them.

In order not to get on thin ice, the path must be laid away from places where streams and rivers flow (or flow) into the reservoir. Careful reconnaissance requires the place of descent onto the ice.

You need to master the ski technique before going to training, under the guidance of a coach. For simple hikes, it is enough to be able to ski and master the elementary ways of turning, braking, and falling correctly. However, the backpack has a great influence on the technique of skiing, especially when falling. When a fall is inevitable, you need to squat deeply and fall on your side.

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Moscow Pedagogical State University

"Autumn - 2016"

Competitions are held in accordance with the “Rules of the sport “Sports tourism” (hereinafter referred to as the “Rules ...”), the “Regulations for holding the competitions “Unofficial Tourist Gathering of MSGU” (hereinafter referred to as the “Regulations ...”), these Regulations, the Conditions for holding competitions approved by the GSK .

I. Hiking technique

(Tourist obstacle course)

Team composition: 6 people (at least 2 women) and two spare members.

Possible steps:

1. "Lie down"

"slegi" - crossing through the "swamp". The team must move from one "safe zone" to another, using and touching in the "danger zone", only lay down (long poles) and supports designated by the judges. Touching other objects in the "danger zone" is prohibited.

Stage penalties:

2. Unsportsmanlike conduct;

3. Spade for the restriction;

5. Drop;

6. Refusal to pass the stage by the participant;

7. Failure to fulfill the conditions for passing the stage by the team;

8. Arguing with the judge;

9. Help / advice from outside.

2. "Bumps"

"Kochki" - crossing the "bog" along the bumps prepared by the referee team. The team must move from one "safe zone" to another using only the "bumps" designated by the judges. Touching other objects in the "danger zone" is prohibited.

Stage penalties:

1. Single touch beyond the limit;

2. Unsportsmanlike conduct;

3. Spade for the restriction;

4. Loading the support beyond the constraint;

5. Drop;

6. Not passing the stage by the participant;

7. Refusal to pass the stage by the participant;

8. Failure to fulfill the conditions for passing the stage by the team;

9. Arguing with the judge;

10. Help / advice from outside.

3. "Crossing with a pole"

Crossing with a pole - crossing over natural or artificial obstacles, indicated by the judges, with the help of a pole. Touching the pole with both hands is mandatory.

Stage penalties:

1. Single touch beyond the limit;

2. Unsportsmanlike conduct;

3. Spade for the restriction;

4. Two on stage;

5. Wetting;

6. Loading the support beyond the constraint;

7. Drop;

8. Not passing the stage by the participant;

9. Refusal to pass the stage by the participant;

10. Failure to fulfill the conditions for passing the stage by the team;

11. Arguing with the judge;

12. Help / advice from outside.

4. "Crossing the pendulum"

"Crossing by a pendulum" - crossing a natural or artificial obstacle, with the help of a "pendulum".

The pendulum is arranged as follows:

Rope 1 is stretched between two supports. On the third support, which is not in line with the first two, the end of rope 2 is tied. The participant must cross the obstacle by stepping on rope 1 with his hands and holding onto the end of rope 2. At the same time, rope 2 must be loaded .

When passing the stage:

the participant can only touch the ropes, supports and their parts;

TECHNIQUE AND TACTICS IN TOURISM

These two sections of tourist training are interconnected, since from the point of view of ensuring security, the solution of technical and tactical problems is the most significant. It is important for those who study the course of tourism to get acquainted, at least in the most general terms, with the main elements of the technique of mass sports tourism.

Fundamentals of Hiking and Mountain Tourism Techniques

These two types of tourism have more similarities than differences. They have one way of movement - on foot, general technical methods for overcoming rough terrain, water obstacles; the differences are primarily in the fact that hiking trips are made in all areas, and mountain trips - only in high mountains. However, this main difference remains mainly only at the level of hikes of I-III categories of complexity, since for hiking routes of higher categories of complexity, high-mountain regions are also used - the Western and Eastern Caucasus, Altai, Pamir-Alay, Western Tien Shan, the Buordakh high-mountain massif in Chersky Ridge, although qualitative differences (for example, the technical complexity of the passes) remain.

From point of view technical readiness tourists and ensure their safety, you need to pay attention to several important points.

Classification on routes of the I category of complexity in hiking, skiing, water, cycling tourism does not determine natural obstacles that require special technical training - as a rule, they are not found in flat areas and on flat rivers. Meanwhile, mountain hiking routes of the 1st category of difficulty include at least 2 passes of the IA category of difficulty, requiring already certain skills in driving technique and insurance.

To what has been said, however, it must be added that hiking trips not only II-III, but in many cases also I category of complexity are made not in the plains, but in low-mountain and mid-mountain regions, often with alpine landforms (Mountain Crimea, Carpathians, Kola Peninsula , Southern and Subpolar Urals, Kodar, Sayans). In these cases, as in mountain trips, participants must master the technique of moving along mountain slopes and crossing mountain rivers, the technique of belaying and self-insurance.

In table. 4 shows the main types of natural obstacles typical for hiking and mountain hiking routes.

Table 4. The main types of natural obstacles on the routes of hiking and mountain hikes, characteristics of technical methods for overcoming them

Natural Obstacles	The main characteristic of obstacles	Ways to overcome and applied techniques
		Ways and options for movement	Movement technique	Security techniques, insurance methods
impenetrable forest	Forest thicket with rugged terrain (hills, gullies, ravines)	Overcoming forest blockages, windbreaks, accumulations of boulders	Rational movement technique when overcoming steep slopes, fallen trees	Organization of the movement of the group with a safe interval, self-insurance through the alpenstock
	Easy and medium passable swamps	Overcoming the swamp fording with a pole along the gati	Wading with a pole, moving along the gati	Ensuring self-insurance and mutual insurance; organization of group (peril) insurance
Slopes and passes	grassy slopes	Ascent, traverse, descent	Rational methods of movement (leg setting) during ascent, traverse, descent	Self-insurance through an alpenstock or ice ax, the use of crampons on wet grassy, ​​snowy and icy slopes
Slopes and passes	Rocky slopes	Ascent, traverse, descent along scree slopes; climbing rocky slopes and light rocks, traversing rocky slopes, descending rocky slopes	Rational technique of movement on large, medium and small scree; technique of movement on light rocks, elements of rock climbing, technique of abseiling in a sports way	Self-insurance through an ice ax or alpenstock when driving along talus slopes or talus couloirs; organization of group insurance when passing light rocks (working with a rope and tying knots)
Slopes and passes	snow slopes	Ascent, traverse, descent on gentle slopes and slopes of medium steepness - snowy and firn	Technique for climbing and trampling steps on snowy slopes, crampons on a firn slope, gliding on gentle and safe snowy slopes, rappelling in a sporty way	Self-insurance through an ice ax or alpenstock; mutual, simultaneous and alternate insurance in bundles; group insurance
Slopes and passes	Ice slopes, elements of ice relief	Ascent, traverse and descent on gentle ice slopes, movement on the glacier	Technique of movement on crampons (ascent, traverse, descent), cutting steps, descent on a rope in a sports way	self-insurance; alternate belay when driving on open and closed glaciers, group belay on the descent
Water obstacles (streams, rivers)	Light water obstacles (streams and small flat rivers)	Crossing ford or over rocks	Technique for individual fording or over stones	Reconnaissance of the ford, self-insurance when crossing with the help of an alpenstock (pole)
	Fast, but not deep and not very wide mountain streams and rivers	Wading with group insurance	Wading technique in fast water with insurance	Full insurance for the first and last participant, rail insurance for the remaining participants
	Fast, narrow, but deep enough rivers (in the forest zone)	Crossing over luggage	The technique of guiding the crossing with luggage and the technique of moving along luggage
	The same, but in a treeless zone or flowing in a canyon	Hinged ferry	Technique for guiding a hinged ferry and technique for moving on a hinged ferry	Organization of the crossing with full insurance of all participants

As can be seen from the table, the simplest obstacles typical for hiking in flat areas should include: moderately rugged terrain (hills, ravines, gullies, hollows), dense forest, swamps, streams and rivers. In low-mountain and mid-mountain regions, these obstacles are added: pass areas with slopes of small and medium steepness - grassy, ​​scree, snowy. Difficult in these areas and water obstacles - as a rule, not wide, but fast streams and rivers; accordingly, the technical methods of organizing crossings will be somewhat more complex. In high-mountainous regions, even for routes of the I category of complexity, the indicated obstacles are added: small sections of movement along glaciers and firn slopes, steep paths, moraines, small, medium and large scree of stones.

Development techniques movement, insurance and self-insurance, transportation of the victim is achieved by performing special exercises (both in the preparatory period and directly on the route of the hike, especially when it comes to training trips). These exercises include:
movement along steep paths with the development of a rational walking technique (correct positioning of the legs, reliance on an alpenstock);
practicing techniques for overcoming low obstacles - stones, fallen trees;
overcoming difficult forest (thicket, dense forest with undergrowth, ravines and gullies, blockages, windbreaks);
movement on grassy, ​​snowy and scree slopes (ascent, traverse, descent), organization of self-insurance with the help of an alpenstock or an ice ax;
movement through the swamps - methods of movement with a pole, along the gati with the provision of mutual insurance;
crossing water obstacles (streams, rivers) - organization of a ford crossing with alpenstocks, organization of insurance, crossing guidance (luggage, railings);
transportation of the victim - performing exercises for transporting the victim on an impromptu stretcher of two poles and a tent (or two windbreakers, jackets) on safety belts;
knitting various kinds nodes ("conductor", "grasping" "stirrup", "straight", etc.).

On fig. 8-10 are illustrations of more complex techniques mentioned in table. 4, including movement on snow and ice slopes with self-insurance and self-holding, cutting steps, rappelling, various types of knots, methods of securing a rope when organizing belay (including on rocks), using clamps, methods of crossing a river , elements of equipment for rescue work in the mountains.

In table. 5 shows the first part of the "Scale for assessing the difficulty of passes" ("Scale for assessing the difficulty of passes" - see "Methodological recommendations for organizing mountain travel". - M .: TsRIB "Tourist", 1979). Category high-mountain passes 1A, 1B and 2A are decisive for assessing the complexity of mountain hikes of categories I, II and III, respectively. In hiking trips made in high mountain areas, the same passes (in combination with other natural obstacles and a corresponding increase in the length of routes) determine the technical complexity of routes of categories I-IV.

IN technical training tourists (pedestrians and miners) there are no primary and secondary elements - they are all equally important, since it is the technique of movement and insurance that is the main thing in ensuring the safety of participants tourist trips. Even on steep, especially after rain, grassy slopes located above the cliffs, the movement of tourists becomes far from safe, and overcoming the slopes, of course, requires the organization of insurance.

Table 5. Scale for assessing the difficulty of passes

	The nature of the most difficult sections of the route	Technique and tactics of movement and overnight conditions	Total time to overcome the pass. Number of running hours (T1); time of movement with mutual insurance (T2); number of insurance points (n)	Necessary special equipment
	Simple scree, snowy and rocky slopes up to 30°, gentle (up to 15°) glaciers without cracks*, steep grassy slopes, on which rock outcrops are possible; as a rule, the presence of paths	The simplest individual technique; self-insurance with an alpenstock or ice ax. When crossing rivers on approaches, belaying with a rope may be required. Overnight stay usually on the grass in tents, huts or kosh	Few hours T1=4-8 T2=0 n=0	Shoes with non-slip soles; ice axes or alpenstocks; 1-2 ropes per group
	Uncomplicated rocks, snowy slopes of medium steepness (from 20 to 40°), and in some years also areas of ice on slopes usually covered with snow, closed glaciers with areas of cracks hidden by snow. Screes of various steepness and fineness	The simplest group technique: movement in bundles along slopes and closed glaciers; sometimes hanging railings - on short (up to 40 m) sections of slopes and at crossings. Overnight stays in tents on convenient sites on the borders of the glacial zone	Usually no more than one day T1=4-10 T2=1-4 n=up to 5	Boots "vibram" or ricked; chest harnesses or belts "Abalakovsky", alpenstocks and ice axes (1-2 per group); basic ropes, one for 3-4 people
	Rocky, snowy, ice slopes of medium steepness (from 20 to 40°) Closed glaciers and simple icefalls	More complex individual and group techniques: alternate belaying in small areas, sometimes using crampons or cutting steps, hook belaying may be required. Overnight stays in the ice zone are possible	Not more than a day T1=6-10 T2=3-6 n=5-10	Vibram boots complete with crampons

* Refers to cracks into which a person can fall.

Movement on grassy slopes. On grassy slopes, there are practically no even surfaces. Almost everywhere there are protruding stones and bumps. With careful walking, all these irregularities can be used as steps and you can walk along them even without special shoes, and in "vibrams" or ricketed shoes you can also move along very steep slopes. If the grass is wet, it is advisable to walk on steep dangerous slopes only in "vibrams" or cricket boots, or wear crampons.

Rice. 8. Elements of the technique of a mountain-pedestrian tourist (from left to right, from top to bottom): movement along a gentle snowy slope; rises in a zigzag and in three cycles; descent on crampons with your back to the slope; self-detention; cutting down steps; snow slope traversing; knots straight, stirrup, grasping

In case of a fall, self-holding on a grassy slope is carried out with an ice ax or an alpenstock. In dangerous places it is necessary to organize insurance with a rope. Belay is organized through large stones, ledges, shoulder or lower back.

When climbing grassy slopes "head on", depending on the steepness of the slope, the feet can be placed parallel, "half herringbone", "herringbone", and according to the position of the sole of the shoe relative to the plane of the slope - on the entire foot, on the outer or inner welt of the boot.

On gentle slopes with a backpack, you should walk on the whole foot. With a slight increase in steepness, you need to continue moving, relying on the entire foot, but changing the position of the feet relative to the line of ascent: "half herringbone" or "herringbone" on steeper slopes. With an increase in steepness, an ice ax or alpenstock is used as a second point of support.

When lifting obliquely and in a zigzag, it is advisable to put the legs in a "half-herringbone", on the entire foot, load more the outer or inner welt of the shoe (the upper leg - on the outer, the lower - on the inner). It is better to place the upper leg horizontally, and turn the lower leg somewhat down the slope "into the valley". This will increase stability and slightly reduce the load on the ankle joints. On steeper slopes, a combination of these two methods can be used: one foot is placed on the slope with the welt of the shoe, and the second - with the whole foot, somewhat turned.

When climbing in a zigzag, it is important to maintain balance when turning. At the same time, transfer the body weight to the outer leg in relation to the slope, and turn the inner leg with the toe to the side, to a position corresponding to the new direction. Now the tourist is facing the slope and is ready to continue moving in a new direction, all that remains is to change the position of the ice ax relative to the slope.

When descending straight down, the feet should be placed parallel or, slightly turning the socks to the sides, on the entire foot. If the slope is not very steep, they descend with their backs to it, slightly bending their knees, with quick short steps. The step should be springy. On a steep slope, it is recommended to go down sideways, hold the ice ax with both hands in the ready position for self-insurance.

On a wet grassy slope, the bindings of ricketed boots get clogged with mud and can be easily slipped, so special attention is required. Mud is removed by hitting the handle of an ice ax or alpenstock on the welt of the boot.

On old talus and rocky slopes overgrown with dense, tall grass or small shrubs, it is necessary to walk slowly: haste often leads to slipping and loss of balance. In addition, under the vegetation it is difficult to distinguish the microrelief of the slope.

Scree movement. When going out on screes lying on steep slopes, one must remember that they are almost always dangerous with rockfalls. In areas of considerable steepness, the screes lie unstable. Walking on them is not only tiring, but also dangerous.

Rice. 9. Elements of equipment and insurance for a mountain-pedestrian tourist (from left to right, from top to bottom): descent on a carabiner; fixing the firn anchor in the slope; sports descent; clamp for climbing and descending on a rope ("zhumar"); binding knots - bowline (right) and conductor (left); bramshkotovy knot for tying the ends of the ropes different sizes(in the middle); ways to secure the rope on the descents

When choosing a path, it should be taken into account that the passability of screes in different directions varies significantly depending on the steepness of the slope, the size and roughness of the stones. Small screes, especially those formed from slab sedimentary rocks, easily creep underfoot, therefore, although they are convenient for descent, they are tiring for ascent and traverse.

It is necessary to walk along the scree calmly, gradually compacting the slope with gradual pressure until its sliding stops. Only then can the weight of the body be transferred to it. The second foot begins to trample down the talus at a sufficient distance from the first, taking into account the sliding of the talus so that when it stops, the second foot is not at the level of the first. For better support, you need to put your foot on the whole foot, keep your body upright, as far as the backpack allows. The ice ax can be used, if necessary, as a second fulcrum. In the event of a fall, self-holding is carried out in the same way as when driving on grassy slopes.

When climbing a small scree, the group usually goes in a column, although the movement on different levels serpentine is acceptable, but it is best to avoid it. Given the above, on the turns you have to wait until the whole group pulls up to the place of the turn. On fixed (“dead”) or frozen scree they move in the same way as on grassy slopes. The order of movement along the "live" scree on the descent is arbitrary, but it is better to go in a line with a relatively small distance between the participants.

When descending, the steps should be short. Often enough a large area of ​​small scree can be passed by sliding down along with scree "pillows" underfoot. It is only necessary to ensure that the legs are not too deeply bogged down in the scree, to step over the formed scree roller in time or move away from it.

When driving on small screes, one must constantly remember that they are especially dangerous with rockfalls from rocky areas located above.

On the middle scree, you can move in almost any direction, as well as on the shallow, but preferably obliquely or in a zigzag.

When the group moves in a zigzag, special attention should be paid to the safety of cornering. Having reached the turning point, the guide must wait until the rest of the participants catch up to him, and only after that start moving in a new direction. When moving along a live scree of a large group, it is better to break up into several mobile groups, walking with a significant separation from each other. This will reduce the time for passing turns and eliminate the possibility of injuring tourists with stones that have fallen from under the feet of those going higher. It must be remembered that talus and moraines lying on a hard, smooth base (on steep slabs, sheep's foreheads) are especially dangerous. To an inexperienced person, they seem simple, but often they slide down like a stone avalanche. When climbing, it is necessary to plan in advance a place for shelter in case of a rockfall.

Sudden movements should be avoided, legs should be placed gently, carefully. It is not recommended to lean on the slope with an ice ax: such a support is unreliable, besides, an ice ax can accidentally throw off a stone.

Large scree, as a rule, is denser than medium and small. It is necessary to move along it carefully, stepping from one stone to another, avoiding significant jumps.

Stones with slanted edges and inclined slabs should be avoided: if the steepness is too steep, the foot may slip off them. Both when descending and when ascending, the feet should be placed on the edge of the stones facing the mountain.

Movement on snow and firn. Snowy and firn slopes make it possible to organize belay almost everywhere, although it is less reliable than on ice and rocks. When driving on snow, the principle of "two points of support" (leg - leg, leg - ice ax) is applied, which is valid even on steep slopes.

When climbing and descending snowy routes, where the muscles of the legs are heavily stressed, mainly due to the hard work of trampling the steps, the physical preparation of the participants is of particular importance.

To provide safe movement For snow, the following recommendations are offered:

on a soft snowy slope, you should gradually press the footrest, avoiding hard hit foot in the snow. This helps to save steps that can collapse from a sharp blow, saves strength and reduces the risk of an avalanche;

if the crust is fragile and cannot withstand the weight of a person, one should not try to stay on its surface. It is better to break the crust with a sharp kick of the foot, and then, by pressing the sole, compact the step under it;

sometimes one can hold on to a steep crusty slope by leaning with the sole on the edge of a step punched in the crust, and with the lower leg on the crust, thus distributing the weight of the body over a large area of ​​the snow surface;

when driving on snow, the position of the body should be vertical, especially if the steps are unreliable;

the step length of the leader should not exceed the step length of the shortest member of the group;

all participants must follow the trail without knocking down steps, taking care of their safety;

since the one who goes first does the hard work, he must be replaced periodically. This is also dictated by considerations of general safety, because a tired person is more likely to make mistakes in choosing a path, organizing insurance, and detecting danger in a timely manner;

the more difficult path should be preferred if it is less dangerous. Thus, climbing straight up is preferable not only because of the shortest path, but also because of the greater safety, since it does not cut the snow, as when zigzag or traverse the slope.

On a snowy slope with a steepness of up to 30-35 °, it is best to climb straight up. With sufficient depth of loose, soft snow, the feet are placed parallel. Each track is compacted until a snow "cushion" is formed, on which the foot then steps. Those following the guide, if necessary, additionally process such traces by kicking snow into the recess prepared by him and tamping it.

With an increase in the steepness of the slope, the stiffness of the snow switches to zigzag movement, changing the direction of movement from time to time. You need to go at an angle of about 45 ° to the line of water flow (the most economical way), to climb, use microrelief details on dense snow or firn (for example, a small scallop between the snow furrows, knocking out steps in it on both sides with the welt of the boot).

The steps are knocked out with the welt of the boot with oblique sliding blows, leaning at this moment with the bayonet of the ice ax on the slope. Such work requires skill and training, since swinging and sharp kicks can lead to loss of balance. First of all, with the bayonet of the ice ax it is necessary to rest against the slope at the level of the belt, then with the outer welt of the boot, which is closer to the slope, knock out a horizontal step. A small leg span, mainly due to the lower leg, is compensated by a relatively stable body position. Then, standing with this foot in the finished step, they transfer the weight of the body to it. The next step is knocked out with an internal welt of a straight, relaxed leg, standing down the slope. A large leg span makes it easier to knock out the step, however, the position of the body is less stable, and it is also more difficult to ensure the horizontality of the step.

On slopes of medium steepness, the ice ax is transferred to a new fulcrum with each step. On steep slopes, as the snow depth increases, the ice ax should be used to create a more secure footing. On a very hard crust or firn, the laborious knocking out of steps with a foot is replaced by cutting or scratching an ice ax with a shovel. It is even more economical and safe to move on a hard snowy surface on crampons.

Features of movement on ice. On tourist routes of III-IV categories of complexity, a significant place is occupied by ice sections of the most diverse relief: slopes of various steepness, plumb lines, cracks, ridges. The difficulty of moving on ice is determined by the steepness of the slope, the type and properties of ice, and the state of its surface.

Walking on ice should be done in vibram boots and crampons, and on steeper slopes, if necessary, use artificial support points (cutting steps and grips for hands, driving in or screwing in ice hooks). It is also possible to move using a rope fixed on the slope as a railing.

Crampons are used to move along the ice slopes without cutting steps. On relatively flat ice, it is possible to move in "vibrams" or ricketed boots with some steps being cut. The technique of movement and insurance is the same as when moving on snow and firn, only the foot in bound shoes is always placed on the entire foot.

The basis of ice technique is walking on crampons, cutting steps, and working with ice hooks.

Crossings over mountain rivers. Mountain rivers are a serious obstacle in the way of a tourist. Here you can meet with a strong current, low water temperature, large stones rolling along the bottom that can knock you down or injure you. All this makes the crossing a dangerous event and requires the participants of the campaign to carefully prepare for it and master all the necessary techniques.

Rice. 10. Elements of the technique of crossing and lifting from cracks (from left to right, from top to bottom): ford crossing in a row; the most rational way of crossing; the layout of the crossing; organization of insurance when crossing the first; correct fastening of the safety rope; climbing out of the crack "single block" (left) and with the help of stirrups (right)

The place of the crossing is determined by the width and depth of the river, the speed and mode of its flow, which depend on the time of day, the nature of the bottom and the steepness of the banks, the season, meteorological conditions, the availability of places for organizing insurance, monitoring and managing the crossing.

The method of crossing the river (fording, over water or over stones) is chosen in accordance with the nature of the river section, technical equipment and preparedness of the group.

A place for a ford should be sought where the river divides into branches or spills over a wide floodplain. For crossing over water with technical means the narrowed part of the river with trees on the bank or rocky ledges is favorable. A section of the river with a calm current and a convenient shore for mooring is considered suitable for water crossings with the help of rafting facilities.

The safest crossing point is the section of the river where the flow strength is minimal, i.e. where the channel is the widest and the flow depth is the smallest. Usually this is the place where the river divides into several branches. The presence of separate islands allows organizing not only the rest of the participants, but also effective reconnaissance of the further route through the river.

Any ford crossing should begin with reconnaissance, which consists of: surveying the area in order to determine the type of possible crossing; determining the section of the river and the bank that meets the requirements of the organization of the selected type of crossing; determining the specific method of fording the first participants (with a pole, a wall, a circle) or the nature of the preparatory work (casting a rope, laying intermediate stones, laying and securing a log, preparing a support for tensioning a railing when crossing over water); choosing the type of insurance corresponding to the chosen type of crossing.

After the preparatory work, the crossing begins. In simple cases, when the demolition of a person by the current of water threatens only with bathing, a ford can be carried out without insurance. The most convenient ways in this case will be: a single river crossing based on a pole, which rests against the bottom against the current; line-facing to the stream, hugging the shoulders or waist, and the most physically strong participant becomes upstream; two by two - facing each other, putting their hands on the shoulders of a comrade and moving with an added step sideways to the stream; around - holding on to the shoulders.

When the ford poses a certain danger, they cross with the help of two ropes, observing all precautions. The most experienced and strongest participant is the first to cross the river on the belay with the main rope attached by a carabiner to the chest harness on the back. At an angle of about 90 ° to the main rope downstream, an auxiliary rope goes to the shore, which, if necessary, can quickly pull the insured to the shore. It is better to arrange belay through a ledge, a tree, or just hold the rope with your hands (2-3 people).

In case the water knocks the crosser off his feet, the main safety rope should be free. Otherwise, she, rigidly holding the broken one, will not allow him to either get up or swim. You need to belay in such a way that the rope can be loosened at any time (which will allow the person crossing to swim downstream), while pulling him to the shore or giving out the rope if the current carries to the opposite shore.

When crossing a ford with a pole, a sufficiently strong stick with a length not lower than a person’s height is required, attached with a short end of the rope to the safety ropes or to the chest harness. You need to move somewhat against the current, strongly resting on the bottom of the sixth upstream; hold the stick with arms wide apart; when moving, always observe two points of support; legs and a pole cannot be raised high in the water; pre-feel the bottom, looking for a solid fulcrum.

Having crossed to the other side, the tourist fixes the main rope there to a tree or ledge. Railings are organized for the crossing of the rest of the participants. The height of the railing should not be lower than the level of the chest of a person standing in the river. It is also desirable to move along the railing against the current.

When wading along the railing, the participant is fastened with a carabiner to the safety rope in front. The size of the loop with a carabiner for self-insurance should be such that during the movement you can walk leaning back on straight arms. In this case, you should hold on to the stretched railing with both hands, go with an added step. You need to cross downstream relative to the railing.

Having crossed to the other side, they unfasten safety rope and, having connected it with a carabiner in a safe place, remove the self-insurance. The latter unties the railing rope, attaches himself to it and to the auxiliary rope, as when crossing the first, and, leaning on the pole, crosses.

Cross the railings only one at a time. You can not use a grasping knot instead of a carbine. It is obligatory to cross in boots and clothes. After the crossing, you need to pour water out of the shoes, wipe them from the inside with a dry cloth, wring out socks and clothes.

Technique and tactics of hiking

Relevance of the topic.School physical education lessons (twice a week for 45 minutes) provide only 11% of the norm of the motor active needs of the body necessary for children. The extra-curricular form of physical culture, including tourism, is called upon to fill the gap. Tourism classes develop valuable skills in making a fire, cooking, repairing shoes and clothes, navigating the terrain using a compass, map, celestial bodies and local objects. In the campaign, the knowledge gained in the lessons of geography, history, biology, astronomy, mathematics gets a new sound. Faced with the difficulties of tourist life, they learn to overcome them not alone, but as a team. Travel and tourism attract the attention of the vast majority of adolescents, stimulate interest in learning, teamwork, develop industriousness, and form a moral attitude towards others. In the process of tourism and local history activities, children develop such vital qualities as perseverance, honesty, courage, and mutual assistance. The organization of tourism, local history and recreational activities in open nature creates an ideal basis for the socio-pedagogical rehabilitation and moral therapy of adolescents. The organization of tourism and local history activities during the summer holidays allows solving the issue of employment of adolescents, "difficult" children, minimizing negative manifestations in the adolescent environment. Thus, the search for new technologies, a variety of types of tourism activities will contribute to the involvement of the younger generation in cultural and leisure activities. Consequently, one of the most effective areas in the organization of teenagers' leisure is tourism.

The works of Linchevsky E.E., Lukoyanov P.I., Zakharov P.P., Stepenko T.V., Kostantinova Yu.S., Kulikov V.M. are devoted to the study of the problem of organizing recreation for the younger generation. and etc.

Tourism(from the French tourisme - a walk, a trip) is a special type of mass travel in order to enjoy visiting interesting places that contribute to the satisfaction of curiosity, knowledge, and relaxation.

Tourism in the process of organizing leisure activities for teenagers- these are any types of tourism and recreation in nature that do not damage natural complexes, contribute to the protection of nature and improve the state of mind of adolescents. The main goals of tourism in this case are: environmental education, increasing the culture of relationships between a teenager and nature, developing ethical standards of behavior in the natural environment, fostering a sense of personal responsibility for the fate of nature and its individual elements, as well as restoring spiritual and physical strength, ensuring a good rest for teenagers in conditions of the natural environment.

Under the condition of an appropriate organization, a fairly wide range of activities can be attributed to adolescent tourism: scientific and educational tours (ornithological, botanical, landscape-geographical, archaeological, etc.); adventure tours (walking, water, horse, mountain); summer student practices; summer camps and programs for schoolchildren; weekend trips, etc.

hike- a group or individual event associated with moving along a certain route for recreational purposes. The range of hikes is very wide: from a leisurely walk in the forest to going down the rapids. A hike is a model of social life, all types of activities are concentrated in it: everyday, scientific, sports. The camping environment itself is also an educational moment. Breaking out of the usual environment of comfort and convenience, children find themselves in a completely different world, where they have to do everything themselves. The position of the teacher in this case should be tough: if you want to go hiking, let's work. Therefore, any trip, even a one-day one, requires serious preparation.

Depending on the difficulty of the obstacles to be overcome, the hiking area, autonomy, novelty, route length and a number of other indicators characteristic of a particular type of sports tourism, hikes are classified according to various criteria:

1. According to the method of transportation (hiking, cycling, equestrian, sailing, water, caving).

2. By duration (multi-day or weekend hikes: one, two, three days).

3. By complexity (divided into three degrees of complexity, increasing - from I to III, and six categories of complexity (c.s.) - from I to VI, and walking.

Hiking- this hiking trips, made on foot, the main purpose of which is to overcome the route on foot by a group along slightly rugged terrain. These are either weekend hikes (1-2 days), or longer ones, several days. Hiking is carried out in almost all climatic zones and geographic regions - from the arctic tundra to deserts and mountains. Hiking is the most popular form of tourism. Its attraction and main distinguishing feature in that it is available and useful to any practically healthy person. regardless of age and physical development, provides greater freedom in choosing a route in accordance with the aesthetic, cognitive and cultural needs of the participants in the trip. Hiking is characterized by the simplicity of preparing and conducting hikes, the relative ease of organizing a good rest at the bivouac. In terms of complexity, hiking trips can be very diverse - from excursions and weekend trips to complex categorical ones.

Routes of non-categorical hikes (for teenagers) are chosen so that there are no natural obstacles along the way, the passage of which requires special training and possession of special techniques.

1.1. The concept and categories of difficulty hiking

Tourism- these are organized trips made for recreation and educational purposes, as well as having a sporting character. Tourism is the most common and favorite form and content of children's leisure activities. Children by nature "tramps", pathfinders and travelers. Nature gives a person a charge of energy, liberates, promotes deep spiritual experiences, enriches impressions. Hiking trips can be on foot, water, mountain, bicycle. They can last one or more days. Hiking provides children with special chances to realize themselves, a special field of freedom, they teach children to be surprised at life, to admire the beauty of nature.

Tourist routes are divided according to the types of tourism: walking, water, mountain, skiing, cycling, automobile, motorcycle, caving, sailing, horse riding, and can also be a combination of them - combined routes.

Hiking(English trekking) - this is a hiking trip over rough terrain without special training its participants (tourists). During daylight hours, the group walks from 4 to 6 hours, taking into account stops for snacks and rest in picturesque places. A distinctive feature of the hiking trip is the mode: early rise and early bedtime.

Hiking is the most common form of tourism and local history activities at school.

hike- the movement of a tourist group in an active way along a pre-compiled route through the territory of their native land, a remote region of the country or beyond its borders. The duration of the trip can be from one to several days.

Hiking historybegan in Nepal, when a British citizen of Russian origin Boris Lisanevich opened this country for mass tourism. During the hike, you will have the opportunity to relax, get indelible impressions and see nature, people of your own or another country, away from the bustle of the city.

In Soviet times, hundreds of planned tourist hiking trails were laid, leading to mountain and seaside camp sites, and thousands of seasonal tourist camps operated. Hiking was practiced by millions of enthusiasts throughout the former Soviet Union united in tourist clubs and sections. Today, only marked trails, several tourist shelters and memories of tourism veterans remain from those routes.

And yet, hiking has not disappeared. In spite of everything, hundreds of thousands of fans of hiking tourism go to nature.

Types of tourist trips.Tourist trips are different: near and far, hiking, cycling, water, one-day and multi-day.

By content The campaign can be: training and thematic. A combination of these activities is possible in the campaign.

By the nature of the organization trip can be:

Planned (according to vouchers of tourist organizations). Tickets are purchased for the planned route; while the tourist is provided with food, equipment, housing, transport, a tour guide.

Amateur (along the routes chosen and developed by the tourist group). In amateur tourist trips and hikes, tourists themselves develop and choose routes and themselves provide services for themselves along the way. It is better to start at the beginning to gain experience in this type of tourism from weekend trips. Since it is the most affordable and financially self-regulating form of training and recreation during the holidays. It is recommended that you first gain experience with easier hikes before conquering difficult passes or overcoming long routes, because. such a trip can turn into torment, not rest.

By complexity tourist trips are divided into weekend trips, or non-categorical ones, and trips along routes of I-VI categories of difficulty.

Route difficulty categorydetermined by the presence of local obstacles, the geographical indicator of the area, the autonomy of the route, the tension of the route, etc. Depending on this, trips are divided into:

- weekend hikes;

- hikes 1-3 degrees of difficulty - in youth tourism;

- categorical hikes from 1 to 6 categories of difficulty (complexity category - abbreviated: c.s.; category 1 - the simplest, not requiring special knowledge; category 6 - the most difficult and requires special and physical training, appropriate equipment).

Depending on the difficulty of the obstacles to be overcome, the hiking area, autonomy, novelty, length of the route and a number of other factors characteristic of different types sports tourism, according to increasing complexity, hikes are divided into weekend hikes, hikes from I to III degrees of difficulty and categorical hikes - from I to VI categories of difficulty (c.s.).

The classification of routes according to the degree of difficulty is used in youth tourism. Table 1.2 shows the requirements for hikes of 1-3 degrees of difficulty (see Appendix 2).

Taking into account the specifics of youth tourism, there is no classification of routes according to the degree of difficulty for sailing, automoto, caving, equestrian and mountain tourism.

The main indicators that determine the category of complexity of the trip are local obstacles (LP) (passes, peaks, etc.) and other factors specific to certain types of tourism (area, total elevation difference, autonomy, etc.)

Each type of tourism has its own typical obstacles and factors that reflect its specifics.

Routes of a higher difficulty category contain more difficult obstacles or a greater number (level) of factors.

Defining obstacles (OP) or factors (OP) of the route are obstacles (factors) that have the most significant impact on the category of its complexity. Predetermining obstacles (POP) or factors (POP) are obstacles (factors) having one category / semi-category of difficulty (level) below the OP, and affecting the overall intensity and complexity of the route.

When categorizing routes, first of all, determining obstacles (OP) and factors (OP) are taken into account.

Requirements for categorical routes in terms of length and duration are given in Table 1.3 (see Appendix 2).

The standards for the duration and extent are of a control, indicative nature and are not decisive in assessing the categories of complexity of the hike.

The normative duration of the trip, given in Table 1.3, is taken as the minimum time required for a group with an average level of training to complete the route. This duration can be longer with an increase in the length of the route, the number and difficulty of obstacles, as well as due to the time for reconnaissance, as well as a reserve of time in case of bad weather. When passing by a group with high level standard training duration can be reduced, but not to the detriment of reduced security measures.

The route difficulty category is determined by the requirements sports classification and a list of classified tourist routes. On routes I-II categories complexity, the tourist group should go out in the amount of 6 to 15 people, and on the routes of III-IV categories of complexity - from 6 to 12 people.

It is allowed to hike: along the route of the I category of complexity - schoolchildren are not younger than 13 years old, II category - not younger than 14 years old, III category - not younger than 15 years old, IV category of complexity - schoolchildren are not younger than 16 years old. Hiking can be carried out by sports and tourist organizations educational institutions.

The classification of walking routes and categories is presented in Table 1.4 (see Annex 3).

Hiking from the first to the third category of difficulty for children is mainly youth tourism.

Hikes from the first to the sixth category of difficulty for adults. 1st category - the easiest, not requiring any special knowledge; 6th category - the most difficult, which requires a special and physical. training, with the appropriate equipment.

To master a tourist trip of each category of difficulty, tourists must have experience in participating in hikes of the previous category of complexity, and the head of the group should have experience in participating in this category, and experience in managing hikes in previous categories.

Evaluation of categories of route difficulty is carried out according to the "Methodology for categorizing a walking route" (Appendix 4). At the same time, it is recommended to use the methodological recommendations "Classification of walking routes" (TsRIB "Tourist", Moscow, 1990).

Hiking, skiing, mountain, water, cycling, speleological trips are allowed for children's tourist groups. A combination of several types of children's tourist and local history activities is possible.

Conclusion

So the following can be doneconclusions:

Hiking- these are tourist trips made on foot, the main purpose of which is to overcome the route on foot by a group along slightly rugged terrain. These are either weekend hikes (1-2 days), or longer ones, several days.

hike- a group or individual event associated with moving along a certain route for recreational purposes. Breaking out of the usual environment of comfort and convenience, children find themselves in a completely different world, where they have to do everything themselves.

Any hike begins with the development of the route. A list of the group is compiled, the duties of the participants in the campaign are distributed. Legal and regulatory documents are being prepared. Equally important is the training and instruction of the participants. Particular attention should be paid to the organization of medical care, because. Anything can happen on a hike, from serious injury to poisoning.

Proper preparation to the campaign and its successful implementation largely depend on the leader. They should be an authoritative, experienced, demanding person with organizational skills. The tourist group itself chooses its leader. True, often he himself is the initiator of its creation. The leader's tourism experience should be more solid or the same as that of the majority of the group members. To lead a group, it is necessary to go on a hike of the same category of difficulty and have experience in leading a hike to a lower category of difficulty and always in the same type of tourism.

It is important to remember that it is not the routes themselves that are dangerous, but wrong actions while passing them. If the hike is well organized, and when mastering the route, all participants in the hike follow the precautionary measures, the trip will turn out to be truly interesting and memorable.

The practical orientation and competitive nature of the events held in the camp and on the hike will teach schoolchildren the basics of hiking, including the ability to handle climbing equipment, first aid, orientation in the area, and much more.

Participation in a hiking trip increases interest in tourism and a healthy lifestyle as an alternative to addictions (alcohol, drugs, smoking). The very conditions of tourist life: a long stay in nature, a variety of physical exercise, overcoming obstacles - create an environment for the manifestation of moral and volitional qualities personality (friendship and partnership, mutual assistance and mutual support, organization and discipline, courage, perseverance and responsibility, a sense of duty). The camping situation makes it necessary to quickly learn and learn how to apply certain labor skills, which, along with physical and strong-willed hardening, help in extreme situations.

Thus, we can conclude that the rationally organized leisure time of adolescents in the form of a hiking trip is designed not only to restore strength, but also to give them a new impetus for creative development.

Tourist hiking trip "Koiva-Chusovaya", lasting 4 days, will be held as part of the work of the city summer health camp during summer holidays 2013

Hike objectives:training in hiking and orienteering skills; creation of conditions for the development of physical activity and recovery; development in adolescents of a sense of camaraderie and mutual assistance; instilling the skills of harmonious (ecological) communication with the environment; to promote the development of communication skills in adolescents; creation of favorable conditions for organized recreation.

Planned results of the hiking trip:

The possibility of personal growth (having carried out a hike, a teenager begins to be even more proud of himself);

Changing the behavioral motivations of adolescents and their psychological relief;

Increasing vitality, changing the problem factor associated with the characteristics of physical development adolescence;

Mastering by teenagers elementary skills of tourist preparation.

As a result of the implemented campaign are:photos from the trip, diaries of participants from the trip, a book of reviews of the participants of the trip, letters of thanks from parents.

List of used literature

1. Federal Law of November 24, 1996 N 132-FZ "On the basics of tourism activities in Russian Federation» (as amended on January 10, 2003, August 22, 2004).

2. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 5, 2011 No. 47 “On providing recreation, health improvement and employment of children in 2011-2012”.

3. SanPiN 2.4.2.2842-11 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the arrangement, maintenance and organization of labor and recreation camps for adolescents"

4. Rules for sports tourism, approved by Rossport on March 28, 2008 and agreed by the Russian Emergencies Ministry on March 21, 2008. for 2001-2004 - M., 2001.

5. Bit Requirements on sports tourism for 2001-2004 // Normative acts on sports and health tourism for 2001-2004. - M., 2001.

6. Barinova I.I., Elkhovskaya L.I., Nikolina V.V. Extracurricular work in geography. – M.: Enlightenment, 2008.

7. Berman A.E. Young tourist - M .: FiS, 2005.

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