To facilitate orientation in large resorts, there is a certain classification of slopes (and in some countries - for example, in America - and lifts leading to slopes) by color. How do the different routes differ?
The easiest routes- green. These are slopes on which a novice skier can ride in a straight line, practically without gaining speed. In the event that the slope is somewhat larger, there is necessarily a counter-slope, on which even an individual who does not know how to turn will definitely stop. An experienced skier on such tracks can ride backwards, on one ski, waltz. In some places, in order for the skis to glide, you have to push with sticks. The tracks are carefully groomed, there are no hillocks.
Next in difficulty - blue tracks. On such slopes, a skier who has already mastered the turns "from the stop" feels comfortable. Turning with a plow is inconvenient due to the increased steepness of individual sections of the tracks. A slightly increased steepness, variable relief, the absence of hillocks and sharp changes in the terrain of the slope make the descents along the blue slopes more interesting and varied for intermediate skiers, and frequent straight sections with a small slope make it possible to ride at speed even for those who are not yet ready for more serious slopes. in the teeth." An experienced rider on this type of track can ride in a straight line, in extreme cases using large radius turns at high speed. The tracks are carefully groomed, there are no hillocks. In some countries, for example in America, this type of track is combined with the following - red lines. Color designation - blue lines.
Most interesting - red tracks- have even more increased steepness, are characterized by the absence of gentle sections or a combination of short steep places, where it is already necessary to be quite good at small-radius turns on parallel skis and flattening, on which you can have time to pay off the speed. An experienced red-piste skier can ride "large or small arcs" in the entire speed range, descents in a straight line will already lead to undesirable consequences. The tracks are carefully groomed, with a large number of skiers, bumps may appear by the end of the day. Some "off-piste" slopes fall into the same category, which are less steep, but due to natural features (for example, deep snow or narrow places) cannot be recommended for skiers with little skiing experience. Descents of this type are often indicated by a red dotted line.
The next class of traces - black- for experts. In most countries, snow groomers are not allowed on these tracks, and you can find anything on them - from steep hard boards with bumps to virgin steep snow, narrow (but not gentle) places, sharp turns with slope changes, so if you you can’t confidently and quickly pass the red tracks, it’s better not to go to the black ones - you won’t get pleasure. In some places, skating is already turning into jumping. This category also includes "off-piste" slopes, which an experienced skier will be able to descend (but the pleasure of the slope is not guaranteed). Usually on the diagrams such descents are indicated by a black dotted line. In addition, this also includes artificial mounds for mogul, halfpipe and jumps for snowboarders.
In America, there is another class of tracks - double black . The names of these tracks correspond to their character, the most striking, in my opinion, is "widowmaker" (creator of widows). For experts only. No comment.

World slopes: Color coding and slope difficulty

Coming to another country, a skier often faces many problems, one of which is how to assess how difficult the track you are going to pass, marked, for example, with a "blue diamond"? The following is a guide to the accepted track designations around the world.

Track difficulty	France Italy Scandinavia	Austria Germany Switzerland	Japan	USA Canada Australia
Very simple	Green	Blue	green circle	green circle
Simple	Blue	Blue	green circle	green circle
More complex	Red	Red	Red Square	blue square
Very difficult	Black	Black	blue diamond	Black diamond(s)

Do it in French!

In Europe, the French and Italians tend to classify runs in four colors: green is used for very easy runs, blue for easy runs, red for more difficult runs and black for expert runs. Usually each ski region has slopes for all levels of skiers.

The skiing regions in Scandinavia (Norway and Sweden) as well as in South America (Argentina and Chile) mostly follow the French color code model, although some don't bother with green runs.

German method

The German approach used in Germany, Austria and Switzerland is similar to French system, except that green is not used. Blue for light, red for tracking and black for experts.

Many regions from these countries do not publish (as is the custom in France) the total number of runs or the number of runs of varying difficulty. Instead, information is given on the length of the slopes of each category or the total length of the slopes and the percentage of slopes of varying difficulty. For example, if a region has tracks with a total length of 100 km, of which 50 km are blue, 30 km are red and 20 km are black, you will figure out where you will push with sticks and where you will ride ...

North America

IN North America no red runs, But they use figures for marking (for colorblind people, probably :-) - AD) The green circle corresponds to the European blue or green run, the blue square is between blue and red and the black diamond is between red and black. More difficult tracks are indicated in North America by two or even three black diamonds.

In North America, a skiing region is characterized by the total area (in acres) of slopes and the percentage of these slopes by difficulty. For example, a 2000 acre region might be 50% (1000 acres) easy, 30% (600 acres) hard, and 20% (400 acres) expert trails.

The skiing regions in Australia and New Zealand use the same markings.

Japan is the best of both worlds

The Japanese, who probably have the coolest skiing regions in the world, crossed the North American figures and the European colors, bringing something of their own and got a unique marking system: the most difficult slopes are blue! The green circles are light, as in North America, and the middle ones are indicated by a red square - the American figure, the European color.

Color coding matching

Advanced skiers agree with the statement that color coding is arbitrary. A black run can be easier in good snow than a blue run in bad snow.

Generally, European skiers feel that most of the "single black" runs in North America do not hold up to the "black" European run. Not because they are not cool enough, but because of the better preparation of the track. Black slopes in the Alps are rarely specially prepared: the matter is limited only to the initial clearing of the slope.

It should also be noted that small skiing regions that do not have a variety of terrain often mark trails as "red" and "black" just to attract tourists to this region. Managers of these regions will usually mention that the layout of the tracks is relative, not absolute, and it is almost impossible to determine the actual difficulty of the tracks in such regions from catalogs and advertising brochures.

Lessons 7-8 (acquaintance of circle members with the symbols of sports maps of the USSR; consolidation of the previously acquired skill of determining distances)

Before entering the training ground, the leader gives the children maps of the area for the upcoming classes, photo tables “Conventional signs of sports maps of the USSR” and explains in detail how the real picture of the area is transmitted with the help of conventional signs on the map. Briefly, the content of the conversation is as follows. The symbols of sports maps of the USSR are divided into five groups (see Fig. b): 1) relief, 2) rocks and stones, 3) hydrography and swamps, 4) vegetation, 5) artificial structures. In a separate group (6, 7) marks of designation, distance and arrows of the magnetic meridian are allocated.

Figure 6. Symbols of sports cards

To better memorize the conventional signs of each homogeneous group of objects, a typical sign is installed, schematically resembling the view of the object from above or from the side (road, building, tree).

Conventional signs of sports maps of the USSR are divided into large-scale, linear and off-scale.

Scale signs designate forests, fields, meadows, large structures, etc., the boundaries of which on the map fully correspond to the outlines on the ground, reduced according to the scale of the map.

Linear signs designate paths, roads, streams, ditches, clearings, etc., which are shown on the map in the form of various lines. The length of these lines corresponds to the size of the depicted objects on the scale of the map, and the width is mostly given by the increase.

Off-scale signs are used to designate individual stones, small pits, mounds, bridges, springs, etc., i.e., such objects that are difficult or almost impossible to show on a map scale due to their small size. The exact position of off-scale objects on the map corresponds to the symbol center.

In the table, the symbols of sports cards are accompanied by a serial number, names, as well as the required sizes for replication sports card.

Further detailed acquaintance of young orienteers with conventional signs should be built not in accordance with their location in the table, but depending on the difficulty of their perception and understanding.

Practice shows that signs of images of various large-scale relief forms - horizontals, cause significant difficulty in reading a map for children. Therefore, the explanation of the essence of the transfer of the terrain on the map should be singled out as a separate topic of study and begin to study it only after the circle members acquire some skills in reading the map.

It is advisable to start the first lessons in reading the map with signs indicating the distance. This gives the leader the opportunity to immediately establish the desired sequence of studying conventional signs based on the route of the group's upcoming movement, to quickly reveal the connection between the contents of the map and the actual picture of the area.

In the process of explaining, the leader shows the children a triangle and asks them to find it on their maps, reminding them that this sign indicates the starting point. One of the vertices of the triangle, as a rule, faces in the direction of the first control, marked on the map with a circle and serial number 1. Now young athletes clearly represent the direction of their movement, their attention is attracted by the space bounded by the triangle and the first control. In order to increase the activity of the children and involve them in independent work with the map, the leader puts several questions in front of them, which direct their attention to the analysis of the content of the map from the start to the first CP. For example: what is the distance from the start to the first checkpoint? What conventional signs will meet when moving to the first checkpoint?

As a rule, using the table of symbols, the circle members diligently and with great interest get involved in the work, looking for these symbols on the map. After some time, they have a fairly definite idea of ​​the route of their movement to the first checkpoint. In order to somewhat facilitate the solution of the task, the leader takes an active part in the "journey" on the map: clarifies and supplements the individual details missed by the guys in the answer; shows and repeats the names of geographical objects that students will meet when moving to the first checkpoint. The next stage of fixing these conventional signs in the memory of young orienteers can be associated with the search for similar signs throughout the entire field of the map. Controlling the answers of the circle members in the process of collective work, the leader tells what distinctive features characteristic of conventional signs showing a different class of roads, different passability of swamps, forests, the width of water barriers, etc.

It is quite natural that the whole story about conventional signs should be accompanied by their simultaneous display on a table, map, as well as drawings corresponding to appearance depicted subject. Such a visual explanation, organically connected with the display of conventional signs, contributes to their more meaningful perception and memorization.

Finishing the explanation, the leader again returns the group to reading the map, but somewhat modifies and complicates the task. Now the guys are invited to list (without a table) the conventional signs from the start to CP-1, as well as determine the distance to the named geographical objects. For example, if from the start at CP-1 the path partially passes along the road, you should indicate the distance to the nearest fork, a bend in the road or its intersection, as well as to those objects that are visible to the left and right in the direction of travel.

Such tasks, firstly, immediately accustom young orienteers to the established sequence of working with the map (according to the rule: “First determine the distance to the desired landmark and only then start moving towards it”). Secondly, they give the leader the opportunity to establish how much the members of the circle remembered the studied conventional signs and learned the skill of determining distances on the map. During the reading of the map, if the guys confidently cope with the task, the leader calls them in turn and asks them to continue the “journey”.

For a practical introduction young athletes with conventional signs, the leader walks with them along the first segment of the training distance (road or path), stopping the group at certain intervals at pronounced landmarks, and asks to show this conventional sign on the table and map. At the same time, he tells and explains the meaning of the conventional signs encountered when choosing the route to the checkpoint. And when the circle members reach the CP, the leader congratulates them on their first small victory.

After the guys examine the prism, ask their questions, the leader suggests recalling and sketching from memory with the help of conventional signs the geographical objects encountered on the way of movement. These exercises constitute one of the initial stages in the formation of necessary qualities orientator: memory, attention, thinking. Their fulfillment requires great concentration from young athletes, mobilization of attention while moving along the route, as well as the ability to capture and store in memory the sequential location of the encountered geographical objects.

Considering that the circle members do not yet have a sufficiently clear idea of ​​\u200b\u200bdrawing certain conventional signs, the leader may allow them at first to use the table to successfully complete such tasks. After the time allotted for the exercise, the leader allows the children to compare the completed task with the original map and count the number of missing characters.

Having made a small analysis of all the work done, the leader again returns the students to reading the map. They are invited to find the next point of movement on it - KP-2. After the young orienteers find this checkpoint on their maps, they are given the task to determine the distance to it. Having completed this task, the group, together with the leader, begins to read the map, determining the distance to the named landmarks. If the circle members encounter unfamiliar new signs while reading the map, the leader explains their meaning in detail and asks to draw these signs in a notebook.

Then the group starts moving to KP-2. The guys name the geographical objects they meet and show the image of these objects on the map. Such a system of classes contributes to the fact that conventional signs are not acquired mechanically, but by repeating them many times in various combinations. This provides visibility during the study of the topic.

Considering that it is difficult for teenagers to concentrate for a long time, the leader should take breaks at certain intervals (8-10 minutes), filling the pauses with various outdoor games. In the course of moving to the next CP, you can offer students to perform individual exercises in teams.

For example. The group is divided into four teams. The first and second teams start moving without looking at the map, but only remembering the objects that they meet on the way. At the signal of the team leader, they stop and show on their maps the objects that they saw. The first team shows the fourth, the second team - the third. After 300-350 m, the teams change places.

During the rest on the third and fourth CP, the leader may offer to perform a series of exercises in sequence aimed at consolidating the topic. Before proceeding to them, it is advisable to have a conversation with young athletes, repeating the signs already studied. With a quick frontal survey, the leader refreshes the acquired knowledge in the memory of the children and, only after making sure that the material is well learned, proceeds to explain the purpose and objectives of the upcoming exercises.

Let's list some of them. 1. Name the symbols indicated in the table (without an explanatory inscription). 2. Within 10-30 seconds, remember a certain number of characters on the table, and then sketch them in a notebook from memory. 3. Take one of the cards with 10-12 conventional signs (without an explanatory inscription) and explain the meaning of each of them aloud.

After analyzing the mistakes made during the exercises, the group continues to get acquainted with the conventional signs, moving along the training distance.

At the end of the lesson, a frontal survey of the children should be conducted in order to consolidate the material covered. The trainees alternately show a conventional sign on the table (without an explanatory inscription), determining its meaning, after which they perform the reverse task, i.e., draw the conventional signs called by the leader.

In conclusion, the results of the lesson are summed up and homework is given. Homework is important for developing the qualities necessary for an orienteer - memory, attention, thinking. The content of homework should be practically linked to the completed educational material and aims to improve technical readiness circle members, as well as to eliminate individual errors that could not be eliminated during the classes.

Such tasks can be group or individual in nature and be based on the readiness of individual children or the entire group being trained. The terms of each assignment must be clearly and in detail explained. In order to accustom young orienteers to a systematic, conscientious solution to the tasks set, the leader must evaluate each work and use the most well-performed exercises during classes, naming the names and names of the students who prepared them to encourage them.

Checking homework is best done after a warm-up, devoting 8-10 minutes to this. Collective checking of homework has its positive aspects. Firstly, the implementation of the exercises that are submitted for joint discussion will require a great mobilization of attention and responsibility from those involved in their preparation. Secondly, in the course of a group discussion, the guys repeat the material they have learned a second time, which helps to consolidate the acquired knowledge.

Homework. 1. Prepare some exercises for other circle members in determining distances. On a separate piece of paper, draw 8-10 segments of various lengths, write the answers in the appropriate order on the back of the sheet.

2. Make a copy of a small piece of the map, 8x8 cm in size, previously indicated by the leader.

3. From a thick sheet of paper, make two cards measuring 5 X 12 each (see Fig. 7). The first shows images of conventional signs, the name of which is proposed to be determined; on the second, the conventional signs that need to be drawn are called.

4. Determine the size of objects on the map using a compass and write down the answer in a notebook in the order listed by the head of the objects.

5. With the help of 10-15 conventional signs passed, draw up a plan map on a scale of 1:15,000, no larger than 10 X 10 cm.

Lessons 9-11 (consolidating the skill of reading conventional signs, determining distances)

It is advisable to start this lesson with a repetition of the material covered. The leader for 8-10 minutes on visual aids (tables, figures, maps) shows the circle members the conventional signs that they studied in the previous lesson, gives a description of their use when choosing a path of movement. Then he calls the guys in turn and asks them to name the conventional signs, which he will selectively indicate on the table (having previously covered the names on it with a strip of paper). The group closely follows the responses of the comrades and makes the necessary comments and corrections.

Using several examples, the leader once again explains the principle of determining distances on the map visually and with the help of a compass ruler, after which he invites students to perform a series of exercises aimed at consolidating the material covered. For this purpose, he can successfully use homework prepared by the circle members.

The children receive leaflets with a task to determine the distances. The leader explains the sequence of this exercise. The length of the first three segments must be determined using a compass ruler and immediately write down the result; the length of subsequent segments is determined first visually, and then using the compass ruler. The result of measuring the length of the segments is recorded in a notebook according to a specific pattern (see Table 2).

table 2

In order to increase the interest of those involved in the task, the leader introduces additional terms in Game. For example, for each mistake of 2 mm, a young athlete is punished with a fine - a jump on one or two legs. After self-determination of errors, the guys without additional command leader begin to perform jumps. Everyone counts the jumps himself and performs them all according to the penalty received.

At the end of the task, the leader once again draws the attention of the trainees to the fact that a careless attitude to determining distances on the map can lead to serious consequences. For example, an error of .5 mm on a 1:20000 map is equal to 100 m (1) on the ground. Here it is also necessary to remind the children that double control in determining distances on the map, visually and with the help of a compass ruler, makes it possible to exclude the possibility of a gross error. Then the leader can divide the circle members into pairs and give the task to prepare similar exercises for each other, while maintaining the same game conditions.

While the guys are doing the exercises, the leader can view the homework. After 5-6 exercises in determining the distances are completed, the leader instructs the duty officer to distribute prepared cards with conventional signs (as in the first task, the guys work only with cards prepared by comrades).

First, students determine the name of each of the given symbols. Then, after changing 5-6 cards, they begin to perform another task, drawing conventional signs according to the given names of geographical objects. Compliance with the indicated sequence in performing exercises on initial stage the study of conventional signs helps young orienteers to restore the graphic image of signs in memory, and therefore, to complete the task in cards No. 2 faster and better.

The lesson in which these exercises are performed can be made more interesting and exciting by introducing an element of competition. For example, complete the exercise in 30-50 s, memorize all the symbols in 30 s, and then after 10-15 squats (or running in place) write the name of each symbol in sequence, provided that the error entails a fine - 5 squats or 2 -3 push-ups, etc.

Further, the leader may invite the members of the circle to disclose the contents of the map they have made. To this end, he names the names of those whose work is done better and more clearly. As a rule, the guys reveal the contents of their map with great interest and enthusiasm, which helps everyone else to better tune in to the upcoming work and better understand the material covered. The homework check ends with an analysis of all the work done.

Before entering the training track, the leader introduces students to the new conventional signs that they will meet, using the necessary visual aids. Similar to the first lesson, a series of games and exercises are conducted aimed at consolidating the new learned conventional signs in the memory of the children. Then the duty officer distributes maps of the polygon with the route marked on them.

The leader gives the task to the guys - to find the starting point on the map, tell what the given point is on the ground, find KP-1 and determine the distance to it. One of the young athletes answers the questions posed, and the group follows the friend's answer, supplements and clarifies it. Before the next student, the leader sets the task to name the landmarks that will be encountered during the movement along the training distance at KP-1, and determine the distance to them.

After making sure that the guys answered the questions correctly, the leader goes out with the group to the training distance. Walking along it, the leader gives a more detailed description of the conventional signs in terms of orientation; indicates how difficult areas, light forests look on the terrain; explains what the signs “off-scale group of trees”, “coniferous forest”, “deciduous. forest”, “clearing”, “non-scale objects”, “wetlands”, etc. In other words, he tries to make the guys understand for themselves how profitable or unprofitable it is to move along a particular piece of terrain.

After the circle members have reached CP-1, the leader can give them the task to sketch (from memory) with the help of conventional signs those geographical objects that they met on the way.

After completing the exercise, check the performance of the task. When passing the rest of the training distance, you can complicate the task. If at the first lesson it was only required to name and show conventional signs, determine the distance to the checkpoint, now the leader offers the circle members in turn, divided into teams, to independently lead the group along the training track.

This task provides not only further study of conventional signs, but also the consolidation of the first skills in reading the map. The group is divided into teams of 3-4 people each. The first team receives the task to read the path of movement to the CP-2. It is quite natural that this training track was planned in advance by the leader, taking into account the skills and knowledge that young orienteers have, i.e. from CP to CP, the guys follow clear, well-read landmarks.

The first team, reading the map, names the landmarks that are encountered along the way. The leader asks the members of other teams to supplement the answers of their comrades, and then he himself makes the necessary comments and corrections, after which he gives permission to the group to start moving to CP-2. After the first team finishes its work, the leader analyzes it and gives the task to start the movement of the second team. Etc.

Thus, in the course of passing the training distance, the teams try their hand, receive an assessment of the work done, and each member of the circle is really aware of the need for a solid assimilation of conventional signs. This way of setting things up makes it possible for the children to show a certain independence from the very first lessons, develops in them the ability to accurately evaluate their own actions and the actions of a friend.

To consolidate a strong skill in reading the studied signs, the leader, during halts, as in previous classes, recalls with the trainees the names of all geographical objects that they met while moving along the training distance, and offers to perform a number of exercises on their own. For example, within 3 minutes, draw 8-10 conventional signs, and then use them to make a poster map 10x10 cm in size. The leader shows a small drawing of the area, the guys in their notebooks encrypt what they see with the help of conventional symbols.

Calling the guys in turn, the leader suggests showing off-scale, linear, large-scale symbols on the map, and the group is closely following the response of a friend. In order to increase the interest of the group in performing exercises and give them the character of a competition, you can slightly change the form of their conduct. For example, the group is divided into 3-4 teams, each of which solves its own specific task.

The starting point for all teams is the intersection of roads (paths, clearings). On command, each group moves along its own road (clearing, path) to the mark indicated by the leader (150-200 m), back and forth, remembering the landmarks encountered on the left and right. At the finish line, the leader of the group draws, using conventional signs, the route traveled, and the team helps him in this. Then the group independently continues to move along another clearing, performing the same task. After the completion of each route in the group, the leader changes. The winner of the competition is determined after the group has passed all four routes by the amount of time spent and the correctness of drawing the encountered objects using conventional signs.

Members of all teams receive serial numbers. At point K (50-100 m from the control point), the leader lays out several stacks of cards (according to the number of participating teams), 6-8 pieces each. Moreover, each serial number of the card in the stack has a significant difference in the content of conventional signs from the previous one. On command, the participants under the first numbers run to point K, take the first top cards and mark the name of a geographical object with a pencil against each conventional sign. Then they quickly return with a card to the starting place to pass the baton to a teammate, after which they hand over the cards to the leader. Participants under the second numbers, also at point K, fill out the cards and together with them return to the starting place to transfer the baton, after which they hand them over to the leader. And so on. The winning team is determined by the least amount of time spent on the exercise. For each incorrectly identified sign, the team receives 10 from the penalty time.

At point K, the leader lays out the cards in accordance with the number of participating teams. Moreover, each card is divided with a colored pencil into equal, equally numbered squares no less than 3x3 cm in size. At the start, a member of each team receives a cut out piece of the same type of the original card of the same size - 3x3 cm.

At the command of the leader, the participants with the first numbers run to point K, find the corresponding piece of the map on the sample, write down the serial number indicated on it and quickly return to the starting point to pass the baton to the next comrade. The second command numbers perform similar actions. And so on. The winning team is determined by the least amount of time spent on the exercise. For each incorrectly identified piece of the map, the team receives a 2 minute penalty.

The next exercise is similar to the one above. At the start, the participants under the first numbers. The distance from the start to the point K-20-30 m. All team members are given pieces of maps. At the command of the leader, the first team numbers put the map on the ground and run to point K, where they find the corresponding piece of the map on the sample, write down the serial number indicated on it on paper and quickly return to the start to pass the baton to their friend. On command, the second and all subsequent command numbers perform similar actions. At the end of the relay race, each team independently checks the accuracy of the completed task according to the reference map. The winning team is determined by the least amount of time spent on the exercise. For an incorrectly identified piece of the map, the team receives a fine of 2 minutes.

The leader can also check the quality of assimilation of conventional signs by the circle members by conducting in the final part of the lesson various forms topographic dictation or control competition.

The system of all completed games and exercises should not only ensure a solid assimilation of the table of conventional signs, but also contribute to the successful acquisition of the skill of quickly reading the map. At the end of the lesson, the leader sums up the results and gives the members of the circle a homework assignment.

Topics and methods of conducting circle classes:
Introductory lesson
Topic 1. Topographic and sports maps
Topic 2. Working with a compass
Topic 3. Determining distances and working with a compass
Topic 4. Symbols of sports cards of the USSR
Topic 5. Terrain and its image on sports maps
Topic 6. Reading the map
Topic 7. Map orientation techniques
Topic 8. Ways to determine the standing point

Signs in orienteering are very diverse. It is impossible to single out important or not very important among them, so you need to know everything. But still there are such conventions that you should pay attention to in the first place. Only knowing all these nuances, it will be possible to achieve perfection in reading the map, and therefore in orienteering.

Almost everything that we see on the ground is displayed on the map in the form of conventional signs. Everyone, even from a school geography course, knows the simplest topographic symbols. But this knowledge will not be enough to successfully read a sports map, because topographic and sports signs are different. A beginner orienteer must first learn by heart all sports symbols, which are divided into the following large groups:

- relief;

— hydrography;

- vegetation;

- rocks and stones;

- artificial objects;

- distance signs;

- ski tracks (for winter orientation).

Also included in a small group are auxiliary signs on maps, such as: magnetic meridian lines, points with height marks and a color matching cross. The former are mandatory for any card, while the latter and third are very rare.

Designations and decoding on maps

1.Relief

Denoted exclusively in brown. Contours indicate ascents, descents, large pits and hills. The microrelief is indicated by dots, ticks, single lines and other conventional signs.

2. Hydrography

Hydrography includes any rivers, lakes, swamps, swamps, springs and puddles. It should be understood that the map maker will not draw puddles formed due to rain on paper, but will draw only permanent puddles. Lakes, rivers, and marshes marked with a black line are impassable and should never be crossed.

3.Vegetation

Vegetation includes symbols not only for vegetation, but also for its absence. Any bushes are marked in green, clearings in yellow, and pure forest in white. Moreover, the type of forest and plant species will not be indicated in sports cards. The only exception is the clear boundaries of different forests. For example, if spruce plantings turn into birch plantings, then their borders will be indicated by a black dotted line.

4.Rocks and stones

Marked in black. Both groups of stones and individual stones can be distinguished. Rocks, overcoming of which are life-threatening, and therefore it is forbidden to move along them, are drawn bolder so that the athlete immediately pays attention to them.

5. Artificial objects

Everything that is created by man belongs to the group of artificial objects. Houses, roads, paths, bridges, fences, power lines, and sometimes just piles of rubbish thrown into the forests are marked mainly in black or gray colors.

6. Distance signs

Distance signs are marked in pink. These include checkpoints, start points, finish points, and recharge (feed) points.

Symbolic legends of checkpoints:

You can download the signs and symbolic legends of checkpoints here:

What to pay attention to first of all?

Choice the right way movement in competition is very important. Signs in orienteering help to decide on it. There are several different opinions about what should be the first thing to pay attention to. It would be most logical to first assess the terrain, because overcoming high and steep slopes takes a lot of time and effort. As the saying goes: "A smart man will not go to the mountains, a smart man will bypass the mountain." Author Sergei Vladimirovich Mikhalkov.

You should not go ahead, it is better to look for workarounds, more accessible ways.

The next thing to pay attention to is the permeability of the forest. If a dense forest with undergrowth or severe swampiness is drawn right along the course, then it is better to run around this place along the road or a clean forest. In some cases, it will even be faster to run through a hillock than to climb through a swamp.

prohibition signs

Pay special attention to prohibition signs.

If you cross the prohibited territory, the athlete will be disqualified.

The most important signs in orienteering

Despite the fact that you should pay attention to the terrain and cross-country ability in the first place, it is impossible to say which conventional signs in orienteering are more important. We can say that the system of these signs is important. It will only be possible to achieve success in orienteering if you read and pay attention to everything that is drawn on the map. Sometimes even a point marker will help the athlete more than a large clearing marked on the map.

Signs are important!

Summarize

The signs in the area map are divided into 8 large groups, each of which has its own color (see the pictures above).

Knowing all the sports signs will ensure that the athlete has an accurate picture of what lies ahead.

First of all, you should pay attention to the terrain and the passability of the forest, but do not neglect other symbols on the map.

If you do not learn all the signs, then there is a high risk of getting lost, and then the following tips from the video will come in handy:

Revision 2002

5. Ultrasonic maps for ski orientation

5.1. General requirements

Ski orienteering maps (LO) are based on conventional signs (KZ) used in compiling maps for orienteering running. However, the specificity of the LO determines some changes and deviations in the basic KM necessary to transmit the information required by the athlete for skiing. These special requirements and KM are described in this chapter.

Deviations from the KM are allowed only with the sanction of the National Commission of the Leningrad Region. For international events, authorization must be given by the IOF Ski-O Commission.

Orienteering maps for running can be used for competitions of all levels of the LO, if the dark green color (sign 410) is changed to light green (sign 406) . For international competitions permission from the IOF LO Commission is required.

Ski orienteering is a sport in which an athlete, while skiing, uses a map to select and carry out the best movement option, using the grid of tracks offered by the organizers, to overcome the route from the start, through many checkpoints, to the finish line. in LO ski training and the ability to navigate must be combined in such a way that the ability to navigate is a decisive element.

In ski orienteering, in addition to assessing the quality of the ski track and the length of the selected option, it is also necessary to assess the elevation changes. Obviously, the map must accurately and clearly display these features. The map must also be easy and unambiguous to read when skiing in competition conditions. This means that the map should avoid large details in places not visible from the track, in order to highlight the network of tracks, and to simplify the representation of the forms of the earth's surface (relief). You only need to show details that affect: a) route selection and b) orientation and location.

In order to implement the principle of fairness during competitions, additional LOs must be introduced. These signs describe the quality and width of the tracks.

5.3. Scale

Map scale for long distances should be 1:15000, for medium distances and relays 1:15000 or 1:10000, for short distances 1:10000 and for sprint 1:10000 or 1:5000. In special cases, for IOF events, the organizer and representative of the IOF may choose maps of other scales. The National Commission of the LO can do the same for national events.

Enlarging the scale allows you to create a denser and at the same time easily readable track grid. In addition, the probability of errors when displaying the forms of jumpers (connections) and angles at the points of branching and crossing of the tracks is reduced.

5.4. relief section

The spacing of the relief section should normally be 5 m, but other alternatives (2.5 m or 10 m) may be used. In special cases, during IOF events, the organizer and representative of the IOF may choose a different terrain section interval. The National Commission of the LO can do the same for national events.

5.5 Colors

The correct order of overlaying colors plays an important role in the readability of the LO map. The procedure for setting colors when printing a map on a color printer should be as follows:

upper purple: checkpoint numbers and codes, prohibited areas, polluted or snowless roads and orienteering start point, and (if necessary) competition center

1. Brown

   top green (PMS 354): ski tracks

   bottom purple: checkpoints and lines between them

2. lower green (PMS 361): all other green CLs except ski tracks

The order of colors in offset printing of the card is the same.

Contour lines are shifted in cases of their alignment with green lines (skis). Color printer required High Quality so that the brown lines do not cover the ski lines. The degree of influence of the combination of brown lines with green lines on the readability of the map during IOF events can be assessed by the organizer and representative of the IOF, and make an appropriate decision.

5.6. Printing and replication

Maps for LO competitions are often updated the day before competitions. The track grid may be reviewed a few days before the start. Therefore, new digital printing methods: laser printers, color copiers, etc., well meet the requirements for LO cards.

The organizer and the IOF representative (for IOF events) are responsible for the quality of the map.

5.7.1. Using symbols for orientation running

Relief

The shape of the relief is shown using contour lines. In order to improve the readability of the map during fast skiing, contour lines should be more generalized compared to running orienteering maps. Contour lines should not be skipped if needed on flat ground.

Rocks and stones

Stones and rocks are not suitable as a criterion for choosing a route, but in some cases they can serve as significant objects for orientation and reference. The map may show these features if they are visible to the competitor when the ground is covered in snow.

Hydrography and swamps

In addition to orientation and binding, the signs of this group are important for the participant, as they help determine the height (what is "up" and what is "down") in maps with complex terrain.

open space and vegetation

Vegetation representation is important to the athlete mainly for orienteering, but can also be used for route selection in cases where the athlete wants to attempt a cut. In order not to spoil the readability of green ski tracks, all signs of vegetation passability must be shown with the sign 406.

Artificial objects and structures

Sign 509 - a narrow clearing is used for unplowed paths that are clearly visible on the ground.

5.7.2 Dimensions signs for maps of various scales

The thickness of the horizontal line can be reduced (0.11 mm) so that the US ski tracks are not covered by them.

5.7.3. Special symbols

The following signs are for ski orienteering maps

ski tracks

The track grid is displayed with a variety of green lines in an intense and clearly visible color (PMS 354 is recommended). When the track is laid on a trail (forest road), the trail is not shown (i.e. black is not used).

Unlike all other ski tracks (indicated by green lines), well-trodden skiable roads are shown with a black line, because the roads must be different from specially prepared ski tracks. The conditions for skiing on a well-trodden road differ from those that exist on specially prepared ski slopes. The condition of a traveled road may change more quickly (eg, rain, snowfall, melting in the sun).

All ramifications and intersections must be drawn carefully to accurately represent the semblance of ramifications and intersections. This is also valid for dashed lines.

	801 Very wide track > 3 m Very fast, wide skating track in ski centers, made with a ski harrow or a special leveler. Width 0.85 mm
	802 Wide track 1.5 - 3.0 m A fast, snowmobile-made skating track, usually 2–3 m wide. A skating track that is rougher and softer than a wide skating track. Colour: top green (PMS 354). Width 0.60 mm
	803 Track 0.8 - 1.5 m Good ski track made by a snowmobile, usually 1.0 - 1.5 m wide. On steep slopes, the track can be made wider to reduce expansion during competition. Colour: top green (PMS 354).
	804. Slow track 0.8–1 m. Rough, slow ski track, covered with a small amount of snow or not cleared of branches and knots. This symbol is not used on steep slopes if the width of the track allows the use of herringbone steps to climb, or plow to slow down and stop. To show the forks and crossroads of a slow track more clearly, they should be displayed with a short line. Colour: top green (PMS 354). Dot diameter 0.7 mm and distance between dots 1.3 mm
	805 Road covered with snow Well-traveled roads covered with snow, suitable for skiing, are shown with a normal improved road sign, but wider. Black color. Line width 0.7 mm
	806. Polluted or little snow road A road that is muddy (sanded) or lightly snowed (snow is either missing or not solid) during the course of the competition. A chain of V-shaped badges across a paved road sign indicates that the road is not skiable. Color: top purple Height 3.0 mm
	807. Impassable road A road that is not used for traffic, without any traces. Black color
	808. Rolled up area Slalom slopes and other areas suitable for skiing. The boundaries of the regions are shown with a narrow green line (0.13 mm) so that their edges can be clearly read. Colour: top green (PMS 354). Line width 0.2mm, line spacing 0.8mm, angle 45 degrees
	809. Motor roads prohibited for traffic No traffic sign enlarged to be more visible in the track grid. Color: top purple. Purple cross, 3.5 mm

Other signs

	810. Control point and center point The circle center point can be used when it is necessary to indicate the position of the control more precisely, for example, in a dense grid of tracks. Checkpoints in the LO are preferably placed on the through track, and not at forks or intersections. The center point helps, determine the exact location of the control point on the track. Colors: checkpoint circle - bottom purple, circle center point - top purple The diameter of the checkpoint circles is 5.5–6.0 mm (for all scales), the line thickness is 0.5 mm. Center point diameter 0.65 mm
	811. Sequence number and checkpoint number (code) In LO competitions, legends are not used. Checkpoint codes are placed either next to serial numbers on the working field of the map or in a separate list. Map size and course pattern configuration are important factors in determining best place provisions for writing numbers and codes. If the track grid is dense and/or the track pattern configuration is complex, a separate list (row, column) should be used. There must be a dash (hyphen) between the number and the CP code. Color: top purple
	812. Place of spare equipment Space for spare equipment in the competition area. Color: top purple Height: approx. 10 mm

Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation

State educational institution

higher professional education

"Gorno-Altai State University"

Faculty of Geography

BASICS OF TOPOGRAPHY AND ORIENTATION

For students studying in the specialty

050720 Physical Culture

Gorno-Altaisk

RIO Gorno-Altai State University

Published by decision of the Methodological Council

Gorno-Altai State University

Fundamentals of topography and orienteering . - Gorno-Altaisk: RIO GAGU, 2010. - 40 p.

Zakharov P. Ya., Candidate of Philosophy, Head of the Department of Theory and Methods of Physical Culture and Sports, Gorno-Altai State University.

Pichugina T.V., Senior Lecturer, Department of Economic Geography, Gorno-Altai State University.

Reviewers:

The tutorial covers the basics of topography, orienteering and orienteering. Recommendations on the organization mass competitions and graphic forms of documents for orienteering competitions.

Tutorial is intended for students studying in the specialty "Physical Education". Also, the manual is intended for students of advanced training courses, teachers of physical education, teachers additional education, instructors and coaches in orienteering.

© Zakharov P.Ya., Pichugina T.V. 2010

INTRODUCTION	4
1. BASICS OF TOPOGRAPHY	6
1.1 Plan and map	6
1.2 Map scale	8
1.3 Compass	9
1.4 Symbols	11
2. ORIENTATION	16
2.1 From the history of orienteering	16
2.2 Fundamentals of orienteering	21
2.3 Orienteering competitions	24
3. ORGANIZATION AND HOLDING OF MASS ORIENTING COMPETITIONS	30
4. MAIN PROVISIONS OF THE UNIFIED ALL-RUSSIAN SPORTS CLASSIFICATION	35
5. RECOMMENDED READING	38
APPENDIX	40

INTRODUCTION

As you know, a person is closely connected with nature and constantly feels the need to navigate the terrain, that is, to determine his location relative to the surrounding objects and sides of the horizon, to find the right direction of the path. With the skills of observing various natural phenomena and in orienteering, we can feel more confident in camping trip and in Everyday life, skillfully use various guidebooks and schemes highways, it is easy to understand maps of the location of streets and individual buildings in various cities, etc.

When exploring the terrain, the most accurate instruments are used for orientation, but the ability to navigate using a map and compass, according to celestial bodies and local features has not lost its practical significance to this day. Solid orientation skills are more easily acquired by those who constantly communicate with nature, observe it, and notice its features.

To know and understand nature, to promote mental and physical development of a person, classes help to improve health sports orientation. This sport is still one of the little-known, and although many have heard about it, for the most part they do not represent the essence and meaning of the sport itself.

This is the kind of sport that you can compete in all year round. So-called summer orienteering competitions, i.e. running or cross-country orienteering, begin in early spring and end in late autumn. But as soon as a stable snow cover is formed, athletes change their summer running uniform for ski equipment and continue to compete already in winter season is ski orienteering.

Orienteering stands out from other sports as a mass type of active activity acceptable for any age group for the purpose of sports improvement and maintenance of physical performance, as well as a means of active rest. This is one of the few sports where representatives of the most different ages- from 8-9 to 80-90 years old, each of which finds its own advantages in this occupation. For schoolchildren, each competition is a small adventure surrounded by an aura of mystery and romance. Competitions require courage, dexterity and ingenuity from them. Having entered the taste of the search, children involuntarily learn perseverance, endurance, self-control, being at the mercy of the immutable laws of forest sports. For most well-trained athletes, the main attraction of running with a map and compass is the hard work of thought associated with great physical exertion, the constant novelty of sensations and the unlimited possibility of improvement. people middle age given the opportunity to test their strength on less difficult (in relation to physical activity) distances. First of all, they are attracted by the mental tension caused by moving through unfamiliar terrain and generated by a slight uncertainty about the correctness of the chosen path. This physical and spiritual stress is of tremendous importance for modern man as an antidepressant factor.

Orienteering competitions do not require stadiums or expensive equipment. Any part of the forest or a large park, any part of the terrain, which, with the help of conventional signs, can be “encrypted” into a sports card, can become an arena for exciting competitions.

Working with a map and parallel observation of the terrain lead to the acquisition of new knowledge of topography, concentration of attention, the development of memory, perception skills, representation, a sense of distance, a sense of speed, a sense of being in space.

BASICS OF TOPOGRAPHY

Plan and map

In the figure, the area looks like it really is, but as if from afar: near objects look larger, distant objects look smaller (according to the laws of drawing up a drawing). In such a figure, it is impossible to accurately measure the distance between objects and determine the sides of the horizon.

The view of the terrain from above accurately and accurately displays all the elements of the earth's surface. Everything that can be seen from above, that can be photographed from a height or depicted on paper, will be called a plan of the area. The plan is not as detailed as a photograph or drawing, since objects are depicted on it as we see them from above, with the help of special conventional signs. Moreover, only the main objects are depicted on the plan, where all objects and the distances between them are shown on a scale. On the plan, you can measure the distance between various objects and landmarks, the arrow (north-south) indicates the direction, which allows you to navigate and find the relative position of objects on the sides of the horizon. The scientific name for a plan of any area is a topographic map.

Map (plan)- this is a reduced flat graphic image of the earth's surface, made on a certain scale using special conventional signs.

In orienteering, the map is the basis of all competitions. A sports map, unlike a regular topographic map, has high accuracy and detail, and is published on a larger scale. There is less digital material on it, there is no kilometer grid, the true meridian, but the magnetic meridian is indicated, the lines of which are drawn through 500 meters, regardless of the scale of the map.

A sports map must accurately reflect the terrain and convey the direction of all surrounding objects, it must show all information that may affect the "readability" of the map or the possibility of choosing a route. One of the basic principles International Federation Orienteering (IOF) states: "None of the participants should benefit or suffer through the fault of the card!" The competition map must correspond to the current state of the terrain in all its parts, and if this correspondence does not exist, then the previously made map must be improved, that is, corrected. Sports cards are issued in accordance with the IOF International Symbol System, supplemented by national symbols approved by the Orienteering Federation (FSO) of Russia.

The magnetic meridian lines are drawn on the map as thin black or blue lines with arrows pointing north. The sides of the map (paper) should be parallel to the lines of the magnetic meridian.

All inscriptions present on the map of the area and beyond its working field are located perpendicular to the north line and are written in the direction from west to east. Among the inscriptions, indicators of scale, relief sections, names of settlements included in the working field of the map are required to be indicated. It is also customary to indicate the year of issue of the map, the authors and the name of the competition for which it is prepared.

The disadvantage of the sports map is that it quickly becomes obsolete (clearings are overgrown, new clearings and paths appear, especially near tourist centers, camps, settlements, etc.). In this regard, map drawers have to constantly make changes and correct the map.

test questions

1. What is the difference between a drawing and a plan of the area?

2. What is common and different in topographic and sports maps?

3. Why are magnetic meridian lines drawn on the map?

4. What are the requirements for a sports map for orienteering competitions?

5. Name the advantages and disadvantages of a sports card.

map scale

The terrain on any map is depicted in a reduced form, the degree of reduction of the earth's surface, presented on a particular map, can be judged by the scale of the map.

Map scale is the ratio of the length of a line on the map to the length of the corresponding lines on the ground.

The scale expressed by the ratio of numbers is called numerical. This quantity is abstract and does not depend on the system of linear measures. A numerical scale is recorded in the form of a fraction (for example, 1: 50,000), the numerator of which is one, and the denominator is a number showing how many times the actual dimensions on the ground are reduced when they are displayed on the map. When comparing several scales, the larger one will be the one whose denominator is smaller, and vice versa, the larger the denominator, the smaller the scale.

In practice, distances on a map are determined using a linear scale. Linear scale is a graphic representation of a numerical scale in the form of a straight line with divisions for counting distances Text the scale is written in words, combinations of different values ​​\u200b\u200bare allowed here (for example, there are 500 meters in 1 centimeter).

On topographic and geographical maps, the scale (numerical, linear and textual) can be found under the bottom side of the frame. On sports maps, the scale is applied only in numerical form.

When working with a sports map, the procedure for converting the length of map segments to the corresponding segments of the terrain can be greatly simplified without using five-digit scale numbers. It is known that the most common measure of distance on the ground for pedestrians and runners is a meter. At the same time, the visual assessment of segments of different lengths in the drawings and maps is mainly carried out in centimeters. Therefore, for example, a scale of 1:15000 is easier and more understandable to perceive as follows: 1 centimeter cards match 150 meters terrain (and not 15,000 centimeters).

Using the scale, you can:

Determine any distance on the map;

Plot on the map the distance measured on the ground.

During training and competitions, in order to quickly and accurately determine his location on the map, while moving on the ground, the orienteer constantly has to face the need to measure or approximately estimate distances both on the map and on the ground.

There are two main ways to measure distances on a map: using a ruler and using an eye. A ruler with a centimeter scale is available on the compass board, and the visual method requires constant training. By comparing the resulting measurement with the scale of the map, you can find out the distance on the ground to the desired object or landmark. On the ground, distances can be determined by counting steps (pairs or fours), using an eye gauge, and by the time of movement.

The application of one or another method for determining distances or their combinations is based on taking into account various factors. The main ones are: the nature of the terrain, the workload of the map, the time of the competition, meteorological conditions, physical and technical fitness.

test questions

1. What is the scale? In what units is it measured?

2. What are the types of scales?

3. In what form is the scale applied to the sports map according to IOF standards?

4. Name the methods of measuring distances on the map and on the ground.

Compass

The main purpose of any compass - determining the sides of the horizon - is based on the effect of a magnetic field on a freely rotating magnetic needle, which always tends to turn north. The difference between a sports compass and an ordinary one is that the magnetic needle of the first one is placed in a liquid in a special sealed flask. The liquid softens the impact of the needle base on the needle, which occurs when walking or running, and also helps to dampen the vibrations of the arrow. Ordinary sports compasses have a rectangular plateau on which there is a centimeter ruler, scale rulers; some have a magnifying glass and a distance counter. With the help of a compass, you can orient the map, move in azimuth and direction, measure the distance on the map. The sports compass is the main element of the orienteer's equipment.

Orient the map- this means positioning it so that the lines of the magnetic meridian on the map face the north of the area, this begins the comparison of the map with the area.

For movement in azimuth First you need to determine the direction to the desired landmark on the map. In this case, it is important to observe the following sequence of actions:

1) put a compass on the map so that one of the sides of the board connects the points “from where” and “where” you need to go or run, and the compass plateau should look in the direction of “where” you need to go;

2) by rotating the compass bulb, the red lines at its bottom must be placed parallel to the magnetic meridian of the map, and the risks of the bulb should be directed to the north;

3) removing the compass from the map, and holding it in your hand, turn around so that the northern end of the magnetic needle is located between the risks of the bulb.

The direction of the compass board will show the direction of movement to the landmark.

test questions

1. What is a compass, how does it work?

2. Who uses the compass and why?

3. Why should the map be oriented?

4. What should be the sequence of actions when moving in azimuth?

Conventional signs

Symbols, like the maps for which they are intended, have come a long way in development. Images of local objects on maps of early eras had a pictorial character. Each item was conveyed in a pattern that was understandable without any explanation. Cities, mountains, forests, fortresses, etc. were depicted in perspective, i.e. the way they would be observed in nature. Rivers, lakes, roads, borders were plotted in horizontal projection.

With the expansion of knowledge about the earth's surface, with the development of military affairs, it became necessary to reflect an ever wider range of objects on maps. Under these conditions, it became very difficult to keep on the maps the individual properties of each local object. It was necessary to introduce common designations for homogeneous objects. Drawings were gradually replaced by horizontal projections of objects.

In the course of the evolution of conventional signs, the image of settlements on maps changed from a perspective drawing to a planned one, and then from a drawing to a conventional sign.

Conventional signs are the symbols of the map, which are its language. On all maps, all objects of the area are depicted by conventional signs. With their help, the real picture of the area is clearly transmitted on the map. Most of the graphic conventions resemble the shape of the depicted objects when viewed from above or from the side, which makes it relatively easy for us to remember them.

Conventional signs in topography are divided into three main groups: large-scale, extra-scale and explanatory.

large-scale conventional signs depict local objects (settlements, forest areas, arable land, lakes, swamps, large rivers), which, by their size, can be expressed on a map scale.

off-scale conventional signs are used to depict such local objects that, due to their small size, cannot be reflected on a map scale, but are important or are good landmarks - wells, springs, radio masts, bridges, tower-type structures, kilometer posts, etc. These local items are shown enlarged on the maps.

Intermediate position between large-scale and off-scale signs are occupied by conventional signs of roads, streams, power lines and other narrow linear local objects, in which only the length of the line is expressed on a scale. The width of these characters is off-scale. Such symbols are usually called linear.

Explanatory conventional signs are used in combination with large-scale and non-scale ones and serve to additionally characterize objects. These include all numbers, own names of objects and signatures characterizing local objects.

Conventional signs in orienteering.

In orienteering adopted one system conventional signs. This means that sports cards all over the world are subject to uniform rules and requirements - athletes do not have to remember new signs and designations every time, since they are the same on all sports cards of any country in the world. Conventional symbols of sports maps differ from symbols in topography.

In the early stages of orienteering development, maps were prepared in black and white. Currently, all the variety of objects on the ground is expressed on sports color maps using six colors:

the black- for the image of artificial structures: houses, roads, paths, contours, borders and stone relief;

yellow- for the image of open space;

Brown- for the image of any forms of relief (except for rocks), highways and paved areas;

blue or blue- to display hydrography and magnetic meridian lines;

green- for depicting vegetation (shades of green represent different degrees of passability: the darker the color, the more difficult passability) and for designating ski tracks in winter orienteering. The passability depends on the forest species (density of trees, shrubs and low vegetation - ferns, blackberries, nettles, etc.). When depicting patency in green, swamps, rocky lands, which are shown as separate symbols, are not taken into account;

For convenience of classification, conventional signs are divided into five main groups, each of which contains homogeneous objects.

Relief(mountains, hills, depressions, cliffs, gullies, ravines, etc.). The relief image on the map is performed using brown lines are horizontal. Contours (isohypses) are lines on the map connecting points of the earth's surface with the same absolute height and together conveying the shape of the relief. The closer the distance between contour lines, the steeper the slope or depression. In order to distinguish a slope from a depression, a dash is applied - a bergstroke, always facing downward. The main contours are shown on the maps as a solid line, with every fifth contour drawn with a thicker line for ease of reading the map and estimating the height difference. If it is impossible to accurately convey the relief by the main contour lines, auxiliary contour lines are used. They are applied between two horizontal lines in the form of a broken line. Small relief objects that cannot be displayed to scale, but which are important objects for orientation, are indicated on the map by separate symbols. Funnels - pits and holes with obvious steep sides with a diameter of at least 2 m and a depth of at least 1 m - are marked with a tick; writhing, big stumps, anthills - with a cross. All types of contour lines and relief symbols are performed on the map brown color.

When drawing a relief on a map, an indicator such as a section of the relief is used. The numbers of the relief section indicate the vertical interval in height between adjacent section contours - horizontal lines. The indicators of the relief section are indicated on the map behind its working field as follows: H-5 m, or H-2.5 m.

Rocks and stones(stones, rocks, groups of stones, rocky and rocky surfaces, etc.). A rock is a special category of earth relief. Its inclusion in the map provides the necessary information about the danger and difficult terrain. Rocks and stones are shown on the map black color to distinguish them from other landforms.

Hydrography and swamps (lakes, rivers, streams, ditches with water, swamps, springs, wells, etc.). All elements of water are shown cunim or blue color. If the border in an image of a river or other body of water has a black border, then this indicates that this object cannot be crossed under normal weather conditions. When depicting swamps, a classification is used that reflects the degree of obstacles in the movement of athletes. Swamps are both open and combined with densely growing trees. In the latter case, the swamp symbols are used in conjunction with the terrain symbols, which are discussed below. A swamp that is not dangerous for an athlete with a clear edge is indicated by a linear raster. An impenetrable swamp, dangerous to humans, is indicated by thickened stripes and is necessarily surrounded by a black line.

Vegetation (fields and clearings, meadows, clearings, forests, forest plantations, individual trees, bushes, etc.). Vegetation on the map uses yellow and green colors. Forest spaces and open spaces can be displayed as solid, dot or line rasters. Typically open passable forest spaces are shown in white - easily passable vegetation that athletes run through without slowing down, visual review of such terrain is not difficult. Areas with medium and difficult vegetation are marked on the map in green color of different saturation, depending on the passability (the worse the passability, the darker the color). Areas of a dense forest are plotted with a linear raster, when its space provides an opportunity for a good run in only one direction. The white stripes on the raster show the direction of the free run. Yellow color is the basis of the symbols of open areas of the terrain (meadows, grassy lands, that is, areas without trees - glades). An important detail on sports maps is the borders: sown fields and mowing are limited to a solid black line, and the borders of glades and difficult areas are shown by a chain of black dots, forests with various species are distinguished in the same way.

Artificial structures (buildings, separate buildings, walls and fences, settlements, highways, roads and paths of different quality, power lines, railways etc.). With the exception of signs depicting asphalt or paved areas (mapped in brown), the signs of this group are black. A solid black line indicates a good road, a winding dotted line indicates forest roads and paths, trails and paths. It must be borne in mind that the thinner and shorter the strokes in the designation, the more inconspicuous the road or trail is on the ground.

Auxiliary groups of characters:

Distance signs (start, checkpoint, lines connecting them, finish, territory prohibited for running - all signs of this group are entered on the map in red or purple);

Lines of the magnetic meridian;

Signs for ski orientation in a given direction.

Ski orienteering competitions involve three types of tracks:

High-speed - these are ski tracks prepared by a snowmobile with a width of at least 2 m for a free style of movement; on the map, such ski tracks are depicted as a thick solid green line;

Fast - tracks prepared by a snowmobile with a width of 1.0-1.5 m without cutting the ski track - a thin solid green line;

Slow - prepared either by a snowmobile or skis 0.8-1.0 m wide - a dashed thin green line.

The network of tracks in ski orienteering is planned according to the possibilities of the terrain. For speed, fast and slow skiing, there are no hard established percentages. However, slow tracks should not be more than 10% of the entire network.

test questions

1. What groups of conventional signs exist in topography?

2. What groups, according to the specification, are all symbols of sports cards divided into?

3. What characterizes each of the main groups of conventional signs in orienteering (terrain objects, colors)?

ORIENTEERING

Orienteering is a sport in which participants, using a sports map and a compass, must pass checkpoints located on the ground. The results, as a rule, are determined by the time of passing the distance (in specific cases - taking into account the penalty time) or by the number of points scored.