STRUCTURE OF PREPAREDNESS OF ATHLETES
Plan
Introduction
1. Technical training and technical readiness
2. Physical training
3. Tactical training
5. Integral training
Introduction
In the specialized literature, various types and varieties of training athletes are distinguished. A generalization of disparate and relatively well-established opinions allows us to propose the three most significant features for their general classification:
By predominant influence on certain components of an athlete's readiness to achieve (technical, tactical, physical, psychological, intellectual (theoretical) training);
By the nature of the relationship with sports specialization (general and special training);
According to the degree of connection, combination and implementation in the conditions of training and competitive activity of various aspects of preparedness, qualities and abilities (integral training).
1. Technical training and technical readiness
Technical training It is aimed at teaching the athlete the technique of movements and bringing them to perfection.
sports equipment is a way of performing a sports action, which is characterized by some degree efficiency and rationality of the athlete's use of his psychophysical abilities.
The role of sports equipment in various types sports is not the same. There are four groups of sports with their characteristic sports equipment.
1. Speed-strength sports (sprinting, throwing, jumping, weightlifting, etc.). In these sports, the technique is aimed at ensuring that the athlete can develop the most powerful and fastest efforts in the main phases of the competitive exercise, for example, during repulsion in running or in long and high jumps, when performing the final effort in javelin throwing, discus throwing, etc. .d.
2. Sports characterized by a predominant manifestation of endurance (running long distances, cross-country skiing, cycling, etc.). Here, the technique is aimed at economizing the consumption of energy resources in the body of an athlete.
3. Sports based on the art of movement (gymnastics, acrobatics, diving, etc.). Technique should provide the athlete with beauty, expressiveness and accuracy of movements.
4. Sports games and martial arts. Technique should provide high performance, stability and variability of the athlete's actions in constantly changing conditions of competitive struggle. (Kuramshin Yu.F., 2003, pp. 356-357)
Under technical readiness it is necessary to understand the degree of mastering by the athlete of the system of movements (techniques of the sport), corresponding to the characteristics of this sport and aimed at achieving high sports results
In the structure of technical readiness, it is important to highlight:
Basic movements, they include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport, without which it is impossible to effectively implement competitive wrestling in compliance with existing rules. Development basic movements is mandatory for an athlete specializing in a particular sport.
Additional moves and actions- these are secondary movements and actions, elements of individual movements that are characteristic of individual athletes and are associated with their individual characteristics. It is they who form the individual technical manner, the style of the athlete.
According to the degree of mastering the techniques and actions, technical readiness is characterized by three levels:
1 - the presence of motor ideas about techniques and actions, and attempts to perform them;
2 - the emergence of motor skills;
3 - the formation of a motor skill.
Motor skill are distinguished by unstable and not always adequate ways of solving a motor task, a significant concentration of attention when performing individual movements, and the lack of automated control over them.
Characteristic features motor skill, on the contrary, is the stability of movements, their reliability and automation. (Platonov, Theory of Sports, p. 144)
A sufficiently high level of technical readiness is called technical skill. The criteria for technical excellence are:
Scope of technique - the total number of techniques that an athlete can perform.
Versatility of technology - the degree of variety of techniques. Yes, in sports games is the ratio of the frequency of use of different playing tricks.
Efficiency possession of sports equipment is characterized by the degree of closeness of the sports action technique to the individually optimal variant.
development movement techniques. This criterion shows how this technical action is memorized and fixed. For well-mastered movements are typical:
a) the stability of the sports result and a number of characteristics of the movement technique when it is performed under standard conditions;
b) stability (relatively low variability) of the result when performing an action (when the athlete’s state changes, the opponent’s actions in complicated conditions);
c) preservation of motor skills during breaks in training;
d) automation of actions.
Types, tasks, means and methods, technical training of an athlete
Distinguish between general and special technical training. General technical training is aimed at mastering a variety of motor skills and abilities necessary in sports activities.
OTP tasks:
1. Increase (or restore) the range of motor skills and abilities that are a prerequisite for the formation of skills in the chosen sport.
2. Master the technique of exercises used as a means of physical training.
Special technical training aimed at mastering the technique of movements in the chosen sport. Her tasks:
1. To form knowledge about the technique of sports activities.
2. To develop individual forms of movement technique that most fully correspond to the capabilities of the athlete.
3. To form the skills and abilities necessary for successful participation in competitions.
4. To transform and update the forms of technique (to the extent that this is dictated by the laws of sports and tactical improvement).
5. To form new variants of sports equipment that have not been used before (for example, the "fosbury flop" in high jumps; the shot put technique according to the principle of rotation, as in discus throwing; "skating" skiing, etc.).
In the process of technical training, a complex of means and methods of sports training is used. Conventionally, they can be divided into two groups:
Means and methods of verbal, visual and sensory-correctional influence. These include:
a) conversations, explanations, story, description, etc.;
b) showing the technique of the studied movement;
c) demonstration of posters, diagrams, films, video recordings;
d) the use of subject and other landmarks;
e) sound and light leading;
f) various simulators, recording devices, urgent information devices.
Means and methods, which are based on the performance of any physical exercises by an athlete. In this case, apply:
a) preparatory exercises. They allow you to master a variety of skills that are the foundation for the growth of technical skills in your chosen sport;
b) special-preparatory and competitive exercises. They are aimed at mastering the technique of their sport;
c) methods of integral and dissected exercise. They are aimed at mastering, correcting, fixing and improving the technique of an integral motor action or its separate parts, phases, elements;
d) uniform, variable, repeated, interval, game, competitive and other methods that mainly contribute to the improvement and stabilization of movement technique.
The use of these means and methods depends on the characteristics of the technique of the chosen sport, the age and qualifications of the athlete, the stages of technical training in the annual and multi-year training cycles.
Stages and content of technical training in long-term and annual cycles of training
The long-term process of technical training of an athlete can be divided into 3 stages:
1. The stage of basic technical training.
2. The stage of in-depth technical improvement and the achievement of the highest sports and technical skills.
3. The stage of preservation of sports and technical skills. Each stage includes stages consisting of annual cycles. For example, the first stage usually consists of 4-6 annual cycles, the second - 6-8, the third - 4-6.
2. Physical training
The physical training of an athlete is aimed at strengthening and maintaining health, shaping the athlete's physique, increasing the functional capabilities of the body, developing physical abilities - strength, speed, coordination, endurance and flexibility.
Modern sport makes high demands on physical fitness athletes. This is due to the following factors:
1. Growth sports achievements always requires a new level of development of the athlete's physical abilities. For example, in order to push the shot over 20 meters, not only perfect technique is required, but also a very high level of development of strength and speed. Calculations show that an increase in the flight range of the core by 1 m requires an increase in the power of the pushing force by 5-7%.
Sports training (training) is the expedient use of knowledge, means, methods and conditions, which makes it possible to directly influence the development of an athlete and provide the necessary degree of his preparedness for sports achievements.
At present, sport is developing in two directions, which have a different target orientation - mass sport and sport of higher achievements. Their goals and objectives differ from each other, however, there is no clear boundary between them due to the natural transition of some trainees from mass sports to big sports and vice versa. The purpose of sports training in the field of mass sports is to improve health, improve physical condition and active recreation. The goal in the field of elite sports is to achieve the highest possible results in competitive activities.
However, as regards the means, methods, principles sports training(training), they are similar both in mass sports and in sports of the highest achievements. Fundamentally common is the structure of the training of athletes who train and function in the field of mass sports and elite sports.
2.1.1. The structure of the athlete's training.
Athlete training structure includes technical, physical, tactical and mental elements.
Under technical readiness it is necessary to understand the degree of development of the athlete of the technique of the system of movements of a particular sport. It is closely related to the physical, tactical and mental capabilities of the athlete. The structure of technical readiness always contains the so-called basic and additional movements.
The basic ones include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport. Mastering the basic movements is mandatory for an athlete specializing in this sport. Additional movements include secondary movements, actions that do not violate his rationality and at the same time are characteristic of the individual characteristics of this athlete.
Physical fitness are the capabilities of the functional systems of the body. It reflects the required level of development of those physical qualities on which competitive success in a particular sport depends.
tactical readiness athlete depends on how much he masters the means of sports tactics (for example, techniques necessary for the implementation of the chosen tactics), its types (offensive, defensive, counterattacking) and forms (individual, group, team). When developing a tactical plan, not only one's own technical and tactical capabilities are taken into account, but also the capabilities of teammates and opponents. The specificity of a sport is a decisive factor that determines the structure of an athlete's tactical readiness. So among equal runners, the one who can impose his tactics on overcoming the distance will win. Things are more complicated with tactical training in games and martial arts. The complexity of tactical actions here is determined not only by technical, functional readiness, the number of tactical actions worked out in advance, but also by the speed of decision-making and their implementation with frequent changes in the competitive situation. The ability to make quick and effective decisions in the face of time pressure and limited space distinguishes a master from a novice.
The activity of tactical actions during the competition is an important indicator of sportsmanship. A highly qualified athlete must be able to impose his will on the opponent during the competition.
Mental preparedness structurally heterogeneous. It is possible to distinguish two relatively independent and at the same time interrelated aspects in it: volitional and special mental preparedness.
Volitional readiness is associated with such qualities as purposefulness (a clear vision of a long-term goal), determination and courage (a tendency to take reasonable risks combined with thoughtfulness of decisions), perseverance and perseverance (the ability to mobilize functional reserves, activity in achieving a goal), endurance and self-control (the ability to manage their thoughts and actions in conditions of emotional arousal), independence and initiative. These qualities may be inherent in an athlete, but most of them are brought up and improved in the process of regular training and sports competitions.
The specificity of some sports leaves an imprint on the nature and degree of development of individual mental qualities in athletes. However, certain methodological techniques are also used to educate volitional preparedness. In practice, the following requirements serve as the basis for the methodology of volitional training.
Regularly and necessarily carry out training programs and competitive installations.
On this basis, the upbringing of purposefulness, perseverance and perseverance in achieving the goal, self-discipline and resilience is realized.
Systemically introduce additional difficulties.
This means constantly including additional complicated motor tasks, conducting training sessions in complicated conditions, increasing the degree of risk, complicating competitive programs.
Use competition and competitive method.
The very spirit of competition in competitions increases the degree of mental tension of an athlete, which means that additional requirements are imposed on him: to show activity, initiative, self-control, determination, stamina and courage.
STRUCTURE OF PREPAREDNESS OF ATHLETES
Plan
Introduction
1. Technical training and technical readiness
2. Physical training
tactical training
4. Mental preparation
5. Integral training
Introduction
In the specialized literature, various types and varieties of training athletes are distinguished. A generalization of disparate and relatively well-established opinions allows us to propose the three most significant features for their general classification:
by predominant influence on certain components of an athlete's readiness to achieve (technical, tactical, physical, psychological, intellectual (theoretical) training);
by the nature of the relationship with sports specialization (general and special training);
according to the degree of connection, combination and implementation in the conditions of training and competitive activity of various aspects of readiness, qualities and abilities (integral training).
1. Technical training and technical readiness
Technical training It is aimed at teaching the athlete the technique of movements and bringing them to perfection.
sports equipment- this is a way of performing a sports action, which is characterized by a certain degree of efficiency and rationality of the athlete's use of his psychophysical capabilities.
The role of sports equipment in different sports is not the same. There are four groups of sports with their characteristic sports technique.
1. Speed-strength sports (sprinting, throwing, jumping, weightlifting, etc.). In these sports, the technique is aimed at ensuring that the athlete can develop the most powerful and fastest efforts in the main phases of the competitive exercise, for example, during repulsion in running or in long and high jumps, when performing the final effort in javelin throwing, discus throwing, etc. .d.
2. Sports that are characterized by a predominant manifestation of endurance (long-distance running, cross-country skiing, cycling, etc.). Here, the technique is aimed at economizing the consumption of energy resources in the body of an athlete.
3. Sports based on the art of movement (gymnastics, acrobatics, diving, etc.). Technique should provide the athlete with beauty, expressiveness and accuracy of movements.
4. Sports games and martial arts. Technique should provide high performance, stability and variability of the athlete's actions in constantly changing conditions of competitive struggle. (Kuramshin Yu.F., 2003, pp. 356-357)
Under technical readiness it is necessary to understand the degree of mastering by the athlete of the system of movements (techniques of the sport), corresponding to the characteristics of this sport and aimed at achieving high sports results
In the structure of technical readiness, it is important to highlight:
Basic movements, they include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport, without which it is impossible to effectively implement competitive wrestling in compliance with existing rules. Mastering the basic movements is mandatory for an athlete specializing in a particular sport.
Additional moves and actions- these are minor movements and actions, elements of individual movements that are characteristic of individual athletes and are associated with their individual characteristics. It is they who form the individual technical manner, the style of the athlete.
According to the degree of mastering the techniques and actions, technical readiness is characterized by three levels:
The presence of motor ideas about techniques and actions, and attempts to perform them;
The emergence of motor skills;
Motor skill development.
Motor skill are distinguished by unstable and not always adequate ways of solving a motor task, a significant concentration of attention when performing individual movements, and the lack of automated control over them.
The characteristic features of motor skills, on the contrary, are the stability of movements, their reliability and automation. (Platonov, Theory of Sports, p. 144)
A sufficiently high level of technical readiness is called technical skill. The criteria for technical excellence are:
Scope of technique - the total number of techniques that an athlete can perform.
Versatility of technology - the degree of variety of techniques. So, in sports games, this is the ratio of the frequency of using different game techniques.
Efficiency possession of sports equipment is characterized by the degree of closeness of the sports action technique to the individually optimal variant.
development movement techniques. This criterion shows how this technical action is memorized and fixed. For well-mastered movements are typical:
a) the stability of the sports result and a number of characteristics of the movement technique when it is performed under standard conditions;
b) stability (relatively low variability) of the result when performing an action (when the athlete’s state changes, the opponent’s actions in complicated conditions);
c) preservation of motor skills during breaks in training;
d) automation of actions.
Types, tasks, means and methods, technical training of an athlete
Distinguish between general and special technical training. General technical training is aimed at mastering a variety of motor skills and abilities necessary in sports activities.
OTP tasks:
1. Increase (or restore) the range of motor skills and abilities that are a prerequisite for the formation of skills in the chosen sport.
2. Master the technique of exercises used as a means of physical training.
Special technical training aimed at mastering the technique of movements in the chosen sport. Her tasks:
1. To form knowledge about the technique of sports activities.
2. To develop individual forms of movement technique that most fully correspond to the capabilities of the athlete.
3. To form the skills necessary for successful participation in competitions.
4. To transform and update the forms of technique (to the extent that this is dictated by the laws of sports and tactical improvement).
5. To form new variants of sports equipment that have not been used before (for example, the "fosbury flop" in high jumps; the shot put technique according to the principle of rotation, as in discus throwing; "skating" skiing, etc.).
In the process of technical training, a complex of means and methods of sports training is used. Conventionally, they can be divided into two groups:
Means and methods of verbal, visual and sensory-correctional influence. These include:
a) conversations, explanations, story, description, etc.;
b) showing the technique of the studied movement;
c) demonstration of posters, diagrams, films, video recordings;
d) the use of subject and other landmarks;
e) sound and light leading;
f) various simulators, recording devices, urgent information devices.
Means and methods, which are based on the performance of any physical exercises by an athlete. In this case, apply:
a) preparatory exercises. They allow you to master a variety of skills that are the foundation for the growth of technical skills in your chosen sport;
b) special-preparatory and competitive exercises. They are aimed at mastering the technique of their sport;
c) methods of integral and dissected exercise. They are aimed at mastering, correcting, fixing and improving the technique of an integral motor action or its separate parts, phases, elements;
d) uniform, variable, repeated, interval, game, competitive and other methods that mainly contribute to the improvement and stabilization of movement technique.
The use of these means and methods depends on the characteristics of the technique of the chosen sport, the age and qualifications of the athlete, the stages of technical training in the annual and multi-year training cycles.
Stages and content of technical training in long-term and annual cycles of training
The long-term process of technical training of an athlete can be divided into 3 stages:
1. The stage of basic technical training.
3. The stage of preservation of sports and technical skills. Each stage includes stages consisting of annual cycles. For example, the first stage usually consists of 4-6 annual cycles, the second - 6-8, the third - 4-6.
. Physical training
The physical training of an athlete is aimed at strengthening and maintaining health, shaping the athlete's physique, increasing the functional capabilities of the body, developing physical abilities - strength, speed, coordination, endurance and flexibility.
Modern sport makes high demands on the physical fitness of athletes. This is due to the following factors:
1. The growth of sports achievements always requires a new level of development of the athlete's physical abilities. For example, in order to push the shot over 20 meters, not only perfect technique is required, but also a very high level of development of strength and speed. Calculations show that an increase in the flight range of the core by 1 m requires an increase in the power of the pushing force by 5-7%.
2. A high level of physical fitness is one of important conditions to increase training and competitive loads. Over the past 20-25 years, the load indicators in the annual cycle of the strongest athletes in the world have increased by 3-4 times. As a result, the number of athletes with chronic myocardial overstrain has also increased dramatically. This disease is typical mainly for athletes who have deficiencies in physical development, in the activity of individual organs and systems.
Physical training is necessary for an athlete of any age, qualification and sport. However, each sport imposes its own specific requirements on the physical fitness of athletes - the level of development of individual qualities, functionality and physique. Therefore, there are certain differences in the content and methodology of physical training in a particular sport, among athletes of different ages and qualifications.
Types, tasks and means of physical training
There is a common physical training(OFP) and special physical training (SFP).
Physical fitness is a process of comprehensive development of physical abilities that are not specific to the chosen sport, but in one way or another determine the success of sports activities.
OFP tasks:
1. Increasing and maintaining the overall level of the body's functional capabilities.
2. Development of all basic physical qualities - strength, speed, endurance, agility and flexibility.
3. Elimination of shortcomings in physical development.
The means of physical training are exercises from one's own and other sports. A significant place is also given to exercises for the development of dexterity and flexibility. Exercises for the development of general endurance have a smaller specific weight. In long-distance runners, on the contrary, exercises for the development of general endurance play a special role. They have a significant place in OFP process. Strength exercises are performed with light weights, but a large number repetitions.
SFP is aimed at developing physical abilities that meet the specifics of the chosen sport. At the same time, it is focused on the maximum possible degree of their development.
Tasks of the SFP:
1. Development of physical abilities necessary for this sport.
2. Increasing the functionality of organs and systems that determine achievements in the chosen sport.
3. Education of abilities to show the available functional potential in specific conditions of competitive activity. For example, in swimmers, the maximum oxygen consumption (MOC) at a standard load under laboratory conditions averages 70 ml/kg min. And when swimming at a competitive speed - 46 ml / kg / min, i.e. only 65% of the IPC.
4. Formation of the physique of athletes, taking into account the requirements of a particular sports discipline. For example, physique indicators (height, weight, constitution, etc.) of athletes who specialize in different distances, as a rule, differ from each other. Therefore, in the process of SPT, one should purposefully influence those components of the physique on which success in the chosen sport depends and which can be purposefully changed using the means and methods of sports training.
The main means of an athlete's SFP are competitive and special-preparatory exercises.
The ratio of the means of physical training and SPP in the training of an athlete depends on the tasks to be solved, the age, qualifications and individual characteristics of the athlete, the sport, stages and periods training process and etc.
With the growth of the athlete's qualifications increases the proportion of SFP funds and, accordingly, the volume of general physical training funds decreases.
. tactical training
tactical training of an athlete is aimed at mastering sports tactics and achieving tactical mastery in the chosen sport. Tactics is a set of forms and methods of wrestling in a competitive environment.
There are individual, group and team tactics. Tactics can also be passive, active and combined (mixed).
Passive tactics - it is the prearranged provision of the initiative to the enemy in order to take active actions at the right moment. For example, the finishing "throw" from behind while running, cycling, counterattack in boxing, fencing, football, etc.
Active tactics - This is the imposition of actions beneficial to the opponent. For example, running with an irregularly changing speed, the so-called ragged run, abrupt transitions from active offensive combat in boxing to a slow one. Frequent change of techniques and combinations in football, handball; achieving a high result immediately in the first attempt, race, swim - in long and high jumps, throwing, cycling, swimming, etc.
mixed tactics includes active and passive forms of competitive wrestling.
The tactics of an athlete in competitions is determined, first of all, by the task that is set before him. All the variety of such tasks can ultimately be reduced to four:
1. Show the maximum, record result.
2. Defeat the opponent no matter what the result is shown.
3. Win the competition and at the same time show the highest result.
4. Show a result sufficient to qualify for the next round of the competition - quarter-finals, semi-finals and finals.
From the solution of any one of these tasks in the competition, it will depend on what tactics the athlete or team will choose. There are 4 tactical forms of conducting competitive struggle:
1. Tactics of records. AT cyclic types In sports, the tactics of leading during the competition are most often used. The athlete assumes the role of leader long before the finish line and tries to keep the advantage until the end of the competition. This tactic can unbalance the main competitors, make them nervous, change their tactical plans.
There are two options for leadership tactics:
Leading with a uniform speed when passing a distance - in running, swimming, rowing;
Leading with a change in speed, pace at a distance. Such well-known long-distance runners as P. Bolotnikov, N. Sviridov (USSR), R. Clark (Australia) successfully demonstrated the tactics of records with an even pace. A brilliant example of the application of the "torn run" tactics are the victories at the 1956 Olympic Games by the remarkable runner V. Kuts over such famous finish masters as the British G. Peary and K. Chataway.
Most of the world records in endurance sports have been set while running evenly. This is explained by the fact that from a physiological point of view, an uneven mode of operation, in comparison with a uniform one, causes an increased energy consumption. Therefore, it is used only by fairly well-trained athletes.
2. Tactics for winning competitions regardless of the result shown. This tactic is usually used in the final competitions, and also when the sports result shown cannot affect the final distribution of places between the main rivals. Any of tactics must be carefully prepared during training.
When solving this complex problem, as a rule, an athlete:
1) seeks to achieve maximum performance and break away from rivals at the beginning of the competition ("separation tactics") - to develop top speed in the first half of the distance; jump to the maximum length or height in the first valid attempt; do the best difficult exercise in the first part of the mandatory or free program in gymnastics;
2) saves strength for the decisive finishing spurt ("finish spurt tactics"). After the start, he immediately takes a place behind the leader and closely monitors all competitors or stays in the leading group, preparing to take a maneuver at any moment;
3) intentionally changes the speed, pace of movements, individual tactics and their combinations during the competition ("tactics of exhausting the opponent" - sharply changes the speed at a distance in running, swimming, cross-country skiing, conducts repeated episodic explosive attacks in boxing, in fencing), often changes techniques, thereby putting the opponent in a difficult position, etc.
3. Tactics for winning high-scoring competitions. This is a pretty rare tactic. It occurs when places in competitions are determined without finals, i.e. according to the results shown in various races, attempts, swims - in speed skating, weightlifting, swimming.
When solving this problem, two situations are possible:
1) when the main rivals have already started and the athlete knows their result;
2) when the main competitors start in subsequent races, swims.
In the first case, the athlete must show a result higher than that of his main rival ("tactics of beating the opponent's result"):
a) cover the distance according to the opponents' schedule with a small margin - in running, swimming, rowing, etc.;
b) lift a barbell with more weight than a competitor;
c) throw a projectile at a greater distance;
d) score more goals, score more points - in football, handball, wrestling, etc.
In the second case, the athlete strives to show a high result in the first attempts ("tactics of the first blow", "tactics of separation").
4. Tactics for entering the next round of competition. Some athletes show high results in the preliminary competitions, spending a lot of energy, and in the finals, without having time to rest, they significantly reduce their achievements and lose. Other athletes save too much energy in the preliminary part of the competition and, as a result, do not get into the final. To avoid these errors, you must:
1. Know how many athletes (teams) get into the final.
2. Have an idea about the strength of opponents.
3. Be able to show a result sufficient to reach the semi-final, final.
In the practice of sports, when solving this tactical problem, an athlete (team) seeks:
1. Show a result sufficient to enter the next stage of the competition ("tactics of rational distribution of forces during the competition").
2. Show high results at each stage of the competition ("tactics of maintaining psychological advantage and invincibility").
Types, tasks and means of tactical training of an athlete
General tactical training is aimed at teaching the athlete a variety of tactics. Special tactical training aimed at mastering and improving sports tactics in your chosen sport.
In the process of tactical training, the following main tasks are solved:
1. The acquisition by an athlete of knowledge on sports tactics (about its effective forms, development trends in selected and related sports).
2. Collection of information about the opponents, the conditions of the upcoming competitions, the mode of competition, the socio-psychological atmosphere in this country and the development of a tactical plan for the athlete's performance in the competition.
3. Development and improvement of tactical methods of conducting competitive struggle.
5. Mastering the techniques of psychological influence on the opponent and masking one's own intentions.
Specific means of tactical training are physical exercise, i.e. motor actions used to solve certain tactical tasks.
There are three main phases in tactical actions:
1) perception and analysis of the competitive situation;
2) mental solution of a tactical problem;
3) motional solution of a tactical problem.
They can model individual tactics or integral forms of competition tactics. Depending on the stage of preparation, these exercises are applied:
a) in light conditions;
b) in complicated conditions;
c) in conditions as close as possible to the competition.
Knowledge of tactics is the basis of creative thinking in solving individual and collective problems.
The athlete must know:
rules of competitions, features of their refereeing and holding; the conditions of the competition and their opponents;
· bases of tactical actions in sports, their dependence on physical, technical and strong-willed readiness; the main features of the tactics of their sport, etc.
All means, methods and forms of competitive struggle are described in tactical terms.
tactical plan - this is a program of the main actions of individual athletes or a team. It is compiled in the process of preparing for the competition and is finally specified by the time the competition starts.
The tactical plan has the following sections:
1. The main task that is set for the athlete or team in these competitions.
2. The general form of tactical struggle - active, passive, combined.
3. The distribution of forces throughout the competition, taking into account the mode of competition.
4. The distribution of forces during each performance (the schedule of the speed of passing the distance, the pace of the game, the battle, the duration and nature of the warm-up).
5. Possible switching from one type of tactics to another, directly in the course of the competition in connection with possible changes tasks.
6. Ways to disguise your own intentions (actions).
7. Opponent data, weak and strengths in their preparation.
8. Data about the places of the competition, about the weather, about the refereeing of the upcoming competitions and about the spectators.
The tactical plan has the main sections: a) the main task; b) the general form of tactical struggle (offensive, active-defensive, defensive) and its variant in relation to the conditions of these competitions. In sports games, in addition, it is necessary to provide for a game system, combinations, and private techniques in the interaction of players. In other sports - the possibility of using group tactics and individual combinations and techniques; c) the distribution of forces, taking into account the intensity, duration and nature of loads and rest - the mode of competition; d) the distribution of forces during each individual performance (speed schedule, conditional schedule, pace of the game, duration and nature of the warm-up); e) possible switching from one tactic (or system) to another tactic (system) in the course of the competition due to possible changes in the tasks and situation of tactical combat; f) ways and methods of disguising one's own intentions; g) information about the enemy, weaknesses and strengths in his preparation (physical, tactical, technical and volitional) and the corresponding methods of attack (individual and group) and counteraction (active-defensive and defensive); h) data on competition venues, weather, refereeing, spectators, etc.
In sports games, in addition to the general tactical game plan of the team, a tactical plan can also be drawn up for individual players. Such a plan can be based on an analysis of the correlation of forces, a single combative pair (attack and defense).
The plan for the upcoming competition is drawn up by the athlete and the coach jointly, since the growth of the tactical skill of the athlete is impossible without his active participation in the preparation of tactical plans for the competition.
4. Psychological preparation
Under psychological preparation it is necessary to understand the totality of psychological and pedagogical measures and the corresponding conditions of sports activity and the life of athletes, aimed at forming in them such mental functions, processes, states and personality traits that provide a successful solution to the problems of training and participation in competitions.
Psychological training is usually divided into general and special. essence general psychological preparation lies in the fact that it is aimed at the development and improvement in athletes of precisely those mental functions and qualities that are necessary for successful lessons in the chosen sport, for each athlete to achieve the highest level of skill. This type of training also provides for teaching the methods of active self-regulation of mental states in order to form emotional resistance to extreme conditions of wrestling, to develop the ability to quickly relieve the effects of nervous and physical overstrain, to arbitrarily control sleep patterns, etc.
General psychological preparation is carried out in the process of training. It is carried out in parallel with technical, tactical training. But it can also be carried out outside sports activities, when an athlete independently or with someone's help specifically performs certain tasks in order to improve their mental processes, states, and personality traits.
Special psychological training It is aimed mainly at the formation of an athlete's psychological readiness to participate in a particular competition. Psychological readiness for competitions is characterized (according to A.Ts. Puni) by the athlete's confidence in his abilities, the desire to fight to the end to achieve the intended goal, the optimal level of emotional arousal, a high degree of resistance to various adverse external and internal influences, the ability to arbitrarily control his actions, feelings, their behavior in the changing conditions of wrestling.
The components of psychological preparation are: mental qualities and processes that contribute to the mastery of technique and tactics; personality traits that ensure stable performances at competitions; high level of working capacity and mental activity in difficult conditions of training and competition; stable positive mental states manifested in these conditions (P.A. Rudik, N.A. Khudatov).
The processes and qualities that contribute to the mastery of technique and control of motor actions include, in particular, finely developed muscle sensations and perceptions, which make it possible to exercise control over various parameters of movement; "feelings" of time, rhythm, pace, distance; ability to navigate in space; highly developed qualities of attention (concentration, switching, distribution); perfect ideomotor; RAM; speed and accuracy of simple and complex reactions (reactions of choice, switching, prediction, reactions to a moving object, etc.). Mastering tactics is facilitated by developed specific mental qualities: the ability to instantly analyze incoming information about the actions of opponents and make decisions adequate to the situation; flexibility of mind, etc.
Psychological preparation for the training process
Considering the training of an athlete in the psychological and pedagogical aspect, it is advisable, first of all, to dwell on the formation of motives that determine the attitude to sports activities; education volitional qualities necessary for success in sports; improvement of specific mental abilities.
The sports activity of an individual athlete or team in any sport is always conditioned by certain motives that have both personal and social value. They act as internal motivators of a person to activity. Unlike performance goals, which determine what an athlete wants to do or achieve, motives explain why he wants to do it and achieve it.
Various interests, aspirations, inclinations, attitudes, ideals, etc. can be used as motives for sports activities.
In young athletes, as a rule, indirect motives for playing sports predominate - to be strong, healthy, dexterous, comprehensively physically developed, etc. With age and as achievements grow, these motives fade into the background; category, become a master of sports, join the national team of the country, achieve high results in all-Russian and international competitions, become world champion or Olympic Games receive large monetary rewards, etc. The significance of specific motives that guide an athlete is of great practical importance for a coach and sports leaders, as it allows one to evaluate the personality traits manifested in these motives (curiosity, purposefulness, patriotism, ambition, individualism, collectivism, camaraderie, etc.), and use them to educate an athlete.
The success of the formation of motivation for a long-term training process is facilitated by: setting distant goals, forming and maintaining a set for success, the optimal ratio of rewards and punishments, emotionality training sessions, development of sports traditions, adoption of collective decisions, personality traits of a coach (G.D. Gorbunov).
In addition to ensuring the motivation of athletes, the coach must form a system of relations to different aspects of the training process that ensure the success of sports activities. The elements of the system of attitudes of athletes to the training process are the attitude to sports training in general, attitude to training and competitive loads, attitude to training sessions, attitude to sports regimen, etc.
Volitional training is an integral part of general psychological preparation.
Under will is understood as the mental activity of a person to control his actions, thoughts, feelings, body in order to achieve consciously set goals while overcoming various difficulties in the name of certain motives. The will develops and tempers in the process of overcoming the difficulties that arise on the way to the goal.
Difficulties in sports are divided into subjective and objective. Subjective difficulties depend on the characteristics of the individual athlete (character, temperament, etc.). These difficulties are most often manifested in negative emotional experiences (fear of the enemy, fear of injury, embarrassment in front of the public). Objective difficulties are caused by the general and specific conditions of sports activities: strict observance of the established regime, the public nature of competitive activities, intense training sessions, participation in a large number of competitions, adverse weather, coordination complexity of exercises, etc.
The main volitional qualities in sports are purposefulness, perseverance and perseverance, determination and courage, initiative and independence, endurance and self-control.
purposefulness It is expressed in the ability to clearly define the immediate and future tasks and goals of training, the means and methods for achieving them. In order to achieve the goals and objectives set for himself, the athlete, together with the coach, plans them. For the implementation of these plans, the evaluation of the results achieved, the control of the coach and self-control are of great importance.
Persistence and perseverance means the desire to achieve the intended goal, the energetic and active overcoming of obstacles on the way to achieving the goal. These strong-willed qualities are associated with the obligatory fulfillment of the tasks of training and competition, the improvement of physical, technical and tactical training, and the observance of a constant strict regimen. An athlete must attend all training sessions, be hardworking, not reduce his activity due to fatigue and adverse conditions, and fight to the end in competitions.
Initiative and independence suggest creativity, personal initiative, resourcefulness and ingenuity, the ability to resist bad influences. An athlete must be able to independently perform and evaluate physical exercises, prepare for the next training, analyze the work done, be critical of the judgments and actions of his comrades, and correct his behavior.
Decisiveness and courage is an expression of the athlete's activity, his readiness to act without hesitation. These qualities imply timeliness, deliberation decisions taken, although in some cases the athlete may take a certain risk.
Endurance and self-control means the ability to think clearly, treat oneself self-critically, manage one's actions and feelings in ordinary and adverse conditions, i.e. overcome confusion, fear, nervous excitement, be able to keep yourself and your comrades from erroneous actions and deeds.
All these qualities are interconnected, but the main, leading one is purposefulness, which largely determines the level of education and the manifestation of other qualities. Volitional qualities with rational pedagogical leadership become permanent personality traits. This allows athletes to show them in labor, educational, social and other activities. The education of volitional qualities in athletes requires, first of all, setting clear and specific goals and objectives for them. Achieving the achievement of goals, athletes strain their will, develop strong-willed efforts, learn to overcome difficulties and control their behavior. The main means of educating the volitional qualities of athletes is the systematic performance by them in the process of training of exercises that require the use of volitional efforts specific to this sport.
Any volitional action has an intellectual, moral and emotional basis (A.Ts. Puni). That is why volitional training should be based on the formation of moral feelings in athletes and the improvement of intellectual abilities, such as the width, depth and flexibility of the mind, independent thinking, etc.
It is necessary to educate volitional qualities in athletes systematically, taking into account the age and gender of those involved, their physical and psychological capabilities. When educating volitional qualities in athletes, one should, first of all, take into account the features of the chosen sport. The education of the volitional qualities of athletes is associated with the constant overcoming of objective and subjective difficulties. The complication of the training process, the creation of surmountable, but requiring strong-willed difficulties, the fight against "hothouse" conditions, the creation of difficult situations in training sessions, the maximum approximation of training conditions to competitive ones - these are the main requirements that make it possible to cultivate volitional qualities in the training process.
Psychological preparation for the competition
Psychological preparation for specific competitions is divided into early, starting about a month before the competition, and immediate, before the performance, during the competition and after its completion.
Early pre-competition preparation involves: obtaining information about the conditions of the upcoming competition and the main competitors; obtaining information about the level of training of an athlete, the characteristics of his personality and mental state at the present stage of training; determination of the purpose of the performance, drawing up a program of action in the upcoming competitions (taking into account the available information); development of a detailed program of psychological preparation for competitions and behavior, including the stage of the competitions themselves; development of a system for modeling the conditions of upcoming competitions; stimulation of the correct personal and social motives for participation in competitions in accordance with the goal, performance objectives and the planned training program; organization of overcoming difficulties and obstacles in conditions simulating competitive activity, with a focus on improving the athlete's volitional qualities, confidence and tactical thinking; creation in the process of preparation of conditions and the use of techniques to reduce the mental tension of the athlete.
Direct psychological preparation to the competition and during it includes mental adjustment and management of the mental state immediately before the performance; psychological impact during breaks between performances and organization of conditions for neuro-psychological recovery; psychological impact during one performance, psychological impact after the end of the next performance. Psychological tuning before each performance should include intellectual tuning for performance, which consists in clarifying and detailing the upcoming wrestling, and volitional tuning, associated with creating readiness for maximum effort and displaying the necessary volitional qualities in the upcoming wrestling, as well as the system of influence, which reduce the emotional tension of the athlete. The psychological impact during one performance includes: a brief introspection (during breaks) and correction of behavior during the struggle; stimulation of volitional efforts, reduction of tension; psychological impact after the end of the classification performances - the normalization of the mental state, the elimination of emotions that interfere with an objective assessment of one's capabilities, the development of self-confidence; psychological impact during the break between individual performances - analysis of past performances; tentative programming of the next performance, taking into account the strengths of opponents, restoring confidence; organization of conditions for neuropsychic recovery (reduction of mental fatigue, reduction of tension through the use of various means active rest, distractions, self-hypnosis, etc.).
The success of an athlete's performance in competitions largely depends on the athlete's ability to manage his mental state before and during the competition.
The mental state that occurs in athletes before competitions is usually divided into four main types (Fig. 24.8):
1) optimal excitation - "combat readiness". This state is characterized by the athlete's confidence in his abilities, calmness, desire to fight for high results;
2) overexcitation - "prelaunch fever". In this state, the athlete experiences excitement, panic, anxiety for a favorable outcome of the competition;
3) insufficient excitement - "prelaunch apathy". In this state, the athlete has lethargy, drowsiness, a decrease in technical and tactical capabilities, etc.;
4) inhibition due to overexcitation. In this case, there is apathy, mental and physical lethargy, and sometimes neurotic states occur. The athlete realizes the uselessness of obsessive thoughts, the fear of not showing the planned result, but cannot get rid of it.
As a rule, the state of combat readiness contributes to the achievement of high results, while the other three hinder. In this regard, the coach and the athlete before the competition can face four main tasks:
2. Reduce the level of emotional arousal - if the athlete is in a state of "pre-start fever".
3. Increase the emotional tone of the athlete and the level of his activity - if the athlete is in a state of "pre-launch apathy".
4. Change the level of emotional arousal - if the athlete is in a state of inhibition due to overexcitation.
To reduce the level of emotional arousal are usually used:
a) verbal influences of the coach, contributing to the reassurance of the athlete, removing the state of uncertainty - clarification, persuasion, approval, praise, etc. They are recommended to be carried out a few days before the start of the competition. The practice of sports shows that on the day of the competition, especially before their start, these effects do not give a positive effect, and sometimes they are harmful;
b) self-action (auto-action) of an athlete - self-persuasion, self-complacency, self-hypnosis, self-orders to reduce mental tension. For example, self-orders such as "calm down", "pull yourself together", "everything is in order", "well done", etc. are widely used.
in) switching attention, thoughts to objects that cause positive emotional reactions in sports; reading humorous literature, watching movies, TV shows;
G) fixing thoughts and visual sensations in the pictures of nature, listening to music through headphones;
e) soothing autogenic training;
e) soothing massage;
g) soothing workout(with a predominance of exercises performed smoothly, slowly, etc.);
h) special visual exercises aimed at reducing mental stress (voluntary regulation of breathing by changing the intervals of inhalation and exhalation, holding the breath).
To increase the level of excitement in order to mobilize before the upcoming performances, setting up for maximum impact in competitions, the same methods are used, which, however, have the opposite (according to the results of exposure) direction. Thus, the verbal influence of the coach (persuasion, praise, demand, etc.) should contribute to an increase in mental stress, concentration, etc.
In this case, verbal and figurative self-influences come down to concentration of thoughts on achieving victory, a high result, tuning in to the maximum use of one’s technical, tactical and physical capabilities, self-orders such as “give everything - only win”, “mobilize everything you can”, etc. d. "Tonic" movements are also used; arbitrary regulation of breathing with the use of short-term hyperventilation; warm-up with imitation of efforts, throws; massage and self-massage (warm-up, rubbing, tapping); exposure to cold stimuli on local areas of the body. From psychoprophylactic methods of influence, first of all, autogenic training, activating therapy and inspired sleep-rest are used.
The selection of means and methods for regulating the emotional state of athletes should be carried out in accordance with their individual characteristics (manifestation of strength, mobility and balance nervous system, the level of emotional excitability, the nature of his visual, muscular-motor representations, age, readiness, etc.).
The state of inhibition due to overexcitation and the state of insufficient excitation with an external, often identical, manifestation require different methods of regulation (which even experienced coaches do not always take into account). To eliminate the state of inhibition, an attentive and calm attitude towards the athlete is required, which reduces his excitation, a low-intensity warm-up (better solitary), a warm shower, psychoregulatory effects, etc.
. Intellectual preparation
It is aimed at comprehending the essence of sports activity, the phenomena, processes directly related to it, and at the development of intellectual abilities, without which it is impossible to achieve high sports results (L.P. Matveev).
Intellectual abilities are not only the readiness of an athlete to learn and use knowledge, experience in organizing behavior and sports activities, but also the ability to think independently, creatively, productively.
As the level of sports achievements increases, the requirements for the intellectual abilities of an athlete increase, which develop and improve only to the extent that the athlete is intellectually active. This implies the need for a special organization and purposeful stimulation of the athlete's intellectual activity.
In the intellectual abilities of an athlete, some components can be distinguished that are essential in all sports and at the same time manifest themselves in different ways, depending on the specifics of sports specialization.
In the structure of the intellectual abilities of an athlete, the leading components are: the ability to focus on the knowledge of the patterns of sports training and effective problem solving during training and competition, the ability to quickly assimilate special knowledge and operate with it in the course of sports activities, the ability to quickly process information obtained as a result of observations, perceptions, and its implementation in appropriate actions; the ability to memorize, store and reproduce information; the ability of thinking, which ensures the productivity of the athlete's mental activity, especially in difficult situations (speed and flexibility of the flow of thought processes, independence of thinking, breadth and depth of mind, consistency of thought, etc.); the ability to act and make decisions with a certain lead in relation to expected events.
Intellectual training is most directly related to the formation of the motivation of athletes, his strong-willed and special psychological preparation, training in sports techniques and tactics, development of physical abilities. Being closely related to other components of sportsmanship, it includes two important sections: intellectual (theoretical) education and the development of intellectual abilities.
Knowledge of an ideological, motivational and ethical nature, i.e. knowledge that forms a true view of the world as a whole, allows you to comprehend the essence of sports activities; social and personal meaning of sport in general and sports achievements in particular;
* knowledge that contributes to the education of sustainable motives and rules of behavior;
knowledge that constitutes the scientific basis for the training of an athlete (principles and patterns of sports training, natural science and humanitarian foundations of sports activities, etc.);
sports-applied knowledge, including information about the rules of sports competitions, sports equipment and tactics of the chosen sport, criteria for their effectiveness and ways of mastering, means and methods of physical and psychological training, training methods, extra-training factors of sports training, requirements for organizing a general regime life and nutrition, about rehabilitation measures, rules of control and self-control, logistical, organizational and methodological conditions for playing sports, etc.
The complex of the listed knowledge is the subject of theoretical education and self-education of an athlete. The transfer and assimilation of knowledge in the process of theoretical studies take place in the same forms that are characteristic of intellectual education (lectures, seminars, conversations, independent study of literature). Directly at theoretical lessons, theoretical training is aimed at forming in athletes a conscious and active attitude to the implementation of training tasks that provide an increase in the level of physical, technical, tactical, psychological preparedness, the choice of rational ways of competitive struggle in competition conditions, etc.
The development of intellectual abilities that meet the specific requirements of the chosen sport is carried out by performing special tasks and methods of organizing classes that encourage the athlete to be creative when creating new variants of movement techniques, developing original competition tactics, improving means and methods of training.
. Integral training
Integral training is aimed at combining and complex implementation of various components of an athlete's preparedness - technical, physical, tactical, psychological, intellectual in the process of training and competitive activities. The fact is that each of the sides of preparedness is formed by narrowly focused means and methods. This leads to the fact that individual qualities, abilities and skills manifested in training exercises, often cannot be shown in competitive exercises. Therefore, a special section of training is needed, which ensures the consistency and effectiveness of the complex manifestation of all aspects of preparedness in competitive activity.
The main means of integral training are:
Competitive exercises of the chosen sport, performed in the conditions of competitions of various levels;
Special-preparatory exercises, as close as possible in the structure and nature of the displayed abilities to competitive ones. At the same time, it is important to comply with the conditions of the competition.
In any sport, integral training is one of the important factors in acquiring and improving sportsmanship. For example, in sports games, to play well, a team must play a lot throughout the year. Performing exercises for technique, or developing strength, or improving flexibility, or improving individual tactical elements, etc. cannot replace training and competitive games. Only in games the capabilities of each athlete are fully revealed, communication and understanding between them is established and consolidated, technical and tactical skills are improved, the harmonious development of all organs and systems of the body, mental qualities and personality traits is ensured in accordance with the requirements of a complex competitive environment characteristic of this sport. sports.
Particular attention is paid to integral training in combat sports. In fencing, boxing, in all types of wrestling, it is impossible to prepare an athlete without combat practice in many competitions.
The importance of integral training for athletes specializing in cyclic sports is not so great, in which the total number of techniques and tactical actions is generally limited, and the main volume of training work of a cyclic nature in form, structure, and features of the functioning of body systems is as close as possible to the competitive one.
In the process of integral training, along with a general focus that provides for the comprehensive improvement of all aspects of preparedness, it is advisable to single out a number of private areas related to the associated improvement of several components of an athlete’s readiness to achieve - physical and technical, technical and tactical, physical and tactical, physical and psychological, etc.
Sports training (training)- this is the expedient use of knowledge, means, methods and oyuvia, which makes it possible to influence physical development athlete and ensure the necessary degree of his readiness for sporting achievements.
It has already been noted earlier that at present sport is developing in two directions, which have a different target orientation: mass sport and elite sport. Their goals and objectives are different from each other. However, with regard to the means, methods, principles of sports training, they are similar in that, gaki in its other form. Fundamentally common is the structure of the training of athletes who train and function in the field of mass sports and elite sports.
Athlete preparedness structure includes technical, physical, tactical and mental elements.
1. Under technical readiness it is necessary to understand the degree of development by the athlete of the technique of the system of movements of a particular sport. It is closely connected with his physical, mental capabilities, as well as with the conditions of the external environment. Changes in the rules of competitions, the use of other sports equipment significantly affects the content of the technical preparedness of athletes.
The structure of technical readiness always contains the so-called basic and additional movements. The basic movements and actions are those that form the basis of the technical equipment of this type and are mandatory for athletes. Additional include minor movements and actions, elements of individual movements that do not violate its rationality and at the same time are characteristic of the individual characteristics of this athlete.
2. Physical fitness are the capabilities of the functional systems of the body. It reflects the necessary level of development of precisely those physical qualities on which competitive success in a particular sport depends.
3. tactical readiness of an athlete depends on how much he owns the means of sports tactics (for example, the technical methods necessary to implement the chosen tactics), its types (offensive, defensive, counterattacking) and forms (individual, group, team).
Tactical tasks can be of a prospective nature (for example, participation in a series of competitions, where one of them is the main thing in the season) and local, i.e. associated with participation in a particular competition.
The specificity of a sport is a decisive factor that determines the structure of an athlete's tactical readiness. So. when running over medium distances (800, 1500 m), a runner with more than high level sprinter qualities will strive to slow down the participants' run of the entire distance in order to achieve victory with a short (100-150 m) quick finishing dash. A runner with a higher level of endurance, on the contrary, is more profitable to run at a high, uniform pace throughout the distance. Among equal runners, the one who can impose his running tactics on his opponents will win.
The situation is more complicated with tactical training in games, martial arts, where tactics are associated not only with technical and functional readiness, but also with the speed of decision-making and their implementation with frequent changes in competitive situations. The ability to do this develops in training sessions, as well as with a constant analysis of competitive experience.
The activity of tactical actions during the competition is an important indicator of sportsmanship. A highly qualified athlete must be able to impose his will on his opponent through tactical techniques during the competition.
4. Mental preparedness structurally heterogeneous. It is possible to single out two relatively independent and at the same time interconnected sides; volitional and special mental readiness.
Willpower associated with such qualities as purposefulness (a clear vision of a long-term goal), determination and courage (a penchant for reasonable risk combined with thoughtfulness of decisions), perseverance and perseverance, endurance and self-control, independence and initiative. Most of these qualities are brought up and improved in the process of regular training work and sports competitions.
The specificity of some sports in itself leaves an imprint on the nature and degree of development of individual mental qualities. However, certain methodological techniques are also used to educate volitional preparedness. In practice, the following requirements serve as the basis for the methodology of volitional training:
- regular and obligatory fulfillment of the planned training program and competitive settings (this must be done consciously), which is associated with the development of sports industriousness, the habit of systematic efforts and perseverance in overcoming difficulties. On this basis, the upbringing of purposefulness, perseverance and perseverance in achieving the goal, self-discipline and perseverance is implemented;
- systemic input of additional difficulties, inclusion of additional motor tasks, conducting training sessions in complicated conditions, increasing the degree of risk;
- use of competition and competitive method. The very spirit of rivalry serves as a means of increasing the mental stability of an athlete with varying degrees of mental tension in competition or training conditions (Table 9.3).
In structure special mental preparedness of an athlete, it is necessary to highlight those aspects that can also be improved in the course of sports training:
- resistance to stressful situations of training and competitive activities;
Table 9.3 Mental tension of a fencer when performing specialized exercises (according to S.S. Gurvich, V.S. Keller, V.N. Platonov)
- kenesthetic and visual perceptions of motor actions and the environment;
- the ability to mental regulation of movements, ensuring effective muscle coordination;
- the ability to perceive, organize and process information under time pressure;
- the ability to form anticipatory reactions in the structures of the brain, programs that precede real action.
We specifically paid so much attention to mental preparedness in overall structure preparation of an athlete, since this side of preparation is often left in the shadows. But it is the mental preparedness of a person, acquired in the process of regular training and sports competitions, that becomes the essence of his character, i.e. can be widely manifested in the ordinary and professional life of a person.
Speaking about the structure of an athlete's preparedness, one cannot but mention the role of special knowledge. Theoretical preparedness is acquired by an athlete in the course of his entire sports life. It indirectly includes biological, physiological, psychological, and biomechanical aspects of various aspects of training. As a rule, the higher the sportsmanship, the more theoretical knowledge an athlete should have. The theoretical awareness of his actions helps him consciously and justifiably go to overcome the difficulties that constantly arise in the process of many years of training. The theoretical preparedness of an athlete, regardless of his basic special education, largely depends on the degree of understanding of its importance, and, consequently, on his personal interest in self-education.
The concept of the structure of physical qualities in general view was formulated in a number of works (V.M. Zatsiorsky, 1961, 1965; Yu.V. Verkhoshansky, 1963, 1970, 1972), but only in terms of posing the problem, and has not yet received sufficient meaningful development. However, the facts about
to the problem of the structure of physical fitness of athletes are quite extensive and concentrated in the literature around such issues as the relationship of physical qualities in the process of their development, the "transfer" of these qualities from one type of activity to another (see reviews N.V. Zimkin, 1956 , 1965; N. N. Yakovlev et al., 1960; V. M. Zatsiorsky, 1965; D. Hebb, 1949; F. Lindeburg, 1949; D. Nelson, 1957; R. Woodworth, 1958; B. Cratty, 1962, 1964). Here it is advisable to note only the main provisions that determine the approaches to the meaningful development of the concept of the structure of the athlete's physical fitness.
It has been established that the degree of transfer of physical qualities decreases with the growth of fitness (N.V. Zimkin, 1965; V.M. Za-tsiorsky, 1965), that the transfer mechanism is highly specific (F. Cumbeca. o., 1957; D. Nelson, 1957; I. Bachman, 1961; B. Cratty, 1968; I. Lawther, 1968; A. Barrow, 1971) that the relationship between physical qualities can be positive,
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negative or neutral (N.V. Zimkin, 1956) and from positive to initial stage training can then turn into a negative one (A.V. Korobkov, 1958).
In works concerning the methodological issues of the relationship of physical qualities, it has been repeatedly noted that training consisting of exercises that require speed, strength and endurance develops each of these qualities better than training each of them, even with increased training. load (N.G. Ozolin, 1949, 1970). The development of each quality has a positive effect on the development of others, and, conversely, the lag
in the development of one or several qualities, it limits the development of others (A.N. Krestovnikov, 1951; S.V. Kaledin, 1961; N.V. Zimkin, 1956; N.N. Yakovlev et al., 1961). For example, the development of strength and speed determines the development of the ability to display fast strength (A.V. Korobkov, 1953; N.V. Zimkin, 1956; V.V. Kuznetsov, 1970).
The theoretical prerequisite here is a hypothetical assumption about the so-called single physiological mechanism (conditioned reflex), which supposedly underlies the activity of muscles. Training leads to the formation of an "extensive background" of temporary connections, on the basis of which, due to the so-called plasticity of the nervous system, various combinations of qualitative aspects of motor activity can arise, depending on the direction of the training process. In this regard, it was assumed that, at first, the components of a complex motor quality should be separately developed by appropriate means, and then integrated into the main sports exercise or movements structurally similar to it.
Recently, the concept of the so-called qualitative specificity, which was formed back in the 1930s, has been developed. motor abilities person, based on extensive factual material (I. Downev, 1923; G. Allport, 1933; S. Ms Cloy, 1937; N. Iones, 1949; see Yu.V. Verkhoshansky, 1970, 1972 for a review), which testifies to a very complex relationship between motor abilities developed by various means under various modes muscle work and having, as a result, a low degree of generality, a high degree of specificity and poor portability from one type of activity to another. According to this concept, there are general and specific abilities. General abilities underlie the performance of more than one task; they
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relatively constant compared to significant fluctuations in the conditions under which the task is performed. The general motor abilities of a person provide the basis for the implementation of motor activity and are determined by relatively stable constitutional features, regulated by heredity, structure and physiology of the body.
Specific abilities determine the functional specificity of behavior in complex motor situations and are mainly the result of motor experience, the influence of the environment and interaction with it. If general abilities ensure the performance of several groups of tasks that are close in terms of quality, then specific abilities, being
highly independent, provide only one specific activity.
Attempts have been made to formulate theories explaining the essence and physiological mechanism qualitative specificity and functional independence of motor abilities by the presence of specific neuromotor coordination of muscle activity (P. Fitts, 1954; F. Henky, 1952, 1960; F. Henky, G. Whitlec, 1960; K. Smith, 1962). However, such attempts were only speculative conclusions based on rather lightweight facts.
As for the structure power abilities, then there is still a lot of unclear and contradictory, despite numerous studies conducted in our country and abroad. An analysis of the literature data (see the review by Yu.V. Verkhoshansky, 1970, 1972) makes it possible to single out some provisions based on a more or less unanimous opinion of specialists. Thus, a significant part of experimental work indicates that muscle strength developed by one means cannot be useful in many ways, that muscle strength does not correlate with the speed of movements and strength exercises worsen the speed of movements, that static strength and dynamic strength are not interconnected, that isometric training may not have a transfer to dynamic mode, that dynamic strength is more related to motor abilities than isometric training.
However, it should be noted that the above conclusions regarding the relationship of motor abilities were often made on the basis of experimental data obtained on a random contingent of test subjects, predominantly of low sports qualification and without taking into account objective patterns, determined by
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lyayuschie dynamics of sportsmanship. So treat
These conclusions should be approached very carefully, limiting the limits of their validity to the category of athletes (subjects) on which they were obtained, and not rushing to generalizations.
Below we propose the concept of the structure of the physical (and, in particular, strength) fitness of athletes based on the actual data and results of the study (Yu.V. Verkhoshansky et al.). At the same time, it seems appropriate to distinguish between the concepts of the composition and structure of the athlete's physical fitness. The composition is understood as a complex of qualitatively specific forms of working capacity that are objectively inherent in a person and determine the success of his sports activity, and the structure is an expedient system-forming principle of interconnection in a complex of motor abilities, ensuring their functional unity and working capabilities of a person.