Revision 2002

5. Ultrasonic maps for ski orientation

5.1. General requirements

Ski orienteering maps (LO) are based on conventional signs (KZ) used in compiling maps for orienteering running. However, the specificity of the LO determines some changes and deviations in the basic KM necessary to transmit the information required by the athlete for skiing. These special requirements and KM are described in this chapter.

Deviations from the KM are allowed only with the sanction of the National Commission of the Leningrad Region. For international events, authorization must be given by the IOF Ski-O Commission.

Orienteering maps for running can be used for competitions of all levels of the LO, if the dark green color (sign 410) is changed to light green (sign 406) . For international competitions permission from the IOF LO Commission is required.

Ski orienteering is a sport in which an athlete, while skiing, uses a map to select and carry out the best movement option, using the grid of tracks offered by the organizers, to overcome the route from the start, through many checkpoints, to the finish line. in LO ski training and the ability to navigate must be combined in such a way that the ability to navigate is a decisive element.

In ski orienteering, in addition to assessing the quality of the ski track and the length of the chosen option, it is also necessary to assess the elevation changes. Obviously, the map must accurately and clearly display these features. The map must also be easy and unambiguous to read when skiing in competition conditions. This means that the map should avoid large details in places not visible from the track, in order to highlight the network of tracks, and to simplify the presentation of the forms of the earth's surface (relief). You only need to show details that affect: a) route selection and b) orientation and location.

In order to implement the principle of fairness during competitions, additional LOs must be introduced. These signs describe the quality and width of the tracks.

5.3. Scale

Map scale for long distances should be 1:15000, for medium distances and relays 1:15000 or 1:10000, for short distances 1:10000 and for sprint 1:10000 or 1:5000. In special cases, for IOF events, the organizer and representative of the IOF may choose maps of other scales. The National Commission of the LO can do the same for national events.

Enlarging the scale allows you to create a denser and at the same time easily readable track grid. In addition, the probability of errors is reduced when displaying the forms of jumpers (connections) and angles at the points of branching and crossing of the tracks.

5.4. relief section

The spacing of the relief section should normally be 5 m, but other alternatives (2.5 m or 10 m) may be used. In special cases, during IOF events, the organizer and representative of the IOF may choose a different terrain section interval. The National Commission of the LO can do the same for national events.

5.5 Colors

The correct order of overlaying colors plays an important role in the readability of the LO map. The procedure for setting colors when printing a map on a color printer should be as follows:

upper purple: checkpoint numbers and codes, prohibited areas, polluted or snowless roads and orienteering start point, and (if necessary) competition center

1. Brown

   top green (PMS 354): ski tracks

   bottom purple: checkpoints and lines between them

2. lower green (PMS 361): all other green CLs except ski tracks

The order of colors in offset printing of the card is the same.

Contour lines are shifted in cases of their alignment with green lines (skis). Color printer required High Quality so that the brown lines do not cover the ski lines. The degree of influence of the combination of brown lines with green lines on the readability of the map during IOF events can be assessed by the organizer and representative of the IOF, and make an appropriate decision.

5.6. Printing and replication

Maps for LO competitions are often updated the day before competitions. The track grid may be reviewed a few days before the start. Therefore, new digital printing methods: laser printers, color copiers, etc., well meet the requirements for LO cards.

The organizer and the IOF representative (for IOF events) are responsible for the quality of the map.

5.7.1. Using symbols for orientation running

Relief

The shape of the relief is shown using contour lines. In order to improve the readability of the map during fast skiing, contour lines should be more generalized compared to running orienteering maps. Contour lines should not be skipped if needed on flat ground.

Rocks and stones

Stones and rocks are not suitable as a criterion for choosing a route, but in some cases they can serve as significant objects for orientation and reference. The map may show these features if they are visible to the competitor when the ground is covered in snow.

Hydrography and swamps

In addition to orientation and binding, the signs of this group are important for the participant, as they help determine the height (what is "up" and what is "down") in maps with complex terrain.

open space and vegetation

Vegetation representation is important to the athlete mainly for orienteering, but can also be used for route selection in cases where the athlete wants to attempt a cut. In order not to spoil the readability of green ski tracks, all signs of vegetation passability must be shown with the sign 406.

Artificial objects and structures

Sign 509 - a narrow clearing is used for unplowed paths that are clearly visible on the ground.

5.7.2 Dimensions signs for maps of various scales

The thickness of the horizontal line can be reduced (0.11 mm) so that the US ski tracks are not covered by them.

5.7.3. Special symbols

The following signs are for ski orienteering maps

ski tracks

The track grid is displayed with a variety of green lines in an intense and clearly visible color (PMS 354 is recommended). When the track is laid on a trail (forest road), the trail is not shown (i.e. black is not used).

Unlike all other ski tracks (indicated by green lines), well-trodden skiable roads are shown with a black line, because the roads must be different from specially prepared ski tracks. The conditions for skiing on a well-trodden road differ from those that exist on specially prepared ski slopes. The condition of a traveled road may change more quickly (eg, rain, snowfall, melting in the sun).

All ramifications and intersections must be drawn carefully to accurately show the similarity of ramifications and intersections. This is also valid for dashed lines.

	801 Very wide track > 3 m Very fast, wide skating track in ski centers, made with a ski harrow or a special leveler. Width 0.85 mm
	802 Wide track 1.5 - 3.0 m A fast, snowmobile-made skating track, usually 2–3 m wide. A skating track that is rougher and softer than a wide skating track. Colour: top green (PMS 354). Width 0.60 mm
	803 Track 0.8 - 1.5 m Good ski track made by a snowmobile, usually 1.0 - 1.5 m wide. On steep slopes, the track can be made wider to reduce expansion during competition. Colour: top green (PMS 354).
	804. Slow track 0.8–1 m. Rough, slow ski track, covered with a small amount of snow or not cleared of branches and knots. This symbol is not used on steep slopes if the width of the track allows the use of herringbone steps to climb, or plow to slow down and stop. To show the forks and crossroads of a slow track more clearly, they should be displayed with a short line. Colour: top green (PMS 354). Dot diameter 0.7 mm and distance between dots 1.3 mm
	805 Road covered with snow Well-traveled roads covered with snow, suitable for skiing, are shown with a normal improved road sign, but wider. Black color. Line width 0.7 mm
	806. Polluted or little snow road A road that is muddy (sanded) or lightly snowed (snow is either missing or not solid) during the course of the competition. A chain of V-shaped badges across a paved road sign indicates that the road is not skiable. Color: top purple Height 3.0 mm
	807. Impassable road A road that is not used for traffic, without any traces. Black color
	808. Rolled up area Slalom slopes and other areas suitable for skiing. The boundaries of the regions are shown with a narrow green line (0.13 mm) so that their edges can be clearly read. Colour: top green (PMS 354). Line width 0.2mm, line spacing 0.8mm, angle 45 degrees
	809. Motor roads prohibited for traffic No traffic sign enlarged to be more visible in the track grid. Color: top purple. Purple cross, 3.5 mm

Other signs

	810. Control point and center point The circle center point can be used when it is necessary to indicate the position of the control more precisely, for example, in a dense grid of tracks. Checkpoints in the LO are preferably placed on the through track, and not at forks or intersections. The center point helps, determine the exact location of the control point on the track. Colors: checkpoint circle - bottom purple, circle center point - top purple The diameter of the checkpoint circles is 5.5–6.0 mm (for all scales), the line thickness is 0.5 mm. Center point diameter 0.65 mm
	811. Sequence number and checkpoint number (code) In LO competitions, legends are not used. Checkpoint codes are placed either next to serial numbers on the working field of the map or in a separate list. Map size and course pattern configuration are important factors in determining best place provisions for writing numbers and codes. If the track grid is dense and/or the track pattern configuration is complex, a separate list (row, column) should be used. There must be a dash (hyphen) between the number and the CP code. Color: top purple
	812. Place of spare equipment Space for spare equipment in the competition area. Color: top purple Height: approx. 10 mm

Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation

State educational institution

higher professional education

"Gorno-Altai State University"

Faculty of Geography

BASICS OF TOPOGRAPHY AND ORIENTATION

For students studying in the specialty

050720 Physical Culture

Gorno-Altaisk

RIO Gorno-Altai State University

Published by decision of the Methodological Council

Gorno-Altai State University

Fundamentals of topography and orienteering. - Gorno-Altaisk: RIO GAGU, 2010. - 40 p.

Zakharov P. Ya., Candidate of Philosophy, Head of the Department of Theory and Methods of Physical Culture and Sports, Gorno-Altai State University.

Pichugina T.V., Senior Lecturer, Department of Economic Geography, Gorno-Altai State University.

Reviewers:

The tutorial covers the basics of topography, orienteering and orienteering. Recommendations on the organization mass competitions and graphic forms of documents for orienteering competitions.

Tutorial is intended for students studying in the specialty "Physical Education". Also, the manual is intended for students of advanced training courses, teachers of physical education, teachers additional education, instructors and coaches in orienteering.

© Zakharov P.Ya., Pichugina T.V. 2010

INTRODUCTION	4
1. BASICS OF TOPOGRAPHY	6
1.1 Plan and map	6
1.2 Map scale	8
1.3 Compass	9
1.4 Conventional signs	11
2. ORIENTATION	16
2.1 From the history of orienteering	16
2.2 Fundamentals of orienteering	21
2.3 Orienteering competitions	24
3. ORGANIZATION AND HOLDING OF MASS ORIENTING COMPETITIONS	30
4. MAIN PROVISIONS OF THE UNIFIED ALL-RUSSIAN SPORTS CLASSIFICATION	35
5. RECOMMENDED READING	38
APPENDIX	40

INTRODUCTION

As you know, a person is closely connected with nature and constantly feels the need to navigate the terrain, that is, to determine his location relative to the surrounding objects and sides of the horizon, to find the right direction of the path. With the skills of observing various natural phenomena and in orienteering, we can feel more confident in camping trip and in Everyday life, skillfully use various guidebooks and schemes highways, it is easy to understand maps of the location of streets and individual buildings in various cities, etc.

When exploring the terrain, the most accurate instruments are used for orientation, but the ability to navigate using a map and compass, according to celestial bodies and local features has not lost its practical significance to this day. Solid orientation skills are more easily acquired by those who constantly communicate with nature, observe it, and notice its features.

To know and understand nature, to promote mental and physical development of a person, classes help to improve health sports orientation. This sport is still one of the little-known, and although many have heard about it, for the most part they do not represent the essence and meaning of the sport itself.

This is the kind of sport that you can compete in all year round. So-called summer orienteering competitions, i.e. running or cross-country orienteering, begin in early spring and end in late autumn. But as soon as a stable snow cover is formed, athletes change their summer running uniform for ski equipment and continue to compete already in winter season is ski orienteering.

Orienteering stands out from other sports as a mass type of active activity acceptable for any age group for the purpose of sports improvement and maintenance of physical performance, as well as a means of active rest. This is one of the few sports where representatives of the most different ages- from 8-9 to 80-90 years old, each of which finds its own advantages in this occupation. For schoolchildren, each competition is a small adventure surrounded by an aura of mystery and romance. Competitions require courage, dexterity and ingenuity from them. Having entered the taste of the search, children involuntarily learn perseverance, endurance, self-control, being at the mercy of the immutable laws of forest sports. For most well-trained athletes, the main attraction of running with a map and compass is the hard work of thought associated with great physical exertion, the constant novelty of sensations and the unlimited possibility of improvement. people middle age given the opportunity to test their strength on less difficult (in relation to physical activity) distances. First of all, they are attracted by the mental tension caused by moving through unfamiliar terrain and generated by a slight uncertainty about the correctness of the chosen path. This physical and spiritual stress is of tremendous importance for modern man as an antidepressant factor.

Orienteering competitions do not require stadiums or expensive equipment. Any part of the forest or a large park, any part of the terrain, which, with the help of conventional signs, can be “encrypted” into a sports map, can become an arena for exciting competitions.

Working with a map and parallel observation of the terrain lead to the acquisition of new knowledge of topography, concentration of attention, the development of memory, perception skills, representation, a sense of distance, a sense of speed, a sense of being in space.

BASICS OF TOPOGRAPHY

Plan and map

In the figure, the terrain looks like it really is, but as if from afar: near objects look larger, distant objects look smaller (according to the laws of drawing up a drawing). In such a figure, it is impossible to accurately measure the distance between objects and determine the sides of the horizon.

The view of the terrain from above accurately and accurately displays all the elements of the earth's surface. Everything that can be seen from above, that can be photographed from a height or depicted on paper, will be called a plan of the area. The plan is not as detailed as a photograph or drawing, since objects are depicted on it as we see them from above, with the help of special conventional signs. Moreover, only the main objects are depicted on the plan, where all objects and the distances between them are shown on a scale. On the plan, you can measure the distance between various objects and landmarks, the arrow (north-south) indicates the direction, which allows you to navigate and find the relative position of objects on the sides of the horizon. The scientific name for a plan of any area is a topographic map.

Map (plan)- this is a reduced flat graphic image of the earth's surface, made on a certain scale with the help of special conventional signs.

In orienteering, the map is the basis of all competitions. A sports map, unlike a regular topographic map, has high accuracy and detail, and is published on a larger scale. There is less digital material on it, there is no kilometer grid, the true meridian, but the magnetic meridian is indicated, the lines of which are drawn through 500 meters, regardless of the scale of the map.

A sports map must accurately reflect the terrain and convey the direction of all surrounding objects, it must show all information that may affect the "readability" of the map or the possibility of choosing a route. One of the basic principles International Federation Orienteering (IOF) states: "None of the participants should benefit or suffer through the fault of the card!" The competition map must correspond to the current state of the terrain in all its parts, and if this correspondence does not exist, then the previously made map must be improved, that is, corrected. Sports cards are issued in accordance with the IOF International Symbol System, supplemented by national symbols approved by the Orienteering Federation (FSO) of Russia.

The magnetic meridian lines are drawn on the map as thin black or blue lines with arrows pointing north. The sides of the map (paper) should be parallel to the lines of the magnetic meridian.

All inscriptions present on the map of the area and beyond its working field are located perpendicular to the north line and are written in the direction from west to east. Among the inscriptions, indicators of scale, relief sections, names of settlements included in the working field of the map are required to be indicated. It is also customary to indicate the year of issue of the map, the authors and the name of the competition for which it is prepared.

The disadvantage of the sports map is that it quickly becomes obsolete (clearings are overgrown, new clearings and paths appear, especially near tourist centers, camps, settlements, etc.). In this regard, map drawers have to constantly make changes and correct the map.

test questions

1. What is the difference between a drawing and a plan of the area?

2. What is common and different in topographic and sports maps?

3. Why are magnetic meridian lines drawn on the map?

4. What are the requirements for a sports map for orienteering competitions?

5. Name the advantages and disadvantages of a sports card.

map scale

The terrain on any map is depicted in a reduced form, the degree of reduction of the earth's surface, presented on a particular map, can be judged by the scale of the map.

Map scale is the ratio of the length of a line on the map to the length of the corresponding lines on the ground.

The scale expressed by the ratio of numbers is called numerical. This quantity is abstract and does not depend on the system of linear measures. A numerical scale is recorded in the form of a fraction (for example, 1: 50,000), the numerator of which is one, and the denominator is a number showing how many times the actual dimensions on the ground are reduced when they are displayed on the map. When comparing several scales, the larger one will be the one whose denominator is smaller, and vice versa, the larger the denominator, the smaller the scale.

In practice, distances on a map are determined using a linear scale. Linear scale is a graphic representation of a numerical scale in the form of a straight line with divisions for counting distances Text the scale is written in words, combinations of different values ​​\u200b\u200bare allowed here (for example, there are 500 meters in 1 centimeter).

On topographic and geographical maps, the scale (numerical, linear and textual) can be found under the bottom side of the frame. On sports maps, the scale is applied only in numerical form.

When working with a sports map, the procedure for converting the length of map segments to the corresponding segments of the terrain can be greatly simplified without using five-digit scale numbers. It is known that the most common measure of distance on the ground for pedestrians and runners is a meter. At the same time, the visual assessment of segments of different lengths in the drawings and maps is mainly carried out in centimeters. Therefore, for example, a scale of 1:15000 is easier and more understandable to perceive as follows: 1 centimeter cards match 150 meters terrain (and not 15,000 centimeters).

Using the scale, you can:

Determine any distance on the map;

Plot on the map the distance measured on the ground.

During training and competitions, in order to quickly and accurately determine his location on the map, while moving on the ground, the orienteer constantly has to face the need to measure or approximately estimate distances both on the map and on the ground.

There are two main ways to measure distances on a map: using a ruler and using an eye. A ruler with a centimeter scale is available on the compass board, and the visual method requires constant training. By comparing the obtained measurement with the scale of the map, you can find out the distance on the ground to the desired object or landmark. On the ground, distances can be determined by counting steps (pairs or fours), using an eye gauge, and by the time of movement.

The application of one or another method for determining distances or their combinations is based on taking into account various factors. The main ones are: the nature of the terrain, the workload of the map, the time of the competition, meteorological conditions, physical and technical fitness.

test questions

1. What is the scale? In what units is it measured?

2. What are the types of scales?

3. In what form is the scale applied to a sports card according to IOF standards?

4. Name the methods of measuring distances on the map and on the ground.

Compass

The main purpose of any compass - determining the sides of the horizon - is based on the effect of a magnetic field on a freely rotating magnetic needle, which always tends to turn north. The difference between a sports compass and an ordinary one is that the magnetic needle of the first one is placed in a liquid in a special sealed flask. The liquid softens the impact of the needle base on the needle, which occurs when walking or running, and also helps to dampen the vibrations of the arrow. Ordinary sports compasses have a rectangular plateau on which there is a centimeter ruler, scale rulers; some have a magnifying glass and a distance counter. With the help of a compass, you can orient the map, move in azimuth and direction, measure the distance on the map. The sports compass is the main element of the orienteer's equipment.

Orient the map- this means positioning it so that the lines of the magnetic meridian on the map face the north of the area, this begins the comparison of the map with the area.

For movement in azimuth First you need to determine the direction to the desired landmark on the map. In this case, it is important to observe the following sequence of actions:

1) put a compass on the map so that one of the sides of the board connects the points “from where” and “where” you need to go or run, and the compass plateau should look towards “where” you need to go;

2) by rotating the compass bulb, the red lines at its bottom must be placed parallel to the magnetic meridian of the map, and the risks of the bulb should be directed to the north;

3) removing the compass from the map, and holding it in your hand, turn around so that the northern end of the magnetic needle is located between the risks of the bulb.

The direction of the compass board will show the direction of movement to the landmark.

test questions

1. What is a compass, how does it work?

2. Who uses the compass and why?

3. Why should the map be oriented?

4. What should be the sequence of actions when moving in azimuth?

Conventional signs

Symbols, like the maps for which they are intended, have come a long way in development. Images of local objects on maps of early eras had a pictorial character. Each item was conveyed in a pattern that was understandable without any explanation. Cities, mountains, forests, fortresses, etc. were depicted in perspective, i.e. the way they would be observed in nature. Rivers, lakes, roads, borders were plotted in horizontal projection.

With the expansion of knowledge about the earth's surface, with the development of military affairs, it became necessary to reflect on maps an ever wider range of objects. Under these conditions, it became very difficult to keep on the maps the individual properties of each local object. It was necessary to introduce common designations for homogeneous objects. Drawings were gradually replaced by horizontal projections of objects.

In the course of the evolution of conventional signs, the image of settlements on maps changed from a perspective drawing to a planned one, and then from a drawing to a conventional sign.

Conventional signs are the symbols of the map, which are its language. On all maps, all objects of the area are depicted by conventional signs. With their help, the real picture of the area is clearly transmitted on the map. Most of the graphic conventions resemble the shape of the depicted objects when viewed from above or from the side, which makes it relatively easy for us to remember them.

Conventional signs in topography are divided into three main groups: large-scale, extra-scale and explanatory.

large-scale conventional signs depict local objects (settlements, forest areas, arable land, lakes, swamps, major rivers), which, by their size, can be expressed on the scale of the map.

off-scale conventional signs are used to depict such local objects that, due to their small size, cannot be reflected on a map scale, but are important or are good landmarks - wells, springs, radio masts, bridges, tower-type structures, kilometer posts, etc. These local items are shown enlarged on the maps.

Intermediate position between large-scale and off-scale signs are occupied by conventional signs of roads, streams, power lines and other narrow linear local objects, in which only the length of the line is expressed on a scale. The width of these characters is off-scale. Such symbols are usually called linear.

Explanatory conventional signs are used in combination with large-scale and non-scale ones and serve to additionally characterize objects. These include all numbers, own names of objects and signatures characterizing local objects.

Conventional signs in orienteering.

In orienteering, a unified system of conventional signs has been adopted. This means that sports cards all over the world are subject to uniform rules and requirements - athletes do not have to remember new signs and designations every time, since they are the same on all sports cards of any country in the world. Conventional symbols of sports maps differ from symbols in topography.

In the early stages of orienteering development, maps were prepared in black and white. Currently, all the variety of objects on the ground is expressed on sports color maps using six colors:

the black- for the image of artificial structures: houses, roads, paths, contours, borders and stone relief;

yellow- for the image of open space;

Brown- for the image of any forms of relief (except for rocks), highways and paved areas;

blue or blue- to display hydrography and magnetic meridian lines;

green- for the image of vegetation (shades of green reflect different degrees of passability: the darker the color, the more difficult passability) and for designation of ski tracks in winter orienteering. The passability depends on the forest species (density of trees, shrubs and low vegetation - ferns, blackberries, nettles, etc.). When depicting patency in green, swamps, rocky lands, which are shown as separate symbols, are not taken into account;

For convenience of classification, conventional signs are divided into five main groups, each of which contains homogeneous objects.

Relief(mountains, hills, depressions, cliffs, gullies, ravines, etc.). The relief image on the map is performed using brown lines are horizontal. Contours (isohypses) are lines on the map connecting points of the earth's surface with the same absolute height and together conveying the shape of the relief. The closer the distance between contour lines, the steeper the slope or depression. In order to distinguish a slope from a depression, a dash is applied - a bergstroke, always facing downward. The main contours are depicted on the maps as a solid line, with every fifth contour drawn with a thicker line for ease of reading the map and estimating the difference in height. If it is impossible to accurately convey the relief by the main contour lines, auxiliary contour lines are used. They are applied between two horizontal lines in the form of a broken line. Small relief objects that cannot be displayed to scale, but which are important objects for orientation, are indicated on the map by separate symbols. Funnels - pits and holes with obvious steep sides with a diameter of at least 2 m and a depth of at least 1 m - are marked with a tick; writhing, big stumps, anthills - with a cross. All types of contour lines and relief symbols are performed on the map brown color.

When drawing a relief on a map, an indicator such as a section of the relief is used. The numbers of the relief section indicate the vertical interval in height between adjacent section contours - horizontal lines. The indicators of the relief section are indicated on the map behind its working field as follows: H-5 m, or H-2.5 m.

Rocks and stones(stones, rocks, groups of stones, rocky and rocky surfaces, etc.). A rock is a special category of earth relief. Its inclusion in the map provides the necessary information about the danger and difficult terrain. Rocks and stones are shown on the map black color to distinguish them from other landforms.

Hydrography and swamps (lakes, rivers, streams, ditches with water, swamps, springs, wells, etc.). All elements of water are shown cunim or blue color. If the border in an image of a river or other body of water has a black border, then this indicates that this object cannot be crossed under normal weather conditions. When depicting swamps, a classification is used that reflects the degree of obstacles in the movement of athletes. Swamps are both open and combined with densely growing trees. In the latter case, the swamp symbols are used in conjunction with the terrain symbols, which are discussed below. A swamp that is not dangerous for an athlete with a clear edge is indicated by a linear raster. An impenetrable swamp, dangerous to humans, is indicated by thickened stripes and is necessarily surrounded by a black line.

Vegetation (fields and clearings, meadows, clearings, forests, forest plantations, individual trees, bushes, etc.). Vegetation on the map uses yellow and green colors. Forest spaces and open spaces can be displayed as solid, dot or line rasters. Typically open passable forest spaces are shown in white - easily passable vegetation that athletes run through without slowing down, visual review of such terrain is not difficult. Areas with medium and difficult vegetation are marked on the map in green color of different saturation, depending on the passability (the worse the passability, the darker the color). Areas of a dense forest are plotted with a linear raster, when its space provides an opportunity for a good run in only one direction. The white stripes on the raster show the direction of the free run. Yellow color is the basis of the symbols of open areas of the terrain (meadows, grassy lands, that is, areas without trees - glades). An important detail on sports maps is the borders: sown fields and mowing are limited to a solid black line, and the borders of glades and difficult areas are shown by a chain of black dots, forests with various species are distinguished in the same way.

Artificial structures (buildings, separate buildings, walls and fences, settlements, highways, roads and paths of different quality, power lines, railways, etc.). With the exception of signs depicting asphalt or paved areas (mapped in brown), the signs of this group are black. A solid black line indicates a good road, a winding dotted line indicates forest roads and paths, trails and paths. It must be borne in mind that the thinner and shorter the strokes in the designation, the more inconspicuous the road or trail is on the ground.

Auxiliary groups of signs:

Distance signs (start, checkpoint, lines connecting them, finish, territory prohibited for running - all signs of this group are entered on the map in red or purple);

Lines of the magnetic meridian;

Signs for ski orientation in a given direction.

Ski orienteering competitions involve three types of tracks:

High-speed - these are ski tracks prepared by a snowmobile with a width of at least 2 m for a free style of movement; on the map, such ski tracks are depicted as a thick solid green line;

Fast - tracks prepared by a snowmobile with a width of 1.0-1.5 m without cutting the ski track - a thin solid green line;

Slow - prepared either by a snowmobile or skis 0.8-1.0 m wide - a dashed thin green line.

The network of tracks in ski orienteering is planned according to the possibilities of the terrain. For speed, fast and slow skiing, there are no hard established percentages. However, slow tracks should not be more than 10% of the entire network.

test questions

1. What groups of conventional signs exist in topography?

2. What groups, according to the specification, are all symbols of sports cards divided into?

3. What characterizes each of the main groups of conventional signs in orienteering (terrain objects, colors)?

ORIENTEERING

Orienteering is a sport in which participants, using a sports map and a compass, must pass checkpoints located on the ground. The results, as a rule, are determined by the time of passing the distance (in specific cases - taking into account the penalty time) or by the number of points scored.

In order for the map to be well read and understandable, both different colors and various conventional signs and symbols are used. We will work with a sports map, which is made specifically for orienteering.

The rules of cartography used to prepare sports maps are international. This means that if you suddenly happen to get your hands on a sports card in Japan, you will be able to “read” it without any problems.

White means forest

Brown most often refers to the relief. With its help, mountains, hills, pits and the like are denoted. Brown is also used to indicate gravel and asphalt surfaces.

Yellow denotes open space. It can be lawns, fields, meadows and clearings.

Green indicates the density of Vegetation and the degree of permeability of the forest. The darker the green, the harder it is to get through, such as dense plantings.

Blue: lakes, rivers, streams,; swamps, ditches (everything connected with water)

The black denotes objects of human activity: paths, paths, stone walls, power lines, houses, etc. In addition, stones and rocks are also transmitted in black.

Vegetation

	Open space. Terrain without trees and bushes, field, meadows.
	Forest: easy to run. Open forest with no obstacles to run
	Forest: slow run.
	Forest: difficult run.
	Vegetation: very difficult or impossible to run, obstruction.
	Orchard.
	Vineyards.
	A clear line of vegetation.
	A special object of vegetation.
	Wide lane.

Hydrography and swamps

Artificial constructions

These include everything that is not of natural origin, such as roads, fences, tunnels. In the forest, you can often find feeders, huts, benches built by people, which are also landmarks and are displayed on the map.

Roads, clearings and trails are used by athletes both as landmarks and as ways of movement. Roads vary in surface and width and are subject to significant changes over time.

	Highway.
	Improved dirt road
	Dirt road.
	Little path.
	Narrow lane. Clearing. A narrow clearing in the forest, a clearing that is clearly visible in the forest.
	Railway.
	Power line.
	Tunnel.
	Stone wall. Stone wall, rampart, embankment, which is composed of stones of various sizes
	Destroyed stone wall.
	High stone wall.
	Fence.
	Broken fence.
	High fence.
	Passage in the fence.
	Buildings. It has a residential or commercial purpose.
	Small building.
	Ruin.
	Grave.
	Pipeline.
	Tall tower.
	Little tower.

Relief

The relief is a set of irregularities of the earth's surface - elevations and depressions. Horizontal - a line connecting points of the relief that are at the same height. Short strokes across the contours are called berstrokes, they show the direction of the slope decrease.

Relief - brown lines on the map

	Horizontal (main horizontal).		Gulp. A very narrow depression, a deep gorge with steep, unturfed slopes and a characteristic, as a rule, dry stream.
	Stingray line, berghstrich.		Small hillock, microtubercle.
	Earth break.		Hill, mound.
	Earthworks.		Hollow, hole.
	Little Earthworks.		Small depression, micropit

Rocks and stones

In this chapter we will take a closer look at what the signs shown in brown on the map mean, and as we have noted earlier, these signs show differences in height. First of all, we will focus on the solid brown lines located on the map. They are called horizontal. To understand what exactly they mean, let's further consider the area depicted on the map from the point of view up or down. For orientation, the directions forward, backward, right and left, which we operate when considering a flat area, are not enough. The need to consider the terrain may seem overwhelming, but mastering this understanding will open the door for you to be able to handle more complex orientation.

On the left you see a relief picture, which shows all the uneven terrain. On the right is a sports map of the same place.

The relief on the map is depicted by curved continuous lines - horizontal

The first step towards studying the relief is the understanding that the more contours are drawn on the map, the higher the slope in this place, the closer the contours are shown to each other, the steeper the slope.

You should figure out where the depression is indicated on the map (hollows, pits), and where the hills are (hill, hillock, etc.), and also where exactly the highest point on the hill is. This is clearly seen in the figure, where these places are marked.

Bergstroke - a short dash, placed perpendicular to the horizontal lines, indicates the fall of the slope on the map.

. Usually, the difference in height, indicated by contour lines, is 5 m and is called the relief section. The relief section is indicated on the map. Terrain Section: The height of the relief section is the vertical distance between horizontal planes that conditionally intersect the surface of the earth. The mental lines of intersection formed in this case are called horizontal lines. With their help, maps depict various forms relief.

How to use the card?

Now you know how the map works and that it consists of various colors and symbols. To use the map, to be able to "read" it, it is important that it matches the terrain. A map can be compared to a puzzle piece or puzzle. A piece of the puzzle can only be placed in the canvas by returning it in one specific way. It's the same with the map. It only renders the terrain correctly when it is rotated in one specific way, namely that the north of the map must always match the north of the terrain.

Depending on which direction you need to move, you will need to rotate the map, "read" it from bottom to top or from right to left, etc. The figure below shows a map oriented relative to the terrain. Objects to the athlete's right, such as a river and a bridge, are also to the right of the map. Two large houses are located behind the road, and a smaller house and power lines are located to the left of the athlete.

When you orient the map correctly, it becomes easy to compare it with the terrain.

The "thumb" reception and the folded map make it easier to navigate.

Use the "thumb" technique

The process of reading the map can be made easier if you somehow mark on the map where you are in this moment are. It is very convenient to do this using the “thumb” technique. This means that you use the tip of your thumb (or the corner of the compass board) to point to the point on the map where you are at the moment. When you move around the area, you also move and thumb in such a way as to constantly indicate the place where you find yourself. This method also works when you need to quickly find yourself in the map if you suddenly get distracted and briefly let the map and the area out of sight. Sometimes the map is too large to be tracked with your thumb, in which case it should be rolled up. When you fold a card, it's important that you see both the point you're at and the point you want to go to so you don't have to flip the card back and forth endlessly.

Despite the fact that you try to carefully track your movements, sometimes it happens that you cannot determine exactly where you are. In this case, the best way is to stop and orient the map. After that, try to determine at what point on the map you are last time"attached", and at the same time look around to try to find a clear landmark, such as a path, a clearing or a stone, which can serve as a clue to exactly where you are on the map at the moment. These measures can usually give you the information you need to calculate your location.

Linear landmarks are yardsticks that are comfortable to hold on to.

Paths and paths are the easiest to navigate When you choose a path in the forest, you should use the help of various terrain features. The most convenient and simple objects along which it is easy to navigate are called linear landmarks. Linear landmarks are such objects along which you can move a long distance. Examples of linear landmarks include paths, paths, ditches, power lines, field edges, etc. It is easy to move along these objects and they are easy to distinguish both on the map and on the ground. Fences, ravines and streams work well too. There are other types of linear landmarks that are not so clear, but sometimes they can act as a fixed point.” Some examples of such features are a fence, a ravine, a clearing edge, and a stream flowing through a forest. Sometimes they are not so noticeable, and besides, sometimes it can be quite difficult to follow them because of the vegetation, especially on the banks of the stream and the borders of clearings. Even hills and swamps can serve as linear landmarks

When you train regularly and have some experience with orienteering, you will find that swamp edges or elongated landforms can serve as linear landmarks. But still they are rather unreliable, since there is a risk of confusing hills or swamps with similar terrain.

cardinal directions

At noon, the Sun is always in the south direction. The shortest shadow from local objects occurs at 13 o'clock, and the direction of the shadow at this time will point to the north.

Compass - helps us orient the map

The compass has always been closely associated with the concept of orientation. In the past, when maps were not detailed enough and were rather sketchy, the main method of orientation was to follow the azimuth. Nowadays, with detailed, carefully drawn maps, the compass is no longer as important as it used to be. The emphasis is on reading the map and using the compass to orientate the map correctly. We have already stated earlier that the map must be correctly oriented in order to use it correctly. The compass can help us with this, since all maps have a north. North is always at the top of the map. The map always has thin lines, either blue or black, in a north-south direction. They are called magnetic meridian lines. These lines are necessary in order to orient the map using a compass and to take the bearing. If the lines of the magnetic meridian are parallel to the compass needle and the red half of the compass needle points to the north of the map, the map is oriented correctly.

Removal of azimuth.

In addition to reading a map, you also need to be able to read the azimuth and follow it if it is not possible to use linear landmarks. It is also important to be able to follow the azimuth when you have to move in the dark or in fog, the latter is especially important in mountainous areas.

Like many things in orienteering, the compass has evolved and improved over the years. At the moment, there are many different types of compasses, each with its own special appearance, from various types scales. While compasses come in different models, there are also different techniques for using a compass. In orienteering, two types of compass boards are mainly used: traditional - rectangular, and on the finger.

Using the compass on the finger board

Place the compass on the map so that the edge of the compass board connects where you are standing to where you want to go. It is important that the arrow on the front edge of the compass board points in the direction you would like to go.	Start orienting the map by turning your whole body until the red part of the compass needle points to the north of the map. Then rotate the compass bulb until north, marked with an N on the compass bulb scale, points to the north of the map. If you turn the flask backwards, then in the next step you will start moving in the opposite direction.
	Transfer the map to the other hand, and hold the compass in front of you, parallel to the ground at waist level. Turn your whole body until the red part of the compass needle points to the north, marked with the N symbol on the scale of the compass bulb. Even now, you can make a mistake and head in the opposite direction. Aim along an imaginary line of motion at some highly visible landmark in the area, such as an unusual tree. When you reach the tree, aim again at the next clear landmark, etc. until you get to your desired point.

Rough azimuth and fine azimuth.

The orienteers among themselves often talk about the rough or exact azimuth. A rough bearing means that the athlete follows a rough direction and does not look at the compass very often. This method is used when there is some kind of "preemptive" linear landmark ahead of you, for example, a transverse path or field, and it is not particularly important at which point you will get to this linear landmark.

Accurate azimuth means that the athlete maintains an accurate heading, often looks at the compass, and often uses intermediate landmarks. This increases confidence when you are looking for a checkpoint, such as a rock placed in the woods away from linear landmarks.

The map fragments show two different examples of how a compass can be used to navigate. On the left, you'll use a rough azimuth to open space, and on the right, you'll use a fine azimuth from the tropic's bend exactly to the rock.

III. SAFETY OF PARTICIPANTS AND spectators, MEDICAL SUPPORT, ANTI-DOPING SUPPORT OF SPORTS COMPETITIONS

Administrative law enforcement: understanding and signs and warehouse

Probable signs (objective signs determined during examination)

International orienteering federation 2000 Radiokatu 20, fi-00093 slu, Finland - http://www.Orienteering.Org map committee

IOF Map Committee ISOM 2000 Info Desk

Translation from English: Alexander Glushko

Preparation for publication: Vyacheslav Glushko

Introduction

General requirements

Elements of orienteering maps

Description of symbols (orienteering running)

Forms of the earth's surface (relief)

Rocks and stones

Hydrography and swamps

Vegetation cover

artificial objects

Technical signs

Signs for drawing distance elements

US maps for ski orienteering (2002 edition)

Conventional signs of maps for orienteering on bicycles

Symbols of maps for orientation along the route

Basic principles of mapping for park orientation

1. Introduction

Orienteering is an international sport. A uniform approach to the compilation and design of maps for competitions is an essential factor for maintaining a fair wrestling and further development of this sport.

These symbols (OS) must be used in conjunction with the rules established by the International Orienteering Federation (IOF) for orienteering (CO) competitions. For IOF events, deviations from the standards defined by these LOs are permitted only with the approval of the IOF Mapping Committee. For other competitions, such sanction must be given by the relevant committees of the national federations. Based on the KM for orienteering running, there are KZ for other types of CO (ski orienteering, cycling orienteering, etc.). The purpose of these KMs for maps used in SO is to standardize maps representing different types of terrain for orienteering practice.

2. General requirements

2.1 Orientation and map

The task of the orienteer is, in the shortest possible time, to overcome the distance, equipped on the ground, using the map received at the start and the compass. As in any other sport, the main thing is equal conditions for all participants. The planning and setting of good distances, fair for all orienteers, largely depends on the quality of the map and its design.

From the athlete's point of view, an accurate and legible map is a reliable guide to choosing the best movement option and executing it reliably to make the most of their physical abilities and ability to navigate. The choice of the path of movement loses all meaning if the map does not objectively reflect the surrounding reality, or it is poorly readable.

All information about existing obstacles (rocks, water obstacles, passability, etc.), the presence and development of the road network, the classification of objects that make it difficult or easier to run, allows athletes to make the right decisions when choosing movement options, this requires a map that accurately and reliably transmits such information. In other words, no one should gain an advantage or suffer because of map defects (inaccuracies, unreliable information transmission, poor readability, etc.) The general rule is that athletes should not notice map errors. The accuracy of the map as a whole depends on the accuracy of measurements of the location, height and shape of objects.

In order to plan a distance that allows to show all the abilities of the athletes, the distance planner needs to have a reliable, accurate, unambiguous and legible map readable in competitive conditions. The better map a distance planner has, the more likely he is to prepare good distances that create equal conditions for both elite group members and beginners. Information about the location of objects obtained from the map must ensure that an athlete using a compass and controlling the distance with steps does not notice any deviations. Deviations of less than 5% satisfy such accuracy requirements.

Checkpoints (CP) are the most important part of the distance. The relationship of the control points location with the surrounding objects must be displayed reliably and the map must display complete, accurate and detailed information about the area. For international competitions, all information on the card must match the date of the competition. If there have been changes on the day of the competition, the map must be corrected.

It is important for the map maker to know which features and how to display them on the map. The presence of sports experience is important for understanding the basic requirements for sports cards.

Translation from English: Alexander Glushko

Preparation for publication: Vyacheslav Glushko)

The display of the forms of the earth's surface is carried out by means of very detailed curved lines (horizontals), supplemented by special signs of small mounds, pits, etc. Additionally, black signs are used to show stones and rocks. Normal terrain for CO is better displayed by horizontal lines with a vertical interval (section) of 5 meters.

Excessive use of additional (underlining) contour lines is not allowed, as this leads to a map load and distorts real elevations. In some cases, it is possible to use a smaller section if this provides better readability of the map. The relative height difference between adjacent objects should be shown as accurately as possible. Absolute height accuracy is less important. Some change in the height of the horizontal is allowed if this improves the display of reality. This deviation should not exceed 25% of the interval of the relief section, while paying attention to adjacent horizontals.

	101 Horizontal A line connecting points of the same height. The standard spacing between contours along the vertical (section of the relief) is 5 m. The minimum allowable bending of the line is 0.25 mm from the center to the center of the line. Brown color.
	102 Thickened horizontal Every fifth horizontal should be thickened. This contributes to the speed of assessing the difference in heights and the general perception of the forms of the terrain. If it is necessary to show small details, a thickened horizontal line can be drawn with a normal line. Brown color.
	103 Auxiliary horizontal Used to convey additional information about landforms that cannot be displayed by the main contours. Only one auxiliary can be drawn between two main horizontals. Brown color.
	104 Slope direction indicator (berghash) Brown color.
	105 Contour lines Brown color.
	106 Ground cliff A steep inflection of the earth's surface, clearly distinguished from the environment. Gravel or sand workings, road cuttings and embankments, etc. The teeth should show the full projection of the slope, but may be omitted if two cliffs are close to each other. Dangerous ground cliffs are indicated by sign 201. Very high ground cliffs can be shown with a 0.25 mm edge line thickness. Brown color
	107 Ground berm Clearly visible earth embankment. Height at least 1 meter. Brown color.
	108 Small earthen rampart A small or partially destroyed earth embankment is shown as a dashed line. The minimum height is 0.5 meters. Brown color.
	109 Scour A ravine or ditch that cannot be displayed on a map scale with the symbol . The line thickness represents the width of the ravine. Minimum depth 1 meter. Brown color.
	110 Little ravine Small ditch or ditch. The minimum depth is 0.5 meters. Brown color.
	111 Hillock Shown horizontally. Hillocks that stand out on the ground and do not fall into the main section of the relief can be shown as main contours if their height does not differ from the height of the main section by more than 25%. Small or flat bumps are shown as auxiliary contour lines. Brown color.
	112 Off-scale mound Small soil or rocky mounds that cannot be displayed using contour lines (diameter less than 5 m). Minimum height 1 meter. In cases of coincidence with the horizontal, the line should be broken. Brown color.
	113 Elongated off-scale mound Prominent off-scale mound of elongated shape (length less than 12 m, width less than 4 m). Hillocks at least 1 meter high above the surface surrounding them are shown. The sign cannot be on the horizontal line. Brown color.
	114 Pit Shown as horizontal lines with berghashes. A pit that stands out and does not fall into the main section can be shown as the main horizontal if its depth does not differ by more than 25% from the main section. Small or flat pits are shown as auxiliary contours. Brown color.
	115 Off-scale pit A small natural depression (at least 2 meters in diameter) that cannot be represented by contour lines on a map scale. The minimum depth from the surrounding surface is 1 meter. The center of the object is in the center of gravity of the sign. The sign is oriented to the north. Artificial pits should be shown with the sign 116. Brown color.
	116 Artificial non-scale pit Pit or pit with steep edges, not expressed in the scale of the kata (at least 2 meters in diameter). The minimum depth from the surrounding surface is 1 meter. Dangerous pits are shown with a sign. The center of the object coincides with the center of gravity of the sign. The sign is oriented to the north. Brown color.
	117 Pitted surface Brown color.
	118 Special landforms Brown color.

4.2 Rocks and stones

Rocks are a special category of the earth's surface. The display of stones gives useful information about danger and permeability. Separate stones (boulders) are good landmarks and points for setting up a CP. Rocks are shown in black to distinguish them from other landforms. The main attention should be paid to ensure that the display of rock forms is consistent with the display of the forms of the earth's surface by contour lines.

	201 Impenetrable Rock An impenetrable (dangerous) rock, quarry or dangerous ground cliff (see 106) is indicated by a line 0.35 mm thick along the edge and teeth covering the projection area of ​​the cliff from the top edge to the bottom. When displaying vertical or closely spaced cliffs, the teeth can be omitted (the width of the passage must be at least 0.3 mm on the map scale). The teeth can be lengthened if necessary. For example, if there is no passage between a cliff and a shoreline, then the serrations of the cliff must intersect the shoreline and overlap the edge of the pond image. Black color.
	202 Rocks remnants In some cases, rocks in the form of pillars or giant boulders can be shown in plan without battlements. Black color.
	203 Crossable cliff A small vertical cliff (minimum 1 m high) may be shown without serrations. If the slope direction is not clearly defined or readability needs to be improved, short serrations in the direction of the slope may be shown. When displaying traversable cliffs without serrations, the ends of the crest line can be rounded to improve readability. Black color.
	204 Rock working A rock working, pit, or shaft that may present a hazard to runners. The center of the object coincides with the center of gravity of the sign. The sign is oriented to the north. Black color.
	205 Cave It is shown by the same sign as the rock working, only the sign is oriented with the tip in the direction of the entrance. The center of the entrance is in the center of gravity of the sign. Black color.
	206 Boulder A stone that stands out on the ground, at least 1 meter high. All boulders displayed on the map should be easily identifiable in the terrain. To show the difference between boulders different sizes(located on the ground not far from each other) the diameter of the icon can be increased by 20%. Black color.
	207 Large boulder A particularly large rock that is not expressed on the scale of the map. Black color.
	208 Rocky field An area covered with such a large number of stones (boulders) that it is impossible to show them separately using signs and is shown by arbitrarily oriented triangles with sides in the ratio 8:6:5. The object must be displayed with at least two triangles. To show the difference in the size of individual stones covering the field, some triangles can be enlarged by 20%. Black color.
	209 Pile of boulders A group of stones closely spaced in a small area, each of which cannot be shown individually. The sign is oriented to the north. If it is necessary to show the difference between several groups, the size of the triangle can be increased by 25% (up to 1 mm). Black color.
	210 Rocky ground Rocky and rocky surfaces that affect mileage must be displayed on the map. The points are drawn randomly. The density of points shows the degree of run-through. A minimum of three points may be used. Black color.
	211 Open sandy ground A surface with soft sand or gravel that reduces running speed. If the mileage is normal, signs or should be used. Colour: black 12.5% ​​(22 lines/cm) and yellow 50% (see sign 402) .
	212 Pure rock Well run rocky surface without vegetation. If there is any vegetation (grass, moss, etc.), signs should be used or Colour: black 30% (60 lines/cm).

4.3 Hydrography and swamps

This group includes elements of hydrography and special types of soils and vegetation associated with the presence of water. This category of objects is important because it has a strong influence on the mileage, which in turn affects the choice of movement option. The elements of this group of KM are good guidelines for setting up the CP. The black shoreline shows the obstruction of this space at normal water levels. In dry areas, the elements in this section may contain water only in certain seasons.

	301 Lake Large bodies of water are shown with a regular dotted grid, small bodies with a solid fill. The black coastline shows the obstruction of the object. Colour: blue 50% (60 lines/cm)
	302 Pond In cases where the lake or pond is less than 1 mm2, the coastline is not shown on the map scale. Blue color.
	303 puddle A water pit or puddle that is not expressed on the scale of the map. The center of the object coincides with the center of gravity of the sign. Blue color.
	304 Irresistible river An impassable river or canal is shown as a black shoreline. The line may be broken at ford points. Colour: blue 50% (60 lines/cm), black.
	305 Crossable river Crossable river or ditch at least 2 meters wide. If the width is more than 5 meters, then the object is shown on the map scale. Blue color.
	306 Crossable stream Crossable stream or ditch less than 2 meters wide. For better readability, the swamp ditch should be displayed as 305 . Blue color.
	307 Ditch with water Natural or artificial drying ditch. Blue color.
	308 Narrow swamp Swamp or wet ground that cannot be shown with sign 310 (width less than 5 meters). Blue color.
	309 Impassable swamp The swamp is impassable or dangerous for athletes. The black line is given along the contour. Color: blue, black.
	310 Swamp Crossable swamp with clearly visible edges. Sign 310 may be combined with sign 403 to represent an open swamp. Wooded swamps can be shown in combination with vegetation symbols. Small swamps are shown on the map with at least two strokes. If a small swamp is shown in combination with signs / , then to improve readability, it is allowed to replace these signs with /, respectively. Blue color.
	311 Fuzzy swamp Waterlogged soil, a drying up swamp, or places where normal soil transitions into a passable swamp. The sign may be used in combination with the sign or for open spaces. A forested swamp can be shown in combination with signs 406 - 410. The minimum character size is four strokes. Blue color.
	312 Well Wells wells or equipped sources, clearly visible on the ground. Blue color.
	313 Spring A spring or clearly visible source. The sign is oriented by a gap downstream. Blue color.
	314 Special object of hydrography The sign serves to show special non-scale objects of hydrography. An explanation of the use of the sign should be given in the legend of the map. Blue color.

4.4 Land cover

The display of vegetation is important for orientation, as it affects the mileage, visibility and readability of the map.

Basic principles:

• White used to display a normal, well-run forest,
• yellow used to show open spaces of various categories,
• green displays the density of forest and undergrowth depending on the run and visibility, divided into several categories.

ROADABILITY

The running of vegetation depends on the structure of the forest, undergrowth or shrubs. The presence of blackberries, heather, nettles, chopped branches, etc. The condition of the soil and ground, affecting the passability, is displayed separately.

Forest running is divided into four categories, depending on the decrease in running speed compared to the running speed in a normal forest. For example, if the speed of running in a normal forest is 5 minutes per kilometer, then the following are the coefficients corresponding to each of these categories:
normal forest	80 - 100%	5:00 - 6:15 min/km
slow moving vegetation	60 - 80%	6:15 - 8:20 min/km
hard-to-run vegetation	20 - 60%	8:20 - 25:00 min/km
difficult to pass vegetation	0 - 20%	> 25:00 min/km

	401 open space Fields, meadows, arable lands, mowings, etc. without trees or shrubs, easily traversed. If yellow becomes dominant, it is possible to replace the fill with a 75% dot grid. Yellow color.
	402 Semi-open space Meadows with separately standing trees or bushes, easily run over. Areas occupying less than 10 mm 2 on the scale of the map are shown by sign 401 by signs 418 - 420. If yellow becomes dominant, it is possible to replace the fill with a 75% dot grid. Colour: yellow (20 lines/cm).
	403 inconvenient Wastes, clearings, planted forests (trees up to 1 meter high) or other open spaces with difficult running surface (vegetation), such as heather, tall grass or small knots in clearings. The sign may be combined with sign 407 or to indicate a change in mileage conditions. Colour: yellow 50% (60 lines/cm).
	404 Inconvenient with light forest Rare woods due to inconvenience. In cases where vegetation groups shown in white or green merge, such groups are generalized and shown in a regular pattern consisting of large white dots on a yellow background. Areas that occupy less than 10 mm 2 on the scale of the map are shown with the sign 403 . Individual trees can be added with signs 418 - 420 . Colour: yellow 70% (60 lines/cm), white 48.5% (14.3 lines/cm).
	405 Forest: easy to run A forest typical of the area, well run. If the area does not have a well-run forest, then the map should not be white. White color.
	406 Forest: slow run Dense forest with low visibility, reducing running speed to 60 - 80% of normal. Colour: green 30% (60 lines/cm).
	407 Undergrowth: Slow Run Dense undergrowth that does not restrict visibility (brambles, heather, undersized shrubs), as well as deadwood or cut branches that reduce running speed to 60 - 80% of normal. It is possible to use this sign in combination with signs 406 or . Colour: green 14.3% (11.9 lines/cm).
	408 Forest: hard to run Dense forest with low visibility, reducing running speed to 20 - 60% of normal. Colour: green 60% (60 lines/cm).
	409 Undergrowth: hard to run Dense undergrowth that does not restrict visibility (brambles, heather, undersized shrubs), as well as deadwood or cut branches that reduce running speed to 20 - 60% of normal. It is possible to use this sign in combination with signs 406 or . Colour: green 28.6% (23.8 lines/cm).
	410 Impenetrable vegetation Dense forest or undergrowth reduces running speed by 0 - 20%. Green color.
	411 Forest run in one direction In cases where the forest runs well in one direction, but slows down in other directions, white stripes on a green background show the direction in which it is easy to run. Color: green, white.
	412 Garden Plantations of fruit trees or shrubs. Green dots can show the direction of the rows. If yellow becomes dominant, it is possible to replace the fill with a 75% dot grid. Colour: yellow, green 25% (12.5 lines/cm).
	413 Vineyard Green lines can be oriented in the direction of landings. If yellow becomes dominant, it is possible to replace the fill with a 75% dot grid. Color: yellow, green.
	414 Clear boundary of cultivated areas The boundary of cultivated areas, if it does not coincide with other signs (fence, road, embankment, etc.). A permanent border between two types of cultivated land can also be shown by this sign. Black color.
	415 Arable land Arable lands with seasonal crop boundaries can be shown as black regular dots. Colour: yellow 100%, black 5% (12 lines/cm).
	416 Clear vegetation boundary A clear edge of a forest or a boundary of forest species. Black color
	417 Fuzzy border An indistinct boundary between vegetation types is shown only by a change in color without a boundary line.
	418, 419, 420 Special Vegetation Objects The use of these symbols to show off-scale vegetation features should be explained in the map legend. Green color.

4.5 Artificial objects

Roads are of great importance for athletes and therefore the road network should certainly be displayed on the map. It is especially important for athletes to display small trails. It is important to show not so much the width of the road or trail, but how comfortable it is for running, and how well it is visible on the ground. The remaining objects of anthropogenic origin are also good reference points and points for setting the CP.

	501 Freeway Highway with a dividing strip. The width of the sign is shown at the scale of the map, but not narrower than the indicated minimum dimensions. The outer boundary may be replaced by signs , , or if any of these signs should be shown close enough to blend into the black line of the edge of the road. The space between the black lines is filled with a brown dot grid (50%). Roads under construction and under construction may be shown with a dashed line.
	502 Highway Highway with a width of more than 5 meters. The width is shown at the map scale, but not narrower than the specified minimum. The outer boundary may be replaced by signs , , or if any of these signs should be shown close enough to blend into the black line of the edge of the road. The space between the black lines is filled with a brown dot grid (50%). Roads under construction and under construction may be shown with a dashed line. Colour: black and brown 50% (60 lines/cm).
	503 Narrow Highway Highway or paved path, 3 - 5 meters wide. The space between the black lines is filled with a brown dot grid (50%). Roads under construction and under construction may be shown with a dashed line. Colour: black and brown 50% (60 lines/cm).
	504 Improved road The highway with improved surface is suitable for traffic at any time of the year. Width less than 3 meters. Black color.
	505 Dirt road A poorly maintained road suitable only for slow driving. Width less than 3 meters. Black color.
	506 Trail A wide footpath or old road that is clearly visible on the ground. Black color.
	507 path A narrow path or forest path that can increase your running speed. Black color.
	508 Disappearing Path Lost path or forest road. Black color.
	509 narrow clearing A clear clearing less than 5 meters wide. A clearing in a forest (usually dense) that does not have a path or road along it. In cases where there is a road or path along the clearing, signs or should be used, respectively. Black color.
	510 Clear intersection In cases where forks or intersections are clearly visible on the ground, the strokes of the signs connect or intersect at these points. Black color.
	511 Fuzzy intersection In cases where forks or intersections are not clearly visible on the ground, the strokes of the signs are broken at these points. Black color.
	512 Footbridge Pedestrian bridge without a path. Black color.
	513 Crossing with a bridge It is shown by a stroke of a road or path sign across a water barrier. Black color.
	514 Crossing without a bridge If there is no bridge at the intersection of a road or path across a river, stream or ditch, then the dotted line of the road or path breaks at this point. Black color.
	515 Railroad Railroad tracks, tram tracks, narrow gauge railway, etc. Black color.
	516 power line Power line, cable car or lift. Cross strokes show the places of supports. Black color.
	517 Power line on high towers The distance between the lines can show the width of the power line. Cross strokes show the places of supports. Black color.
	518 Tunnel Crossing roads, roads with water hazards, etc. Tunnels that are not accessible by roads or trails are also shown. Black color.
	519 Stone wall Stone wall or stone-lined rampart (mound) Black color.
	520 Ruined stone wall May be shown as a broken line. Black color.
	529 Covered area Territories with asphalt or other surface. Used for parking and other purposes. Colour: black and brown 50% (60 lines/cm)
	530 Ruins Shown in plan, if possible on a map scale. Very small objects may be shown with a solid line. Black color.
	531 Shooting Range The shooting range is shown with a special warning sign. Adjacent buildings are shown separately. Black color.
	532 Grave A clearly visible burial with a stone or other sign. The center of the object coincides with the center of gravity of the sign. The sign is oriented to the north. The cemetery can be shown with symmetrically placed icons throughout its territory. Black color.
	533 Pipeline A pipeline (gas, water, etc.) on the surface that can be crossed anywhere (from above or below). Black color.
	534 Pipeline irresistible Any pipeline that is insurmountable for athletes. Black color.
	535 High Tower A tall tower or pylon rising above the surrounding forest. The center of the object coincides with the center of gravity of the sign. Black color.
	536 Little Tower Hunting tower or perch, etc. Black color.
	537 Pylon A pylon, a memorial stone or a boundary sign with a height of more than 0.5 meters. Black color.
	538 feeder Feeding trough on a special building or on a tree. The center of the object coincides with the center of gravity of the sign. In some cases, they may not be displayed. Black color.
	539, 540 Special artificial objects The use of signs should be explained in the map legend. Black color.

4.6 Technical signs

Technical marks are essential for any type of map.

	601 Magnetic meridian lines They are located on the map with an interval of 33.33 mm, which corresponds to 500 meters on a scale of 1: 15,000. On maps at other scales, these lines are located at intervals of a multiple of the round number of meters (50 m, 100 m, 250 m) and are plotted on the map on distance between 20 and 40 mm. The magnetic meridian lines may be broken at intersections with small map details (boulders, mounds, rocks, stream confluences, trail ends, etc.). On maps with a small number of objects displayed in blue, the magnetic meridian lines may be shown as blue lines. Color: black (blue).
	602 Control marks At least three check marks must be shown in the margins of the map. Moreover, the places for applying labels should be asymmetric. Besides, drawing drawing for control of combination of colors is possible. Colour: All colors used to print this card.
	603 Elevation marks Elevation marks may be given to facilitate a rough estimate of elevation differences in the map area. Elevation values ​​are rounded to whole meters. The inscriptions are oriented. The water lines are given on a blue background. Black color.

4.7 Signs for marking elements of the course

Course elements must be printed on the map, at least for members of the elite groups. For other categories of participants, it is possible to apply distances manually. The sizes correspond to all map scales.

	701 Start The starting point or the card distribution point (if they do not match) is shown by a regular triangle oriented towards the first control. The center of the triangle shows the starting point (beginning of orientation). Color: purple.
	702 Checkpoint KP is indicated by a circle. The center of the circle coincides with the point of setting the CP. The circle segment should not obscure the fine details of the map. Color: purple.
	703 Checkpoint number The CP number is located next to the CP sign in such a way that the card details are not covered. The figure is oriented to the north. Color: purple.
	704 line The lines connecting the elements of the course in the order of passage should not cover the small elements of the map. Color: purple.
	705 Marked areas Shown on the map as a dotted line. Color: purple.
	706 Finish Represented by two concentric circles. Color: purple.
	707 Forbidden line A line that is forbidden to be crossed during the competition. Color: purple.
	708 pass The place where various obstacles can be crossed during the competition. Color: purple.
	712 First Aid First aid point. Color: purple.
	713 Food point Food point that does not coincide with the checkpoint. Color: purple.