The ball was made from the bladders of animals, which quickly became unusable if they were hit hard enough. Ball technology changed dramatically with the discovery of vulcanized rubber in 1838 by Charles Goodyear. In 1855, Goodyear introduced the first ball made from rubber. The use of rubber made it possible to enhance the quality of the ball rebound and its strength.

Quality and parameters

• has a spherical shape;
• made of leather or other material suitable for these purposes;
• has a circumference of not more than 70 cm (28 inches) and not less than 68 cm (27 inches). Standard ball size 5 Size 5);
• weighs no more than 450 (16 oz) and no less than 410 g (14 oz) at the start of the match. The mass is indicated for a dry ball;
• has a pressure equal to 0.6 -1.1 atmospheres (600-1100 g / sq. cm) at sea level (from 8.5 psi to 15.6 psi).

Dimensions

• Size 1

advertisements and are produced with displayed advertising logos or inscriptions. Usually they are made of synthetic materials, consist of 32 panels (12 pentagons and 20 hexagons), and their circumference does not exceed 43 cm. In their structure, balls of the first size are no different from standard balls, only inferior to them in size.

• Size 2

Balls of this size are used mainly for the purpose of advertising and for teaching children under the age of four years. The ball is made of synthetic materials, plastic or material (polyvinyl chloride). The maximum circumference is 56 cm and the weight does not exceed 283.5 g. Balls of this size are best suited for training and improving ball possession. The ball can consist of 32 or 26 panels. Sometimes it depicts logos, signs and various inscriptions of an advertising nature.

• Size 3

Balls of this size are designed for training children under the age of 8 years. The mass of the ball does not exceed 340 g, and the circumference does not exceed 61 cm. Typically, balls of this size consist of 32 panels made of synthetic materials or polyvinyl chloride, sewn or glued. Sometimes balls of this size are sewn from 18 or 26 panels.

• Size 4

Balls of this size are standard for futsal, and are also intended for training children under the age of 12. In accordance with FIFA rules, a ball of this size can be made of leather or other suitable materials, the mass of the ball can vary between 369-425 g, and the circumference must be between 63.5-66 cm.

• Size 5

Balls of this size are used in all official competitions held under the auspices of FIFA around the world. This ball size is the most widely used in football. There are more size 5 soccer balls produced than all other size 1 to 4 soccer balls combined. The ball has a circumference of 68-70 cm and weighs no more than 450 g.

Replacing a damaged ball

• If the ball bursts or is damaged during the game, the game stops. It is resumed with a spare ball from the draw of the “dropped ball” in the place where it fell into disrepair.

• If the ball bursts or is damaged while it is not in play - at a kick-off, goal kick, corner kick, free kick, free kick, penalty kick or throw-in - then after the ball has been replaced, play restarts accordingly.

The ball may only be changed during play on the instructions of the referee.

Colors

The old balls were monochrome, brown, then white. Subsequently, for the convenience of broadcasting on black and white TVs, the ball was made spotty - with black pentagons and white hexagons. This coloring has become the standard for balls and symbols in general. Other balls exist, such as Nike's "Total 90 Aerow", which has rings applied to make it easier for the goaltender to determine the ball's spin. In matches taking place on a snowy field or during a snowfall, brightly colored balls, mostly orange, are used.

By decision of FIFA official games any emblems or advertising on balls are prohibited, except for the following:

• the competition or the organizer of the competition;
• company - the manufacturer of the ball;
• ball clearance marks.

Ball quality control

In accordance with FIFA's quality control system, all balls used in matches played under the auspices of this football organization must first receive the FIFA APPROVED or FIFA INSPECTED marks. To receive the FIFA INSPECTED label, balls must pass a series of tests that include mass control, moisture absorption, rebound, roundness, circumference and pressure loss. In order to receive the FIFA APPROVED mark, the ball must pass, in addition to the above tests, additional tests to maintain size and shape. At the same time, manufacturers of soccer balls must pay a small amount to FIFA for permission to put such signs on soccer balls.

Ball production

80% of the balls are produced in Pakistan and 75% of them (60% of the total production in the world) in the city of Sialkot. Previously, child labor was often used in production, but after Euro 2004, publications appeared in the press on this subject and international organizations for the protection of children, in particular UNICEF, took over the plant. For the World Cup in Germany, the balls were made in Thailand. For the first time since 1970, Adidas has produced balls outside of the Sialkot factory. However, all 60 million balls for sale will be produced there.

see also

• soccer ball monument

Notes

Links

• Soccer ball: design, types, differences, tips for choosing (Russian)
• All about soccer balls

ball sports basketball tennis

On the this moment many sports use a variety of balls. And here we will consider the most familiar types of balls.

Soccer ball.

A soccer ball is made up of three main components: a tire, a lining, and a bladder.

Tire.

Initially, the tire was made from genuine leather. Now synthetics are mainly used, since the skin absorbs water and the ball gains weight. As a rule, PU (polyurethane) or PVC (polyvinyl chloride) material is used. Majority modern balls consist of 32 waterproof panels, 12 of them are pentagonal, 20 are hexagonal. The panels of a soccer ball are sewn together with threads by hand or machine, or glued together. At the moment, the panels on many balls are fixed by thermal bonding.

Lining.

The inner layer between the tire and the chamber is occupied by a lining. The quality of a soccer ball directly depends on the thickness of the lining. It affects the quality of the bounce of the ball and helps to maintain its shape. The material for the manufacture is polyester or compressed cotton. Modern professional soccer ball consists of four or more layers of lining.

It is made from synthetic butyl or natural latex, sometimes from polyurethane. The latex chamber retains air for a shorter time than the butyl chamber. But a latex bladder has an advantage over bladders made from butyl or polyurethane in three main ways: softness, rebound, and elasticity.

Basketball

Inflated ball for playing basketball. The ball must be spherical and of the specified shade of orange with the traditional pattern of eight inlays and black stitching. The mass of the ball (officially accepted size 7) is 567-650 g, the circumference is 750-780 mm. Smaller balls are also used: in men's games, "size 7" balls are used, in games women's teams- "size 6", in mini-basketball matches - "size 5". Basketballs There are two types: intended for playing only indoors (English indoor) and universal, that is, suitable for use both indoors and outdoors.

Volleyball

It consists of six panels of leather (natural or artificial) stretched around a frame. Each panel consists of three sections or rows. The ball can be multi-colored or completely white. Ball circumference 65-67 cm; weight - 260-280 g. Internal pressure 0.300-0.325 kg / cm2 (294.3-318.82 hPa). Volleyballs used in beach volleyball slightly larger and have lower internal pressure.

baseball ball

It is used to play baseball. The ball consists of a rubber or cork core wrapped in yarn. The top of the ball is covered with leather. The girth of the ball is from 9 inches (22.9 cm) to 9.25 inches (23.5 cm), that is, from 2 7/8 inches (7.3 cm) to 3 inches (7.6 cm) in diameter. The length of the yarn used to make the ball can exceed a kilometer.

Tennis ball

Designed for tennis. It is approximately 6.7 cm (2.63 in) in diameter. tennis balls on major sports competitions yellow, but can be almost any color. Tennis balls are covered with felt that modifies their aerodynamic properties and have a white wavy line that wraps around the ball.

ball for table tennis

A table tennis ball is made from celluloid or a similar plastic. The size of the ball is 40 mm in diameter, weight is 2.7 g. The ball can be white or orange, always matte. Since 2007, a different color of balls has been international competitions not used. Until 2003, balls with a diameter of 38 mm were used: the reason for the increase in diameter was the excessive speed of the ball, and as a result, inconvenience for refereeing and watching the game.

With the same goal in 2012, after the Olympic Games in London, it was planned to introduce new balls, but the innovation was postponed to 2014, as the manufacturers failed to make a worthy replacement (the new balls were uneven and quickly broke). It was assumed that the diameter of the ball would be 42-44 mm.

February 6, 2014 International Federation Table Tennis Ball (ITTF) announced the adoption of a new table tennis ball made of plastic instead of celluloid. It is known that the new ball will be marked with the designation "40+", its diameter will be slightly more than 40 millimeters. New ball will become mandatory for official competitions from 1 July or 1 September 2014. The introduction of this ball caused a number of protests from amateur athletes due to the fragility of the original designs of the new ball and their increased cost.

In the summer of 2014, there was information about the introduction of a two-color, white and orange table tennis ball. This ball was first officially tested in the Chinese Super League in August 2014. In May 2015, the ITTF General Assembly must decide on the use of such a ball in all official competitions.

Ball for water polo (water polo)

Water polo balls can be covered with leather from the same materials as soccer balls, as well as with a frame made of rubberized fabrics and an outer shell made of a rubber compound. The dimensions and weight of water polo balls are the same as those of soccer balls. Water polo balls undergo a special waterproof treatment.

rugby ball

The rugby ball has an oval shape. The cover of the ball is sewn from four, six or eight slices of leather. For the manufacture of tires, skins of small thickness (up to 2 mm) are used: chevret, pork chrome - due to which, with relatively large sizes (length - 29 cm, thickness - 21 cm), it is possible to keep the mass at the level of a soccer ball (450 g).

Ball for playing field hockey.

A spherical object used in the game of bandy, where the main goal of the game is to score it into the goal. The ball must be spherical and resilient, with a diameter of 63 mm (±2 mm) and a weight of 60-65 g. The core of the ball must be resistant to moisture and freezing. A ball made of rubber, leather or cork must be covered completely with plastic having a rough surface.

When falling onto the ice from a height of 150 cm, the ball should bounce up 15-30 cm. The ball is painted in a bright color, such as red, crimson or orange. Previously, red balls were widely used, then orange, since 2000 in Russia they switched to pink-raspberry balls. Thus, the wishes of television companies were taken into account - the ball became more distinguishable on the ice.

By size, balls for bandy are divided into small (Kosa, Jofa - 60 mm) and standard (Jofa - 62.4 mm; balls Russian production(IP Perhunov, Sporteks - 63.8 mm). Competitions among senior teams are held with standard balls.

For the production of modern bandy balls, seasoned cork chips are used, which, under certain technological conditions, are pressed into a solid ball, and the latter is then “dressed” under pressure in the so-called plastic shirt.

golf ball

The first balls for games similar to modern golf were wooden balls made of hard hardwood and used in the period of the 14th-17th centuries. In the 17th century, the so-called “feathered balls” (featherie balls) first appeared: they were sewn round leather bags stuffed with pre-welded and softened chicken and goose feathers, then painted with white paint. The manufacture of such balls was a laborious process, so their cost was high. Despite the fact that these balls flew poorly and over short distances, and with strong blow could even fall apart, they were used in golf until the 19th century. In 1848, Robert Adams Patterson invented a gutta-percha golf ball made from the frozen sap of the Malaysian sabadilla tree, which significantly surpassed the "feathered" ball in its aerodynamic properties and soon became widespread. Rubber balls replaced sabadill balls in the early 20th century, and since the mid-1960s, synthetic resins have been used to make them, which made the balls more durable, although rubber balls were in use until the end of the 20th century. The patent for the world's first "hard" golf ball was issued in 1967.

A modern professional golf ball must weigh no more than 45.93 g and have a diameter of at least 42.67 mm; such balls are subject to certification by special organizations such as the R&A and the United States Golf Association; before 1990, golf balls of a smaller diameter were allowed in the UK, so these balls were called "British"

Handball ball

The handball is made of leather or synthetic material. It should be round and not slippery or shiny. There are 3 sizes of handballs:

Circumference 50-52 cm, weight 290-330 g for teams of boys 8-12 years old and girls 8-14 years old

Circumference 54-56 cm, weight 325-375 g for women's teams over 14 years old and men's teams 12-16 years old

Circumference 58-60 cm, weight 425-475 g for men's teams over 16 years old

Bowling ball

Bowling balls are made of polyester (in everyday life - plastic - the material of rolling balls) and various modifications of polyurethane ("reactive resin", epoxy resin, polyurethane with the addition of quartz particles, etc. - materials of professional balls).

The weight of a ball is indicated by a number on its surface, which is the weight of the ball in pounds (1 pound equals 453.6 grams). Thus, the lightest ball, the six, weighs 2.7 kg, and the heaviest, number 16, weighs 7.3 kg. As a rule, in bowling centers rolling balls of the same weight have the same color.

cricket ball

A cricket ball is very similar in structure to a baseball: it is a cork (occasionally rubber or polyurethane) core, tightly wrapped with threads, covered with a layer of leather. For the highest quality balls, the skin layer consists of 3 pieces (1 half and 2 quarters), tightly sewn together and sewn to the winding: 6 visible seams usually pass along the “equator” of the ball (which play a significant role when the ball is served), and the quarters between sewn with a hidden seam - inside the ball.

Usually the ball is red (test cricket) or white, occasionally (due to weather conditions or time of day of the match) - orange, yellow or pink.

Ball (shuttlecock) for badminton

The ball (shuttlecock) can be feather with a cork head, covered with leather, or plastic with a rubber elastic head. Goose feathers must be 78 mm long and shaped. They are connected with threads and inserted into the cork in 14-16 pieces. The disadvantages of plastic shuttlecocks include rapid wear of racket strings, but they are much cheaper and more durable than feather shuttlecocks.

(Football World Cup, FIFA World Cup, mundial (from Spanish Copa Mundial de Futbol).
The official name is the FIFA World Cup (eng. FIFA World Cup).

№	Year	Country of the World Cup		Ball	Winner
1	1930		Uruguay		1. Uruguay 2. Argentina 3. USA
2	1934		Italy		1. Italy 2. Czechoslovakia 3. Germany
3	1938		France		1. Italy 2. Hungary 3. Brazil
4	1950		Brazil		1. Uruguay 2. Brazil 3. Sweden
5	1954		Switzerland		1.Germany 2. Hungary 3. Austria
6	1958		Sweden		1. Brazil 2. Sweden 3. France
7	1962		Chile		1. Brazil 2. Czechoslovakia 3. Chile
8	1966		England		1. England 2. Germany 3. Portugal
Eighth FIFA President Sepp Blatter, left holding the ball, which was in 1930 for the World Cup. Gorden Brown (Prime Minister of Great Britain), holding the ball from the 1966 FIFA World Cup.
9	1970		Mexico		1. Brazil 2. Italy 3. Germany
10	1974		Germany		1. Germany 2. Netherlands 3. Poland
11	1978		Argentina		1. Argentina 2. Netherlands 3. Brazil
12	1982		Spain		1. Italy 2. Germany 3. Poland
13	1986		Mexico		1. Argentina 2. Germany 3. France
14	1990		Italy		1. Germany 2. Argentina 3. Italy
15	1994		USA		1. Brazil 2. Italy 3. Sweden
16	1998		France		1. France 2. Brazil 3. Croatia
17	2002		Korea and Japan		1. Brazil 2. Germany 3. Turkey
18	2006		Germany		1. Italy 2. France 3. Germany
19	2010		South Africa		1. Spain 2. Netherlands 3. Germany
20	2014		Brazil		1. Germany 2. Argentina 3. Netherlands
21	2018		Russia 2018 World Cup Logo Ball "KRASAVA" Confederation Cup -2017 Ball "Telstar-18" World Cup -2018 (for group stage)	Ball "DREAM" World Cup -2018 (for Playoffs)	1. France 2. Croatia 3. Belgium
22	2022		Qatar
23	2026		USA Canada Mexico

soccer ball design

A soccer ball is made up of three elements:

1. Tire
2. Lining
3. Camera

1. Tire
   Initially, the tire was made from genuine leather. Now synthetics (polyurethane or polyvinyl chloride) are mainly used, since the skin absorbs water and the ball gains weight. Most modern balls consist of 32 waterproof panels, 12 of them are pentagonal, 20 are hexagonal. The panels of a soccer ball are sewn together with threads by hand or machine, or glued together. The first such ball was produced in Denmark in 1950 by Select. It began to be used worldwide after the 1970 World Cup, on which there were such balls produced by Adidas. Before that, a ball was used, consisting of 18 oblong parts and lacing, similar in design to modern volleyballs. This design is quite common and still. The 2006 FIFA World Cup final in Germany was played with a Teamgeist ball.
   For the first time since 1970, Adidas has stepped back from the traditional 32-panel tire configuration.
   and introduced the 14-panel ball.
   The panels of the ball were bonded using thermal bonding. The official match ball for the 2010 South African World Cup was the Adidas Jabulani.
   The structure of the soccer ball is made up of 8 panels, also thermally bonded to each other.
2. Lining
   The inner layer between the tire and the chamber is occupied by a lining.
   The quality of a soccer ball directly depends on the thickness of the lining. It affects the quality of the bounce of the ball and helps to maintain its shape. The material for the manufacture is polyester or compressed cotton. A modern professional soccer ball consists of four or more layers of lining.
3. Camera
   It is made from synthetic butyl or natural latex, sometimes from polyurethane. The latex chamber retains air for a shorter time than the butyl chamber. But a latex bladder has an advantage over bladders made from butyl or polyurethane in three main ways: softness, rebound, and elasticity.

Soccer ball parameters:

• circumference not more than 70 cm (28 inches) and not less than 68 cm (27 inches).
  The standard ball size is 5 (Eng. Size 5).
• the weight of the ball is not more than 450 g (16 oz) and not less than 410 g (14 oz).
  The mass is indicated for a dry ball.
• pressure - 0.6-1.1 atmospheres (600-1100 g / sq. cm) at sea level.

Football lexicon

• BUT voska (slang) - goal net.
• Own goal - a ball scored by a football player in his own goal
• Out (from English out, exit) - the ball goes beyond the sideline
• Outsider - the team at the end of the standings
• AT orota (football) - a design of two rods and a crossbar on the edge of the field, where players try to score the ball. Size - 7.32 meters by 2.44 meters
• Goalkeeper's area - the area inside the penalty area in which any fight with the goalkeeper is prohibited
• G handicap - a competition in which one of the teams receives some advantage (handicap) in advance
• Goal in the dressing room - a goal in the last minutes of the first half
• Goalkeeper (from English Goalkeeper) - goalkeeper
• Mustard plaster (slang) - yellow card
• D evyatka - the slang name for the upper areas of the gate, located to the right and left of the goalkeeper's hands in the immediate vicinity of the crossbar. The name comes from the one used in training process an exercise in which if a player hits the specified zones, he is awarded 9 points
• Derby - a match of principle between two rival teams from the same city or region
• Deca-trick - ten goals scored by a player in one match
• Dribbling - the movement of the player in possession of the ball, with the stroke of the opponent player(s)
• And nside - a slightly pulled back player of the attacking line, located between the attacking line and the midfield line. Plays the role of a liaison
• Artificial offside - an offside position deliberately created by the players of the defending team
• To ambiback (from the English. comeback - return) - a situation in which one of the teams wins back the gap in the score
• Keeper (short for English Goalkeeper) - goalkeeper
• Corner (from English corner) - corner kick
• Coach (from English coach) - Main coach(in Britain - a coach).
• Circle - phase group tournament or championship, during which the team meets with all its opponents once
• L Legionary - a club player who does not have the citizenship of the country in the national championship of which he participates
• Libero - free defender
• M undial (from Spanish mundial - world) - world championship
• O fside - offside position.
  An offside position is a rule that determines the position of the attacking player in relation to the players of the defending team as unacceptable and stops the attack on the opponent's goal. Decisions on the presence of an offside position are taken by the side assistant referees
• P enalti (from English penalty) - 11-meter free kick
• Playmaker (from English playmaker) - passer; the player through which attacks most often go; the player making the play (usually an attacking midfielder)
• Poker - four goals scored by one player in one match
• R eferi - referee(chief referee, referee in the field)
• Rose - fan scarf
• FROM viper - free defender
• Free kick is an indirect free kick. A goal from this free kick is only awarded if at least one player from either team touches the ball on its way to the goal
• Stryker (from the English strike, to beat or from the English striker, the hammer) - 1) a pronounced striker, center forward, 2) any player who is a constant threat to the opponent's goal, usually often scoring players
• Rusk (slang for football statistics) - a match in which the goalkeeper did not concede a goal
• Rusk with raisins (slang for football statistics) - a match in which the goalkeeper did not concede a goal and reflected a penalty
• T point - a mark in the penalty area for breaking a 11-meter free kick
• Transfer - transfer of a player for money from one club to another
• F orvard (from English forward) - striker
• Foul (from English foul) - violation of the rules
• X no-trick - three goals scored by one player in one match
• Midfielder (from the English. Half-back) - midfielder
• W Vedka or Swede - outer side feet
• Six - the slang name for the lower zones of the gate alignment, located in close proximity to both posts. The name comes from the exercise used in the training process, in which if a player hits the specified zones, he is awarded 6 points.
• Bar - side goal post
• Penalty area - the area in front of the goal, within which the goalkeeper is allowed to play with his hands. Any violation of the rules by players in the penalty area of ​​their goal is punishable by a penalty kick
• SCH yochka - inner side feet

Great Britain and France claim the right to call the most popular game in the world, in which the ball is struck with a bat, to some extent “their own”. In particular, in Foggy Albion they are sure that baseball, which actually appeared in the USA, is a distant relative of the ancient British and Irish bast shoes. The French refer to the painting of 1344. It depicts some priests playing la soule, a game very similar to modern baseball.

The main goal of a competition involving two teams, each with 9 or 10 people, is to score more runs/points than the opponent. A point is scored if a player of the attacking team runs through all the "bases" located in the corners of the square. Actually, the name (it’s like baseball) comes from the words base - “base, base” and ball - “ball”. And in Russia, he became very popular, thanks to baseball caps.

It is known that baseball is now played in more than 120 countries around the world. But he received the greatest popularity in the United States, as well as in Cuba, Venezuela, China, Japan and South Korea. Since 1938, the world championships have been held among men, and since 2004 - among women. From 1986 to 2005 this sport was included in the official program of the Olympic Games.

Softball

By analogy with football and futsal, baseball also has a "little brother" - softball. It is played not only outdoors, but also indoors, but smaller. By the way, the women's softball, which was born in 1887, was also in Olympic program. But after the 2008 Games, he was also excluded from it due to insufficient, according to the International Olympic Committee, popularity in the world.

Cricket

This is another native of England, born in one of the most sporting powers in the world in the 16th century and quickly became, along with football, a national sport. Two teams, each of which, like , includes 11 people, take turns hitting the ball in the field, trying to score the maximum possible number of points and not allow the opponent to take possession of it. There are two main roles: serving the ball - a bowler and trying to parry it with a bat - a batsman.

Lapta

The first mention of an old Russian game reminiscent of modern baseball dates back to the 14th century. Evidence of its existence was found during excavations in Novgorod. As in the British counterparts, in bast shoes the team whose players are excellent at wielding a shock bat, have high running speed and resourcefulness gains an advantage. Each successful run brings a point. Whoever has the most in the end wins.

Historians also argue that the lapta was actively used in the Russian army of different historical periods - under Peter the Great and Vladimir Lenin. Modern sports shoes are common only in some regions of Russia, not being popular outside of our country. However, the same fate is with two more almost similar sports - the Romanian oyna and the Finnish pesapallo.

Baseball is one of the most popular sports in the USA. But in almost the rest of the world, this game is not very popular. Few people understand its rules well. And who understands, does not always consider it spectacular. This article is dedicated to those who want to understand the rules of baseball and maybe try themselves as a player.

Instruction

Get enough people. There are almost the same number of people as in, so for a full-fledged game you need to find at least 18 people. That is, each has 9. Substitutions in the game are not limited, but it is worth remembering that the player who was replaced cannot return to the game anymore.

Remember general information. The visiting team (they can be drawn by lot) initially plays in attack, and the hosts play in. Forwards are those who at the beginning of the game try to knock out a batted ball, and defenders try to throw this ball alone. But further subtleties will be written below. The playground is something like a circle, with inside. The area of ​​the playing field is approximately one hectare. In the center of the diamond, there is a small mound on which stands the main defensive player - the pitcher (the player who throws the ball at the beginning of the game). In the corners of the site there are bases (in the amount of three pieces), and directly opposite the pitcher, also in the corner of the site there is another defense player - the catcher. His goal is to catch the pitcher's ball. In front of the pitcher is a player from the other - the batter. The goal of the batter is to prevent the catcher from catching the ball, ideally to hit the ball with a bat so that no one can catch it at all. There is one defender at each base. Between the first and second base is the defending player - the shortstop. The goal of all these players is to prevent the attacking team from taking the base. It is worth noting that the bases are small bags located at the corners of the game rhombus. Of the attacking players, it is also worth noting three outfielders who are located outside the perimeter of the diamond. Their goal is to catch the ball launched by the batter and deliver it to the base before the batter is there.

Understand the meaning of this difficult game. The meaning of the game for the attackers is to run through all the bases and return to the "home". For defense - knock out the attacking player. In a figurative sense, of course. To send an attacker out, you need to catch the ball on the fly for the catcher, or run to the base with the ball before the catcher gets there. The batter can stop at any of the bases. But two batters cannot be located on the same base at once. After one batter reaches the base or is out, another batter is on offense. After three outs, defense and offense switch places. If the attackers occupy all the bases and return to the house, they are given a point. Each offense plays 9 innings (sets). In the end, whichever team has the most points at the end wins. If the score is tied, an extra inning is played. If the batter knocks the ball out of bounds, then all the batters standing on the bases can return to the home, and the attacking team is given from one to four points, depending on the number of batters who returned home.

note

Baseball (English baseball, from base - “base, base” and ball - “ball”) - team sport game with baseball and bat. The competition involves two teams of nine (sometimes ten) players each.

Useful advice

A point is scored when a player of the offensive team runs through all the bases (square (30cm x 30cm) pads attached to the ground) in turn, located at the corners of a square with sides of 90 feet (27.4 meters). Baseball is usually played with a white ball.

AT baseball there are several mandatory rules, without which the game loses its meaning. To achieve meaningful and stable results in this sport, you need to study them properly.

Two teams are formed to participate in the game. Each of them should have nine people. All players take their positions - each of them is assigned a certain place on the field. The following roles are distributed between the teams: the players who are within the field defend, and those who have the ball attack. Thus, only the team that attacks has the opportunity to earn points in their favor. In order to switch roles, the team that is defending must make three outs to the attacking side. Only then will the defensive players be able to attack and score points. After the offensive team has three outs, it moves onto the field and catches the ball to defend. The same team that has defended up to this point takes the offensive position and hits the ball. Such a reversal of roles in the ining. The duration of the entire game is nine inings. In other words, the teams switch places nine times, after which they count the points scored. However, if both teams end up with the same score, then the number of inings increases. At the beginning of the game, nine people come out in defense and take their positions on the field. And only one player from the attacking team comes out to hit the ball. They call him the "hitter". The pitcher throws the ball to the hitting player in a certain area marked on the field and called the strike zone, and he, in turn, must hit the ball with a bat. If the pitcher makes four misses by throwing the ball past the strike zone, a situation called a "ball" is obtained, and if he makes three accurate hits and the batter misses - . Three strikes are called an out. Whether the ball hit the right zone is determined by the referee. If the batted ball does not hit the field boundaries, the hit is called a falball and counts as a strike for the team. If the ball is in the field, hitting first base, and the defense catches the ball and passes it to his player at first base. When the ball is in place before the batter, the offensive team gets an out, if the other way around, the batter stays on the base and gets a save. Now the next player takes the bat instead of him. After hitting the ball, he runs to first base, and the previous batter to the next. A team gets one point if it manages to run through all four bases and return to first. If the pitcher allows four balls, the batter also returns to first base and the team scores a point. A hit that sends the ball across the field and out of bounds without touching the ground is called a home run. A point is automatically awarded to the team for it.

Football is a popular game that has a lot of fans and fans all over the world. To realize the desire to become a football player - amateurs and professionals, acquire a soccer ball. Many people love to play football, of any age, gender, social class or nationality. After all, this game brings together, unites and gives a huge amount of emotions.

This is an important attribute of playing football familiar from childhood. It is not to be confused with any other sport. However, even an avid football fan does not know the answer to the question about the main parameters of this sports equipment: soccer ball size - important point in his choice. For purposes, balls of a certain size are purchased. The weight of the soccer ball is also important. The ball for playing football is chosen according to the type of surface on the playing field - grass, soft or hard artificial turf, gravel, asphalt, sand or floor in gym. There are other requirements for a soccer ball. The ideal ball is spherical, elastic, and of the appropriate size and weight.

Excursion into history

At the beginning of the appearance of the game, the bladder of an animal was used to make a soccer ball. However, it could not be used for a long time, because due to the impact on it, such a first soccer ball became unusable. Ball manufacturing technology has undergone significant changes since the discovery of vulcanized rubber, which occurred in 1838. Years later, in 1855, American inventor Charles Goodyear introduced the first rubber ball. It differed from its outdated counterparts in rebound and durability.

Photo 1. A soccer ball consists of black and white pentagons and hexagons so that it can be clearly seen on the grass from the stands.

Seven years later, another inventor - Richard Lindon - created the first rubber inflatable bladder for the ball. Later he managed to develop a pump to the camera. This invention was noted at the London exhibition with a special award. After the discovery of rubber and the invention of the rubber bladder, it became possible to create technical conditions for the mass production of soccer balls.

With the founding of the Football Association of England, which took place in 1863, a unification of the rules of the game is being created. However, at that time there was no mention of the ball in them. Official standards that specified the mass and size of a soccer ball (1872). Until that time, the weight of the soccer ball and other parameters were agreed by the parties before the start of the match.

Photo 2. Charles Goodyear invented the first rubber ball.

After the creation in 1888 Football League In England, balls began to be mass-produced as the need for them increased. At the beginning of the twentieth century. they became better - a chamber made of durable rubber coped with pressure. The soccer ball had a tire and an inner tube. The tire material is genuine leather. The tire was a panel sewn together in the amount of 18 pieces. There was a nipple under the lacing.

In the 60s of the last century, a synthetic soccer ball was developed. Genuine leather was used in production until the end of the 1980s, after which it was replaced with synthetic materials.

As a rule, the balls were made of leather, which was taken from the rump of cow carcasses; for simpler models, leather from the shoulder blades was used, cheap and less durable. There were plenty of problems with leather balls. When playing in the rain, the ball swelled, the laces protruded, the ball lost its shape. The use of leather for the production of football equipment in mass quantities was costly.

The leader in the production of balls (80%) is Pakistan. And the manufacturers of the city of Sialkot, on the territory of this country, produce 60% of the balls from the world production. Previously, the owners of the plant used child labor in production. At the end of the 2004 European Championship, this topic was raised by journalists. After the intervention of international organizations for the protection of children, the problem was resolved. For the World Cup, which was held in Germany, the balls for the game were presented by manufacturers from Thailand.

Photo 3. The main country of production of soccer balls is Pakistan.

Interesting facts from the history of soccer balls:

• the matches of the 1970 World Cup, which took place in Mexico, were shown on television. For this, the Telstar soccer ball was developed. It consisted of 32 black and white pieces, as the designers, while developing the product, tried to make the ball visible on the screen;
• the product Tango Duralast, which was made for the 1978 World Cup in Argentina, consisted of 20 pieces: 12 white circles were located on a black background;
• At the 1982 World Cup in Spain, the Tango España leather soccer ball was used in last time. Rubber was considered an innovation, which was applied to the seams in order to reduce the absorption of water;
• At the World Cup in Mexico, in 1986, they played with the Azteca ball, the material of which was polymer materials;
• The Etrusco Unico ball played in the 1990 World Cup used foam for one layer;
• Questra - the ball played by the teams at the 1994 World Cup in the United States. Five types of materials were used in its production. The product was subjected to serious testing at that time;
• The Tricolore, which was played at the 1998 World Cup in France, used synthetic foam to give the ball a soft touch and bounce;
• At the World Championship in Korea-Japan, in 2002, the Fevernova ball was used, the cut of which consisted of 32 pieces. In addition, it had 3-millimeter layers (11 pcs.), The microcells of which stored energy during the impact and contributed to a stable flight;
• The 14-piece Teamgeist ball used at the 2006 World Cup in Germany used heat-shrink seams. They provided water resistance and compensated for surface imperfections.

Photo 4. The Telstar professional ball from Adidas participated in the 1974 FIFA World Cup.

Types of soccer balls

Those who believe that the soccer ball is standard and the same for everyone are mistaken. In fact, there is a difference in how it is supposed to be used. Much depends on the place where the game will take place: on grass, lawn or even on asphalt. In accordance with this, the following types of soccer balls are distinguished:

1. Professional soccer balls - are used for games on all coverings of football grounds. In addition, they are used in any weather. When purchasing them, a quality certificate is provided that this projectile has all the qualities and is suitable for professional games.
2. Match balls. Durable among all types. They have grip during the game. Used in football competitions.
3. Balls for training. They have increased strength, water-repellent coating, due to which they are appreciated by fans of street football, they are widespread.
4. The futsal ball has low bounce and is smaller in diameter than standard balls.

Professional and match balls are made by manufacturers exclusively for playing on lawn surfaces, where matches are held and football competitions. Those who like to drive the ball on asphalt know that manufacturers do not produce special balls for hard surfaces. After all, even the best soccer balls, which are used to play on asphalt or concrete surfaces, wear out and lose their shape.

In addition, soccer balls have a temperature threshold at which they are used for the game. It is -15 degrees. Don't be surprised when a quality ball falls apart before your eyes after being used to play on pavement in the cold.

Photo 5. A futsal ball is characterized by a small bounce and light weight.

Requirements for the ball

FIFA standards table.

FIFA Approved is a mark that indicates that the ball complies with the list of FIFA requirements and confirms its functional and technological characteristics. To receive this mark, the ball meets the requirements:

• have a circumference of 68.5-69.5 cm. In this case, the diameter is 21.8-22.2 cm;
• clear roundness - when calculating the difference between a larger and smaller diameter value, its difference from the average value does not exceed 1.3%. In this case, the measurement of the diameter is performed at 16 points, after which the figure of the average value is determined;
• rebound - when dropping the ball from a 2-meter height, the rebound height is 1.2-1.65 m. An error of no more than 10 cm is allowed.
• a soccer ball weighs about 420-445g;
• wetting - a test is carried out in which the ball is placed in a tank of water and, while rotating it, is compressed about 250 times. The amount of water absorbed increases its weight by no more than 10%;
• pressure in a soccer ball. During the test, the ball is pressurized with 1 bar of air. After 3 days, the ball releases air, the volume of which does not exceed 20%;
• soccer ball shape and size. A special test is carried out in which a ball is thrown at a speed of 35 miles per hour into a steel surface. Not a single seam should be damaged during testing. At the same time, pressure loss, changes in diameter and sphericity of the ball should be insignificant. Perfect option- complete absence of such changes.

Balls bearing the "FIFA Approved" logo are played on official football matches. At all that are held under the auspices of FIFA or continental associations. FIFA Approved hallmarked balls undergo an additional test that simulates 2,000 hits of the ball during play on the pitch. A regular soccer ball will have the same characteristics after being hit 2000 times at a speed of 50 km/h against a steel plate.

Photo 6. Testing the ball to maintain its size and shape under impact.

soccer ball device

The scheme of a soccer ball, which is used in professional and amateur football, is simple. It consists of outer surface, suture material, cotton or polyester lining and latex or butyl bladder.

The outer body of a soccer ball consists of 32 pieces of artificial material or genuine leather, of which 20 are hexagons, 12 are pentagons. This design is called a truncated icosahedron: the ball takes the shape of a ball due to air pressure inside. This design was introduced in 1950 by Select (manufacturing country - Denmark).

An innovation in the production of balls was introduced by Adidas: at the World Cup in 2006, the players played Teamgeist, which consists of pieces of an unusual shape, resembling impellers and propellers in appearance. Two years later, at the European Championship, the same company introduced the Europass ball, similar to the Teamgeist, but with a different coating, similar to a lemon peel.

Photo 7. Description of the structure of the professional ball Adidas Tango 12

Polyester thread is used as a suture material for a soccer ball. Some balls are sewn by hand, others use a special machine. In the manufacture of low-quality balls, glue is used, which increases their rigidity and generally affects its performance. Technology such as thermal bonding is used in the production of Roteiro, Teamgeist and Europass balls.

A lot depends on the internal coating of a soccer ball. Thanks to its layers, the shape is leveled, and speed characteristics are improved. Professional balls have at least 4 layers of cotton or polyester, they are combined with each other. In some cases, special foam is added that improves control and cushioning.

The purpose of the ball chamber is to hold air. The latex chamber retains air worse than the butyl one. Futsal foam is designed to withstand the stresses of a hard surface. The valve is lubricated with a special silicon grease - this will help the easy entry of the needle and air retention.

Photo 8. ManualThe second seam on a soccer ball is made with a bent needle.

Air leakage is due to microspores, the ball needs constant pumping. Latex is pumped up once a week, and a butyl ball once a month. In addition to latex and butyl, polyurethane is used to make cameras.

Photo 9. Gala Argentina 2011 - a football shell with a synthetic surface and a butyl chamber.

Design and colors

When choosing a soccer ball, pay attention to the pattern and design features. The product consists of panels, on which its aerodynamics and player comfort depend. The number of panels depends on the intensity of use and other parameters for which the ball model was made.

Among the huge variety of designs of soccer balls, the 32-panel one, which was manufactured by SELECT back in 1962, is considered traditional and popular. Great option for playing on any surface, including stadiums and futsals.

The color of a soccer ball used to be exclusively white or brown. After the advent of televisions, they were replaced by white and black colors in the form of white hexagonal and black pentagonal pieces. This classic coloring is usually used. If for the duration of the match weather forecasters predict snowfall, then bright colors are chosen, more often orange.

Until 1954, the color of the ball remained brown, and only at the World Cup in Switzerland was a yellow ball used. This change was positively received by the fans - the bright color of the projectile helped to concentrate on the game.

The pattern applied by the manufacturers is patented. They make replica balls, which are made from inexpensive materials, but in their own way. appearance they are professional. Designed for practicing techniques by amateur football players.

According to the decision made by the FIFA Football Federation, on balls, in official matches and championships, any advertising and logos are prohibited, except for the emblems of the organizers of the competition or competition, the projectile manufacturer and signs indicating the conformity of the soccer ball to the standards.

Photo 10. 8-panel (top) and 12-panel (bottom) football shells, which were used for games at the beginning of the last century. (In the photo at the top right - a football player of the 30s of the XX century)

Features of soccer balls depending on their size

The size of soccer balls largely determines the goals and conditions for which they are purchased. Size #1 balls are more commonly used for promotional purposes and come with logos, emblems, or promotional slogans. As a rule, the material of their manufacture is synthetics. They have 32 panels, of which 20 are hexagons and 12 are pentagons. The length of their circumferences is not more than 43 cm. In terms of structure, such balls do not differ from other types, if their size is not taken into account.

Balls of the second size are produced for advertising purposes. This option is for a child up to 4 years old. For the manufacture of synthetics, plastic or polyvinyl chloride. The circumference in length does not exceed 56 cm, and the mass of a soccer ball of this size is not more than 283.5 g. According to their criteria, these balls are suitable for improving the level of football players, which consists in enhanced training and improving the technique of handling the projectile. The tire of this type of soccer ball consists of 26 or 32 panels. Logos, trademarks or advertising inscriptions are placed on it.

The third size is a children's soccer ball, which is produced for training kids, whose age is 8-9 years. Its weight is no more than 340 g, and its circumference is up to 61 cm. In most cases, size 3 balls consist of 32 panels glued or sewn together. The material of their manufacture is synthetic or polyvinyl chloride. In rare cases, 18- or 26-panel products are made.

Size #4 balls are intended for playing futsal or for training sessions children under 12 years old. FIFA rules state that:

• this ball has the shape of a sphere;
• production material - leather or other material;
• circumference is 62-64 cm;
• weighs 400-440g;
• pressure corresponds to 0.6-0.9 atm.;
• the rebound height from a 2-meter height is in the range of 50-65 cm.

Photo 11. Children's soccer balls attract with their brightness and causeThe child hasdesire to play.

Size 5 balls are used in the official football tournaments organized by FIFA around the world. They are popular and widespread. The number of balls of this size is more than the production of other types from the 1st to the 4th sizes. The circumference of this projectile is 68-71 cm, weight - up to 450 g. In addition, there are types of balls that are intended for children and women's football. They differ in size and weight from the well-known parameters of soccer balls.

Photo 12. Balls for women's football, as a rule, are smaller in weight.

Manufacturing materials

A leather and rag soccer ball is not used for the game. The variety of synthetic types of leather, for such purposes, surpasses natural material in many qualities. In their structure, they are multilayer hybrids, a special role is played by the top layer, which is based on polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride or materials in which they are contained.

Polyurethane has advantages related to strength characteristics. The mass of microbubbles of which it consists has a number of valuable physical properties, which determine in technical specification: constancy of form (the ability to restore the original appearance after impact), balance (preservation of the trajectory and angle of movement that the player sets during the impact), speed of flight and rebound. The cost of polyurethane balls is more expensive than those made of PVC.

Comparison table of materials for the chamber of a soccer ball.

Less practical, but cheaper is polyvinyl chloride (PVC). This type of synthetic leather is strong. When feeling, PVC is similar to plastic in cold weather. Soccer balls made from this material present some difficulty in handling. PVC is often used to make tires for inexpensive balls.

When comparing balls made of polyurethane and PVC, the former are softer and the surface is more natural. Most game lovers choose polyurethane products. Under the top layer of polyurethane, some contain a layer of special foam, which ensures contact with the player's foot and excellent cushioning. The thicker this layer, the better the contact will be and the ball will last longer.

Photo 13. Polyurethane material used to make soccer balls.

An important detail of a soccer ball is the "heart", the chamber. In its manufacture, as a rule, natural latex or synthetic butyl or polyurethane are used. The main disadvantage of the latex chamber is the gradual release of air. However, in terms of quality, latex products are superior to synthetic ones in elasticity (the chamber is stretched to large sizes), rebound and memory - indicators that are important during the game.

How to choose a soccer ball for a child?

Knowing the main parameters of the purchase, the search area for the ball is narrowed to a minimum. Indeed, when planning to acquire the main attribute for a popular game, many are determined by its weight and size. The ideal option is to purchase a light ball for your child. For those who find it difficult to determine an acceptable size and weight, FIFA offers clear and simple recommendations:

• if the child's age does not exceed 8 years, buy for him a soccer ball weighing 312-340 g, the circumference of which is 57-60 cm;
• for the age category of 8-12 years, balls with a weight of 340-369 g are suitable. Since they belong to size No. 4, their circumference is 62-65 cm;
• children adolescence, starting from 12 years old, recommend "adult" balls, weighing 397-454 g, the circumference of which is 67.5-70 cm. The parameters correspond to a standard ball of size No. 5.

When choosing a soccer ball for their children, some parents worry that the heavy projectile will hurt the child. But if from heavy ball you can protect yourself with good football equipment, then a light soccer ball is uncontrollable. The weight must be proportionate to the player.

Photo 14. A separate category of balls is lightweight models for children's play, which require less effort when kicking.

How to take care of the ball?

In order for the ball to serve as long as possible, it is important to know the basic rules for caring for it. This also applies to the soccer ball. If you take care of it, having studied the recommendations of experts, then you extend its service life. In no case should you sit on your soccer ball and stand on it. You can not hit the ball hard on the wall, because because of this it is deformed, and as a result it will swing to the sides when flying.

When choosing a ball, the game conditions where it will be used are taken into account. Wherein main criterion- weather and playing surface. If training or games are planned on rocky and rough surfaces, such as asphalt, concrete or gravel, then such loads will be fatal for a regular ball. Friction during impacts and jumps on hard and uneven surfaces lead to rapid wear, to cuts in its outer coating. At sub-zero temperatures, you cannot play with a wet ball, since the transformation of water into ice will damage the outer surface and form microcracks.

When cleaning the ball, remove dirt at the end of the game with a damp cloth. When dirty, use a mild soap or a detergent that is used for synthetic leather. Do not use harsh cleaning agents. Their concentrated solutions damage the seams on the ball and its outer coating. Washing the ball can not be carried out under a jet of water with pressure, as moisture seeps into the inner layer. A wet or dirty ball is rinsed with clean water, wiped with a soft brush, wiped with a dry cloth and left in a dry place where it will dry completely naturally at room temperature. Keep the ball away from factors such as cold, heat, high humidity, direct sunlight.

Photo 15. Even the most wear-resistant ball material should be protected from harmful effects, prolonged moisture and low temperatures.

It is important to monitor the correct pressure in the soccer ball. Playing with an inflated as well as an underinflated ball is the cause of accelerated surface wear. When inflating, adhere to the pressure recommended by the manufacturers - this is indicated on the surface of the ball. Basically, this value corresponds to 0.8-1.0 bar.

To extend the "life" of a soccer ball, silicone oil is used. Before inflating, a few drops of it are dripped, which will reduce the wear of the ball by 40-50%. After that, the nipple will become elastic, and this is so important in order to prevent damage to the valve and loss of pressure in the ball. Since the nipple is less elastic than latex or butyl tubes, it is more easily affected by external factors. These include humidity, uneven surfaces, low or high temperatures. Under the negative influence of these factors, the ball fails.

Over time, any soccer ball loses pressure. For some of them, a few days is enough. In a product with butyl chambers, air pressure is stored longer than with latex ones. To know that the pressure is normal, check it more often. They buy a high-quality pump, spare needles and a special device for measuring pressure. Many manufacturers advise on days when the ball is not used either for practice or for play, to reduce air pressure in it. This will help reduce stress at the seams. Thus, the life of the ball is increased.

Today the balls High Quality, belonging to the middle and high class, are produced in two countries: India and Pakistan. There are also low-quality fakes that are made by the artisanal method: by gluing pieces or by hand stitching. Such fakes are easy to distinguish from a professional ball. High-quality balls are made by craftsmen in factories. Makes 1-2 products in one working day. These criteria are important, and it is important to pay special attention to them in order not to get into trouble, but to buy a football of excellent quality.

Video: What the balls of different championships looked like since 1930

Pay attention to related products