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As everyone knows, a sport that also combines dance elements performed to beautiful music, weaving everything into a single composition. Grace and genuine tenderness mixed with sensitivity.
The most piquant moments in gymnastics with video examples All this soars in performances with huge force. Which are distinguished by their clear organization. Not only these elements can be present at the performance.
It is possible to perform elements in the room with the subject. His presence in the room is not uncommon for popular contests. As a result, all this is so magical that all the words in the world are not enough to express delight after what they saw! Also, a wonderful sport is not without its drawbacks, there are many piquant situations and scandals. As in everything beautiful in the world.
spicy moments in rhythmic gymnastics often due to the length of the costume made specifically for performances or its color. Previously, there were no frills, as the rules were held back in a very cruel framework. From which it was very difficult to move away. After many years, contemporaries were still able to do it. On a grand scale. But for now, we'll talk about swimwear in the USSR.
Never stood still. To this day, it is able to win the heart of every lover of aesthetic pleasure and cultural recreation. Now the outfits of gymnasts are no worse than those of figure skaters. Which is really cool! You understand this if you are aware of this sport.
Swimwear artistic gymnasts in USSR Rhythmic gymnasts of those times could not even dream of such beauties. After all, they used an ordinary tights as a ceremonial costume. Well, you can call it habitually - a swimsuit.
But he was so closed that he didn't really look like him. Then the gymnasts were taken a little differently, because there was definitely no way out. Their cheerfulness and incredible energy hid all the shortcomings at once. There, everyone would wipe their noses on modern beauties. After all, the main decoration of a gymnast is a smile. And they knew how to use it to the fullest!
At first, in the days of the USSR, the rules allowed to perform in swimsuits of only one color. Everything was so strict. Then, with difficulty, two-color tights were allowed, but without large and bright patterns, of course. It was very important to comply with all this in order to prevent a decrease in the score.
Most Interesting Facts about gymnastics since the 80s 
The most difficult moments in gymnastics But it happened too! and some moments gave out sometimes, even very erotic. This was accompanied by a change in the swimsuits of the athletes.
During the performances of I. Deryugina, although the requirements were still strict, the fabric emphasizing the figure was already allowed. Swimsuits of the color of bright white snow and even a little translucent have become fashionable.
Therefore, the performances of the girls gained piquant momentum and were considered at the level of such erotica on the then Soviet screen. Therefore, it is not surprising that not only daughters and mothers were fascinated by this beauty, but also millions of men. A simple form with a twist. There were many photographers who, like sharks, hunted for interesting photos of gymnasts in very piquant poses.
What are you talking about, there is such a split here. Modern, popular beauty pageants are relaxing and nervously smoking in a corner. Their outfits acquired so many colors, and seemed to come to life. Fairytale picture, isn't it? Objects and accessories began to match the swimsuits. Everything became insanely in harmony with the overall picture. And the viewer could no longer look away touched by the history of the dance.
The revolution of the outfits of young sorceresses In the wake of all the changes, the "Revolution" associated with them followed. It happened in 1993 with the aim of promoting rhythmic gymnastics in Muslim countries.
Official permission was issued to perform in overalls. Which could not cause wild delight among Islamic cones. In their culture, it is a great sin for a woman to wear tight-fitting suits, and even more so that expose parts of the body. But they don't send their children there. Because they did not arrange scandals. The fashionable novelty eventually became popular among athletes and took its rightful place, becoming a common occurrence.
Since 2000, the rules of this sport have changed dramatically. The media dubbed this period the turning of everything upside down. The elements have become even more complex.
Rhythmic gymnastics in mini New costumes are generally something with something! The changes aroused even greater interest and positive emotions. Now it has become allowed to perform in short skirts and the same dresses.
spicy moments in modern gymnastics thanks to the newly introduced outfits, they began to grow at an unrealistic rate. Photographers did not spare the feelings of young athletes and simply studied them by the millions. After all, it’s hard to cover all the parts when you are busy with your choreography and don’t notice anything around you. Therefore, the selection of a suit and a responsible approach to this is very important.
Such spicy rhythmic gymnastics
In our time, everything has acquired new facets. Rhythmic gymnasts are very relaxed and absolutely without complexes. They are filmed for popular erotic magazines, such as "Maxim". More and more videos containing the so-called naked moments in gymnastics. This enslaved the Internet, and it is worth noting that it completely distracted from the sport itself.
Each exercise in, and indeed any movement, even in dancing, depends on one very important natural aspect - the eversion of the legs. The very concept of eversion is also reflected in medical reference books, and is mentioned in methodologies for. But how to understand the degree of eversion of the foot and can it be developed with the help of exercises?
Why you need to develop eversion and what exercises contribute to its development
In itself, eversion is the effort that is made to turn the limb outward. In medicine, this ability is called supination. It is easier to explain the process of eversion using the example of hands - if you stretch your hands in front of you with your palms down, and then turn your palms up without changing the position of the hands, you can see at what level the supination of the hands is. With legs, things are a little more complicated.
In order to independently check the eversion of your legs, it is enough to try to stand up so that the heels of the feet touch each other with their spur bones. If one foot turns perpendicular to the leg, then the second is unlikely to take the same position.
Immediately upon admission to rhythmic gymnastics classes, future coach checks the eversion of the hip joint. There are several aspects on which eversion will depend:
It is quite possible to develop eversion, because. it is not an innate and incorrigible physical quality (only in some individual cases). Developed eversion allows performing hip abductions with high amplitude when the gymnast herself is in the frontal surface with balance.
Here are some simple ground exercises to improve turnout:
- Sit on the floor with your knees pressed to your chest, and hold your toes with your hands. Tilting the body down, try to straighten the legs, while keeping the feet in the eversion state (as in the 1st position). Slowly return to the starting position.
- Sit on the floor, connect your legs with your feet, and lower your knees along the edges (frog pose). Bring the connected feet as close as possible to the groin. In this case, the body can be tilted forward.
- Similar to the previous exercise, but performed lying on your stomach. The feet brought together by the soles are attracted to the groin, while the back bends as much as possible and stretches upwards.
Among athletes and dancers there is the concept of "upper" and "lower" eversion. It happens that one person has an amazing "upper" eversion - when the inguinal region opens up perfectly, but there are difficulties with eversion of the lower extremities - legs, feet, knees. There are opposite features, but in any case, it is worth working on yourself and the ability of your legs to twist.
Reversibility and flexibility
As you can see in the turnout exercises, they are similar to some flexibility and stretching exercises. This is not surprising, because the development of flexibility and agility of the legs are closely related.
Static and dynamic exercises, as well as mixed complexes. For more effective development of flexibility, it is worth considering some factors:
There are 2 main ways of stretching and hanging the level of flexibility. The first is based on multiple repetitions of the exercise, where the amplitude of movement gradually increases. The second method is static, in which it is important not to repeat, but to maintain a given time in a stretched state. Usually such exercises are performed with complete relaxation of the body.
Foot strengthening exercises
Of course, all athletes, and especially gymnasts, must have very hardy, trained and flexible legs. And absolutely all the loads must withstand one part of the leg - the foot. In order to strengthen the feet, you can use the following exercises:
- Get down on your knees, take in right hand right foot and try to pull it as close to the back as possible;
- Make a lunge position - one leg is bent at the knee, the second is laid back and is parallel to the floor. With a sharp jump, change the position of the legs, while not transferring the effort to the back, but working with the legs;
- Sit on the floor, one leg is bent at the knee, the other is straight. Grab the foot of the straight leg with your hands and lower the body onto this leg as much as possible. Pull the sock towards you;
- Fasten weights at the feet, stand with one foot on a small hill. Rise on the toe and go down on the heel of the leg that stands on the dais.
A nice bonus in the development of flexibility, turnout and any stretching exercises is that all the muscles stretch and keep in good shape - the abs, arms, and buttocks.
A simple but very effective complex
Many years of experience have allowed us to select some exercises that, with most useful work on the development of reversibility. As already defined, this concept can separate the upper and lower parts of the leg. Depending on the goals, you can focus on certain exercises.
Upper Eversion Exercises
Exercises for the development of lower eversion
- Exercise "Fold" - you need to sit on the floor, stretch your legs straight in front of you, place your feet in I position, socks look to the sides. Grasping your toes with your hands, you need to bend down with your stomach to your hips, pulling your feet to the floor.
- Exercise "Fold with pull" - the starting position is similar to the previous one, only the hand passes under the knee, wraps around the toes. The foot needs to be pulled to the floor, but the heel - up.
- Exercise "Spider" - from a sitting position and with knees slightly bent, you need to clasp your toes (passing your hand under the knee). The toe stretches towards itself, the heel forward - you need to try to straighten your leg.
- Exercise "First position" - lying on the stomach, the legs are folded into 1 position, as much as possible engrafting the entire edge of the foot to the floor. You can put your legs under the sofa or ask someone to put pressure on your feet.
Almost every girl who dreams of victories in rhythmic gymnastics has the potential and opportunities to develop her skills. Therefore, despite any comments or refusals to accept in the section, you need to practice, increase the flexibility and eversion of the joints.
Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport, a kind of gymnastics, a competition for women in performing combinations of gymnastic and dance exercises with and without subject matter. Lately no apparatus has been performed at world class competitions. Rhythmic gymnastics is one of the most spectacular and graceful sports that arose in the USSR in the 1940s and owes its appearance to the ballet masters of the famous Mariinsky Theater. Since 1984 - olympic look sports. Until recently, an exclusively female sport, however, since the end of the 20th century - thanks to the efforts Japanese gymnasts began to be held competitions between men.
Applied rhythmic gymnastics is used in the preparation of athletes in other sports (in artistic gymnastics, acrobatics, figure skating, synchronized swimming), as well as in the training of ballet and circus artists. Her means are elements of dancing, stretching exercises, waves, swings, jumps, turns, etc.
Rhythmic Gymnastics Rules
Competitions are held on a gymnastic carpet measuring 13x13 meters, surrounded by an additional area for insurance. Modern program international competitions includes an all-around (one compulsory and three free exercises with apparatus) and a group free exercise with an apparatus. In group performances (a group consists of 6 athletes), either two types of objects are used simultaneously (for example, hoops and balls) or one type (for example, five balls, five pairs of maces). All exercises are accompanied by musical accompaniment. The choice of music depends on the wishes of the gymnast and coach. But each exercise should be no more than one and a half minutes. There are some restrictions on projectiles, but they are minor.
shells
jump rope made of hemp or similar material, has no standard length, because the length depends on the height of the gymnast.
Hoop made of wood or plastic, inner diameter 80-90 cm. The hoop must weigh at least 300 g.
Ball must be made of rubber or soft plastic. Ball diameter 18-20 cm, weight - not less than 400 g.
Ribbon 7 m long is made of satin or similar material. It is attached to a cylindrical stick 50-60 cm long.
Maces- two bottle-shaped shells of equal length (40-50 cm), in the narrow part ending in a slight rounding. Made from wood or plastic. The weight of each is at least 150 g. They have a wide part - the body, a narrow part - the neck, and a round tip - the head (maximum diameter - 30 mm).
Requirements for gymnasts
Rhythmic gymnastics is an acyclic, complexly coordinated sport. The exercises of the program are free movement around the site, including elements of dance, plasticity, facial expressions, pantomime, movements rhythmically coordinated with music without an object and with objects, as well as some elements of simplified stylized acrobatics (semi-acrobatics) in the forms allowed by the rules of the competition, such like jumps, spins, somersaults, leg swings, tilts, backbends, splits. Thus, the subject of study in rhythmic gymnastics is the art of expressive movement.Rhythmic gymnastics exercises are characterized mainly by voluntary movement control. The actions of a gymnast who moves freely around the area are only minimally limited by any external, artificially established conditions, in contrast, for example, to the actions of female gymnasts. gymnastics. Therefore, one of the main tasks of technical training in rhythmic gymnastics is connected with the art of owning one's body in natural conditions.
The latter circumstance largely determines the structure physical qualities both necessary for rhythmic gymnastics and developed by it. It is obvious that in rhythmic gymnastics there cannot be a pronounced problem of the development and improvement of such motor qualities, such as static strength or muscle speed strength shoulder girdle, strength endurance and so on.
Of the qualities that play a big role in rhythmic gymnastics, flexibility in all its manifestations stands out - passive, active, extremely developed flexibility in the hip joints and spine (Fig. 1). In addition, the specificity of this sport requires the development and improvement of fine coordination of movements, a sense of rhythm, musicality, artistry.
Rhythmic gymnastics exercises place significant demands on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems the body of those involved. This is evidenced by an increase in the heart rate when performing exercises of the classification program to near-limit, significant sizes oxygen debt and oxygen demand. Training sessions pass with high intensity (during training, the pulse rate averages 148 beats / min). In this regard, highly qualified gymnasts are characterized by a high functional level of vegetative maintenance systems.
Structure complexity motor actions gymnasts makes it necessary to memorize a large volume of relatively independent movements. This imposes requirements on the memory of gymnasts, as well as on such qualities as diligence, clarity and completeness of visual representations, accuracy of movement reproduction.
The quality of exercise performance (expressiveness, artistry, etc.) dictates the need for the formation of the ability for self-control and correction of muscle efforts, stability of attention, the ability to concentrate and distribute attention, speed of response, speed of thinking, quick wits, self-criticism, perseverance.
One of the essential features of rhythmic gymnastics is the importance of the compositional solution of arbitrary exercises. The trend towards a relative leveling of the technical and functional capabilities of gymnasts who claim to win prizes in high-ranking competitions significantly aggravates the competitive struggle, the victory in which begins to be determined by the originality, novelty of the composition. free programs(both in individual and group competitions).
Injury statistics in rhythmic gymnastics
In a joint work of Spanish, Canadian and American researchers, injuries were studied retrospectively. national team in rhythmic gymnastics, received for 1 year of sports activity. The study involved all 20 gymnasts of the national team, who received a total of 108 injuries during the year, 74 of which were minor and did not lead to missing training. At the same time, 13 (65%) of the 20 gymnasts were injured, forcing them to miss training, 4 of them (20%) were seriously injured, forcing them to miss more than 7 days of training. On average, the girls trained 26.2 hours per week (SD=7.5; range 14 to 36 hours).
In another work, Mark R. Hutchinson studied the injuries of elite athletes on the US rhythmic gymnastics team. His work consisted of two parts. In the first part, a prospective study was conducted - during a 7-week period, any injuries received in the process of training were recorded in 7 gymnasts of the national team. During this period, athletes conducted 490 workouts, 34 hours a week, during which 474 complaints were registered. On average, there was 1 complaint from each gymnast per training session, which is much more than in the Cupisti study, since the calculation per 1000 hours gives a huge value (34 hours per week * 7 weeks * 7 gymnasts = 1666 hours of training; / 1666 hours of training = 284.5 injuries per 1000 hours of training). Perhaps such a strong difference depends on the conditions for recording injuries. In this study, absolutely all complaints were recorded at the end of each day, 80% of which were minor (severity 1-3 on a 10-point scale). In the retrospective part of the same study, the medical records of 11 US calisthenics team gymnasts covering a 10-month period of athletic activity were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, 46 injuries of the musculoskeletal system were found.
In rhythmic gymnastics, not only acute, but also chronic injuries occur due to frequent and repeated repetitions of the same movements and loads. According to several studies in rhythmic gymnastics, chronic injuries occur more often than acute ones. According to the results of one of them, acute injuries accounted for 21.4%, chronic - 51.4%. In a New Zealand study, 50% of all rhythmic gymnast injuries were classified as acute, with the remaining 50% as chronic or fatigue.Localization of injuries in gymnasts
The Cupisti study showed that most often acute injuries of rhythmic gymnasts are localized in the lower extremities - the foot and ankle joint accounted for 38% of injuries, the lower leg and knee joint - 19%, the hip and hip joint- 15% (72% in total - Fig. 2). In third place in terms of the number of injuries were back injuries (17%). The authors attribute such a high percentage of lower limb injuries to a large number of difficult jumps, as a result of which the gymnast can land unsuccessfully.
The study by Zetaruka et al also showed that in rhythmic gymnastics, the lower extremities accounted for the most injuries (53%), but most of them were mild and did not lead to missed workouts. In terms of the number of significant injuries, that is, those that led to the absence of training, injuries of the lower extremities share the first place with injuries of the back and trunk (Table 1). It is also noteworthy that 16 (80%) of the 20 gymnasts complained of lower back pain, for this reason 8 of them had to miss several workouts. Only one gymnast was forced to miss training due to a knee injury, however, 9 (45%) gymnasts complained of knee pain during the year.
Another study showed that of all injuries requiring treatment, 39% are in the lumbar and thoracic-lumbar regions of the spine, of which 24% are acute and 56% chronic. According to Hutchinson, in a prospective study, 86% of rhythmic gymnasts complained of chronic low back pain, and 25% in a retrospective analysis of medical records.
Types and severity of injuries in rhythmic gymnastics
In the Cupisti study, sprains and ligaments accounted for the largest number of specific injuries. However, rhythmic gymnasts reported pain of indefinite typology most of all (Fig. 3). The majority of injuries in this study were classified as non-severe, with only 22 out of 47 requiring medical treatment, compared to 22 out of 34 in the control group. injuries took 4.6 times longer.
In the work of Zetaruka and colleagues, muscle/tendon strain was the most common injury, with 85% of female athletes experiencing this problem. Stretching of the muscle-tendon units occurred on the lower and upper extremities, among the latter, the majority had a mild character. However, 25% of the gymnasts were forced to miss several workouts due to sprains, most of which were localized on the hamstring, groin and ankle. Five gymnasts (25%) had fractures, most of which were located in the lower leg (fracture of the fibula) and foot. One fatigue fracture
was in the lumbar region. Most complaints of knee pain were diagnosed as tendonitis. Also in this study, one concussion was recorded, which required the athlete to rest for a week.The Hutchinson study also shows that the majority of injuries (80%) in rhythmic gymnastics are mild (severity 1-3 on a scale of 10) and do not affect training process. Only one injury in the prospective part of this work caused the gymnast to miss 2 days of training. In a retrospective analysis, 10 out of 46 injuries caused a temporary interruption of training for an average of 11 days (range 2 to 14). One athlete was forced to end her sports career due to chronic pain in the waist.
| Table 1- The number, location and severity of injuries in rhythmic gymnastics at the national level. | |||||
| Lungs1 | Medium2 | Serious3 | Total | Total significant | |
| Head and neck | 3 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 2 |
| upper limbs | 16 | 3 | 0 | 19 | 3 |
| lower limbs | 42 | 13 | 2 | 57 | 15 |
| Trunk/Back | 13 | 7 | 7 | 27 | 14 |
| Total | 74 | 25 | 9 | 108 | 34 |
| 1 - injuries that did not cause the absence of training 2 - Injuries that caused me to miss up to 7 days of training 3 - Injuries that forced me to miss more than 7 days of training |
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Risk factors in rhythmic gymnastics
One of the goals of Zetaruka and colleagues' study was to identify risk factors for injury in rhythmic gymnastics. The obtained results made it possible to state with certainty that such factors as the duration of classes and the time spent on stretching are closely related to the level of muscle and tendon injuries in gymnasts. Each additional hour of calisthenics has been shown to increase the risk of such injuries by 29%. Those who did not suffer such injuries worked out an average of 18.7 hours per week, and those who did - 27.5. It has also been shown that every additional minute of stretching per day reduces the risk of injury by 11%. Figure 4 shows the relationship between the duration of a stretch per day and the likelihood of getting a muscle-tendon stretch. From the graph it follows that you should not hope for preventive protection of stretch marks if its duration is less than 40 minutes a day. Stretching in excess of 40 minutes a day leads to a drastic reduction in the likelihood of muscle and tendon injuries.A Sydney study showed that 14-year-old ballet dancers had a significantly increased risk of chronic injury if they trained more than 8 hours a week. However, most gymnasts train much more - Canada's sub-elite rhythmic gymnasts train 9-12 hours a week, the Canadian national team trains 25-30 hours a week. Athletes of the US rhythmic gymnastics team work out 34 hours a week. Sub-elite Italian gymnasts train 12-14 hours a week.
Among other risk factors in rhythmic gymnastics, many authors identify the so-called female triad - erratic (improper) nutrition, impaired menstrual cycle and osteoporosis
. These three interrelated components of the triad are a fairly serious syndrome, often found in physically active girls and women, which can lead to a decrease in the performance and performance of an athlete, complication of the course of acute and chronic diseases and even to death.Rhythmic gymnasts are subject to strict requirements for a slim figure and body weight (Fig. 6). Kate Roberts states in her review that the mass fraction of body fat in rhythmic gymnasts should not exceed 5-10%. In various studies, it has been found that the percentage of body fat in female athletes in this sport ranges from 13 to 16%. One study found that rhythmic gymnasts tend to consume only 80% of their daily calories. Munoz et al. report that rhythmic gymnasts consume 1828±500 kcal per day, which is below the recommended level. According to various sources, the body mass index of gymnasts ranges from 16 to 18 kg / m². According to the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO), a person with a body mass index below 18.5 kg/m² is underweight. In girls, being underweight can lead to menstrual irregularities. Menstrual disorders can manifest as late onset of menarche (first menstruation), primary amenorrhea (no menarche by age 16), secondary amenorrhea (cessation of menstruation after menarche is reached), and oligomenorrhea (irregular menstruation or an increase in the menstrual cycle for more than 36 days). A study by Klentrou and Plyley showed that 79% of 14-year-old Greek gymnasts and 34% of 14-15-year-old Canadian gymnasts had not yet menarche. The average age of menarche for all gymnasts was 13.8±0.3 years, which is much higher than in the control group - 12.5±0.1 years. In another study, the age of menarche was even later - 15±0.9 years (12±1 years in the control group). Menstrual irregularities were reported by 78% of gymnasts (61% oligomenorrhea and 17% secondary amenorrhea). A study by Zetaruka and colleagues shows that 50% of national-level gymnasts have menstrual irregularities. Violation of the menstrual cycle leads to premature osteoporosis, which in turn increases the risk of fractures due to weakening of the bone tissue. Munoz and colleagues studied bone mineral density in rhythmic gymnasts and found that in the area of loading (femoral neck) bone density was increased, however, in the area not subjected to load (forearm), bone density was significantly lower than in the control group, which may be associated with partial resorption
bone tissue in gymnasts.Rhythmic gymnastics was not spared the problem of doping drugs. To achieve the required body weight, athletes sometimes resort to the help of diuretics - diuretics.
which are on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list. Dehydration caused by diuretics, as well as improper methods of weight loss, can cause increased fatigue and muscle cramps, which is also an additional risk factor for injury.Also, risk factors for injuries in rhythmic gymnastics include incorrect training technique and methodology (rapid increase in intensity and frequency of training), a hard training surface, and an imbalance between the antagonist muscles of the lower extremities.
Lower back pain in rhythmic gymnasts
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| Rice. 7- Rhythmic gymnastics requires extremely high flexibility and a large range of motion of the spine. |
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| Rice. 8- Spondylolysis followed by spondylolisthesis. |
Among the causes leading to pain in the lumbar region are called excessive extension of the spine in the lumbar region (Fig. 7). Achieving maximum amplitudes in motion can lead to acute injury. Repeated excessive extension, flexion and twisting in the lumbar spine can cause micro- and macrotrauma of the vertebrae and intervertebral discs. The most common problems with lumbar spine in gymnasts include spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, compression fractures, damage to the endplates of the vertebral body and intervertebral discs.
vertebrae. Spondylolysis is a consequence of the cumulation of force effects on the interarticular arch of the vertebra, exceeding the modulus of elasticity of the bone tissue. At the beginning of the development of the pathological process, spondylolysis is a zone of bone restructuring (Loser zone), then a fatigue fracture occurs, usually the interarticular zone of the arch, which is called the "critical zone". Spondylolysis is a reversible process. If excessive force is eliminated, fusion of the fracture zone is possible. Spondylolysis is an independent disease. In some patients (approximately half) spondylolysis is complicated by spondylolisthesis (Fig. 8). .Treatment: symptomatic, NSAIDs, pain subsides after a maximum of a week. The differential diagnosis is with muscle strain. For the correct diagnosis, a thorough study of the mechanism of pain is necessary.
Contracture
Muscle spasm is an acute reversible change muscle fibers without damage to the connective tissue due to a violation of biochemical processes - an increase in myostatic tone.
Clinic: sudden appearance, the athlete feels a shortening of the muscle, the pain manifests itself without palpation, the pain is not localized.
Treatment: there is no need for specific treatment, but such an injury should always be alarming - perhaps a signal of a more serious injury, usually caused by muscle fatigue (which is caused by muscle fatigue?). Possible risk factors for injury should be corrected, stretching, massage, in the absence of relapses, you can continue training.
Sprain - Grade I
When stretched, irreversible changes in some muscle fibers occur to a state of necrosis.
, but the connective tissue elements are not damaged. With ultrasound, microfractures of the fibers are determined.Clinic: occurs suddenly, manifests itself at the peak of the load, pain during stretching, pain is localized on palpation
Treatment: rest, NSAIDs, muscle relaxants, relaxation massage, gradual recovery physical activity after 4–5 days (the intensity of the load is limited by the appearance of pain). Full recovery can be judged in the absence of pain during stretching.
Rupture of muscle fibers - grade II
They represent irreversible changes in a limited number of muscle fibers, minimal damage to connective tissue elements.
Clinic: sudden appearance, sensation of sharp stabbing pain, spasm, pain with stretching, with a decrease in spasm - pain on palpation
Treatment: rest, ultrasound control twice during treatment, use of growth factors, physiotherapy (first 48 hours - cold, magnetotherapy, then - ultrasound, ice massage, TENS), eccentric work, taking into account the rule of painlessness. Training loads begin in the pool. Training begins when the maximum load level in the pool is reached. The transition to training in the general group is carried out with painless performance of high-speed exercises.
Muscle tear - grade III
When a muscle ruptures, multiple damage to muscle fibers and connective tissue occurs, and an intramuscular hematoma is formed.
Clinic: sudden onset, severe pain, loss of muscle mobility, slight muscle weakness, spasm a few hours after the injury, local pain, but not point (up to 4 sq. cm)
Treatment: due to the severity of the injury and the length of the recovery period, we distinguish three stages of treatment
Stage 1 (24-48 hours)
- Primary treatment: cold, compression
- Analgesics
- Muscle relaxants
- General recovery program: diet, psychological training, maintenance of general physical fitness
- Anti-inflammatory drugs are not used
- Maintaining general fitness
- Endurance - 35–40 min
- Electrotherapy
- TENS, ultrasound
- Muscle relaxants
- Eccentric work (subject to the rule of painlessness)
- Providing rest for an injured muscle
- At the final stage - a stepwise increasing load for other muscles
- Gradual increase in load
- exercise bike
- Pool
- Resumption of training activity (taking into account the criteria given in the section "Rupture of muscle fibers"
Gymnasts knee injuries
A study by Zetaruka and colleagues mentions that most rhythmic gymnast knee injuries were diagnosed as tendonitis. The most common tendinitis in the knee area is patellar ligament tendonitis, also called "jumper's knee", which occurs as a result of prolonged training, numerous jumps and landings, which lead to microtrauma of the patellar ligament structure (Fig. 10). Since training occurs too often, microtraumas do not have time to heal and accumulate. All this eventually leads to inflammation and degeneration of the ligament tissues. Symptoms of patellar ligament tendinitis include pain in the lower part of the patella, especially when exerting (jumping, landing) and bending the knee. The pain, however, can be quite bearable, which often results in delaying the visit to the doctor. This can lead to an aggravation of the disease, the progression of degenerative processes in the ligament tissue and, in the worst case, lead to its rupture. Treatment is recommended to start with conservative methods (rest, cold, anti-inflammatory drugs, special knee pads) and only when they are unsuccessful, apply surgical treatment, which consists in cutting out the diseased part of the ligament.We could not find descriptions of knee injuries in rhythmic gymnastics in the literature, so we used the method proposed by Kate Roberts - we extrapolated data obtained from ballet dancers. Meuffels and Verhaar describe anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears in ballet dancers. Of the 253 dancers with this injury, 6 (4 men and 2 women) were registered. The authors note that, without exception, all injuries occurred during landing after jumps - batman in men and grant jete in women (Fig. 11). At the time of landing, the leg was in a supinated position (turned outward), which created a valgus
load on the knee is a classic ACL injury situation. All injured dancers were operated on. It should also be noted that an ACL injury is quite a serious injury and 3 out of 6 dancers subsequently discontinued ballet classes due to this injury. Prevention of this injury consists in focusing the athlete's attention on the movements performed, training in coordination of movement, including in the jump phase, preventing excessive leg abduction at the time of landing, and minimizing jumps that require outward rotation immediately after landing. This article is intellectual propertyAnkle injuries in gymnasts
anterior peroneal-talar ligament of the 1st degree;b - distortion of the fibular-talar and calcaneal-talar ligaments of the 2nd degree;
c - complete rupture of the calcaneal-talar, anterior and posterior fibular-talar ligaments.
Ankle sprains
Inversion of the foot leads to stretching of the anterior talofibular and calcaneal fibular ligaments (Fig. 12). In more severe cases the tibiofibular syndesmosis is also damaged. Deltoid ligament injuries are much less common. All of these injuries, with the exception of damage to the tibiofibular syndesmosis and deltoid ligament, can be treated conservatively. As for damage to the tibiofibular syndesmosis, it requires open reduction and internal fixation, in case of rupture of the deltoid ligament, open reconstruction may be required. The copyright of the article belongs toTreatment includes rest, ice packs, anti-inflammatory drugs, and a tight bandage to relieve swelling and pain. Immobilization with a plaster cast is not required. Bandaging or various fixing devices (bandages and orthoses) are usually used. To restore full range of motion, you should start with recovery exercises as soon as possible. During this phase, you need to be careful and be aware of the increased risk of re-injury due to muscle weakness and reduced proprioception.
.A complication in this case is recurrent subluxation of the peroneal tendons. This disorder usually does not go away on its own, usually requiring surgical repair of the peroneal retinaculum, as well as deepening of the fibular groove behind the lateral part of the ankle. This injury can occur on landing when the medial forefoot is on the edge of the mat and the heel is out of balance. This leads to supination
and posterior flexure, which places stress along the peroneal tendon retinaculum. In acute dislocation, a plaster cast may be required. Subsequent episodes of peroneal tendon displacement indicate the need for retinaculum reconstruction.Medial ankle impingement syndrome
Gymnasts also have a medial impingement syndrome (impingement syndrome) of the ankle joint. This syndrome can develop after inversion sprains and fractures of the neck and body of the talus of the ankle joint, after which abnormal flexion biomechanics develops, in which the anterior tibiotalar bundle of the deltoid ligament is pinched during dorsiflexion of the foot, which is located on the medial side of the ankle joint (Fig. .13). Often this syndrome is accompanied by disorders such as osteophyte
talus or damage to the articular cartilage. Vann and Manoli conducted a retrospective study of patients with medial ankle impingement syndrome. A total of 789 case histories collected from 2001 to 2007 were reviewed, among which 115 patients (14.5%) were professional gymnasts. All patients were treated surgically, by arthrotomy. 64% of operated gymnasts returned to their classes.Often there are fractures of the leg and foot. Most often this applies to gymnasts. Fractures usually occur in the distal
parts of the fibula, the middle third of the tibia and in the metatarsal bones. For an accurate diagnosis of metatarsal fractures, it is advisable to use MRI, because. These fractures are usually not visible on radiographs. best method treatment is rest and change in activity level.Foot injuries in gymnastics
Acute foot injuries are quite common in gymnasts due to repeated landings and include subtalar luxation of the foot, Lisfranc fracture-dislocation, and other metatarsal and toe fractures and ligament injuries. Often there are dermatological problems. Most often, foot injuries occur when landing or falling from a projectile.Injury to the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe
Damage to the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe can occur as a result of both excessive flexion (Fig. 14) and excessive extension (Fig. 15), which can occur during an unsuccessful fall, as well as when running or jumping. With such an injury, the joint capsule and ligaments that strengthen it are damaged. Excessive flexion can also damage the tendon of the extensor muscle. thumb, which will lead to the appearance of the so-called "hammer finger". Symptoms of injury - pain in the area of the first metatarsophalangeal joint of the foot, swelling, swelling, limitation of movement in the joint. The injury can be either acute or chronic. In the latter case, the pain is minor and will develop gradually. In acute injury, an avulsion fracture can occur when the ligament is torn off with part of the metatarsal bone.
First aid for trauma includes rest, ice, tight bandage, and elevation, as well as the use of shoes that are unbending in this area for movement. An avulsion fracture or complete rupture of a ligament or tendon will require surgical treatment.
Injury prevention in rhythmic gymnastics
In accordance with the results obtained, Zetaruka and colleagues in their work propose the following measures to prevent injuries in rhythmic gymnastics:
- The duration of classes for elite athletes should not exceed 30 hours per week, for sub-elite athletes - 20 hours per week
- Stretching exercises should be done for at least 40 minutes a day.
- GPT should not take gymnasts more than 5-6 hours a week
In order to prevent pain in the lumbar region, one should carefully monitor the correct technique of the athlete and prevent the development of incorrect skills that can lead to such pain. Also, one should not force the development of the flexibility of young athletes and force them to perform movements with a range for which they are not yet ready. Athletes should constantly undergo a medical examination for the detection of fatigue fractures in the lumbar region, as well as the lower leg, ankle joint and foot. It is necessary to carefully monitor nutrition and body weight young gymnasts, prevent and eliminate menstrual irregularities, potentially leading to early osteoporosis.
References
- Cupisti A, D "alessandro C, Evangelisti I, Umbri C, Rossi M, Galetta F, Panicucci E, Pegna SL, Piazza M. Injury survey in competitive sub-elite rhythmic gymnasts: results from a prospective controlled study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2007, vol.47, no.2, pp.203-207.
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The pride of Russian rhythmic gymnastics. She left her rivals far behind, performing on the Olympic carpet, and now she shares with us the secrets of a great form. The focus is on the legs. What to do to make them perfect?
To make the relief of the muscles on the legs more pronounced and beautiful, it is enough to perform several exercises daily. After a couple of weeks, you will notice changes, the main thing is not to be lazy and do them regularly. Evgenia Kanaeva, who is the face of Venus and knows everything about the beauty of the legs, advises to devote time during training to two types of activities: general strengthening and stretching.
General strengthening exercises:
- 1 Stand straight, feet shoulder-width apart, toes to the sides, hands on hips. Slowly rise on your toes and slowly lower yourself without bending your knees. Repeat the exercise 20-30 times.
- 2 Stand straight, feet shoulder-width apart, hands on hips. Slowly perform low squats until your thighs are parallel to the floor. Repeat 10-20 times.
- 3 Initial position- lying on your back, arms along the body, palms under the coccyx. Do the scissors exercise with straight legs 20 times.
- 4 Standing on all fours, lift back and up alternately one or the other straightened leg. Repeat 20 times with each leg.
- 5 Lunges with dumbbells. Stand straight, feet shoulder width apart. Take dumbbells in your hands and lower them along the torso. Take a slow step forward with your right foot and lower left leg until the knee almost touches the floor, but the knee should be almost straight. Gently rise and make the same lunge with your left foot. Repeat 10-15 times on each leg.
- 6 Running in place on toes for 5-7 minutes.
- 7 Running in place with high knees for 2-3 minutes.
Stretching exercises:
- 1 Starting position - sitting, legs together. Lean forward, trying to reach your knees with your forehead without bending them. Repeat the exercise 15-20 times.
- 2 Starting position - sitting, legs apart. Do inclinations to the right leg, to the center and to the left. Repeat the exercise 15-20 times.
- 3 Starting position - lying on your back. With your hands clasping one of the knees, alternately pull the knees of the legs to the chest. Repeat the exercise 15-20 times.
- 4 Starting position - standing, legs apart as wide as possible. Make deep bends to the right leg, to the center and to the left. Repeat the exercise 15-20 times.