Basic provisions of refereeing

At competitions, judges receive physical activity, not to mention the psychological, sometimes no less than the participants, especially considering that the judging lasts for the most part all day, without interruptions - from dawn to dusk.

The mood of the participants largely depends on the judges. Even when losing, the team, if its defeat is caused by insufficient training, leaves with the desire to draw the right conclusions and prepare with even greater dedication, adopting all the best from the winners. Random refereeing mistakes bring nervousness into the situation; we are not talking about deliberate mistakes that should be severely suppressed, and those who made them should be severely punished.

The main requirement for judges is objectivity based on impeccable knowledge of the Rules and the ability to correctly apply them. Cases where the participants know the Rules better than the judges, and this sometimes happens, testify to the poor selection of the panel of judges or the insufficient organization of the training of judges. The mistake of one of the judges sharply reduces the confidence of the participants in the entire panel of judges. This increases the collective responsibility of the judges, especially since a judge's mistake can significantly affect the results of the competition.

The judge is obliged to treat the participant with kindness, and not to see him as an intruder who seeks to imperceptibly violate Rules.

Confidence in judges increases with the publicity of refereeing. Having assigned a penalty, the judge must announce the error and the number of the participant who made it. Some referees feel that declaring an error unnerves the team. They are wrong: the publicity of refereeing warns the team against repeating mistakes in the future and increases the responsibility of the judges themselves. Declare a mistake loudly and clearly. Departure from this requirement can significantly affect the results. So, at the IV All-Union meeting hiking tourists the first numbers of the technically well-trained teams from Moscow and Leningrad made mistakes at the stage of the hanging crossing, which were repeated by the rest of the participants of these teams. And although the judges' fixation of errors was correct, the judges, apparently, did not announce it loudly and clearly enough, because the participants continued to repeat the same mistake. As a result, the total penalty of the teams far exceeded the time required to correct the error.

When announcing a mistake, the judge should not enter into an argument with the participant, coaches or team representatives, give any additional explanations. This can and even should be done at the end of the competition. During the passage of the distance, the participants, and the coaches, are excited and are not always able to correctly assess their actions. You should not enter into polemics with the audience (or fall under their influence), even if there are good specialists among them. Most often, they cannot correctly fix the error at a distance, and perhaps they do not want to do this.

The approach to judging may be determined by the technical level of the tourists. So, at the competitions of well-trained mountain tourists, violations related only to ensuring safety are fined. At competitions, pedestrians who have a weaker command of the technical methods of movement in the mountains are fined, in addition, violations of the previously agreed rules for the implementation of the Movement.

Referring judges to the participants must be polite - familiarity, neglect, and even more rudeness can cause reciprocal rudeness. If the participants or the coach continue to sort things out, the judge must give them a warning, and in case of gross violation of ethical standards, punish the team with a fine. For sporting behavior, the chief referee or his deputy may remove the team from the race. With the accumulation of experience, judges develop restraint and composure. It is desirable that the judges address the participants as little as possible on the course. However, if the error is related to safety, it must be corrected immediately. For example, the loss of a carbine should simply be fixed, and a violation in insurance should be immediately corrected. We will return to the issues of safety in refereeing.

High refereeing qualifications allow in the absolute majority of cases, without irritating the team, to visually determine an error, for example, an unscrewed clutch of a carabiner or an incorrectly tied knot. However, this does not exclude the possibility of checking the correctness of the reception.

A referee's mistake (usually it indicates insufficient preparation of referees) must be recognized in a timely manner and, after apologizing to the team, corrected. If the error can affect the temporary result, then you can compensate for the additional time spent or, in extreme cases, at the direction of the chief judge, allow the repetition of the stage or distance. Such a case most often occurs at an insufficiently well-equipped distance. So, at the All-Russian pedestrian competitions in 1986 in the Moscow region, at the stage of a hinged crossing, a support for pulling a rope pulled out. As a result, the team that worked on the stage received a judge's time cut in anticipation of the release of the parallel line of the route and thus some advantage. It is also possible that the referee's insurance rope jams, the support loop may burst, etc.

One of the important factors that reduce the likelihood of refereeing errors is the joint (team) refereeing of technical errors. If there are two or more judges at the stage, the technical penalty can be further discussed by the judging panel. In case of disagreement, the decision is made by the senior referee of the stage. If (which is extremely rare) the chief judge cannot make a decision on his own, the chief judge or his deputy is connected to this. If one or more stage judges disagree with the decision made by the chief judge, the judge has the right to express his dissenting opinion at a meeting of the panel of judges, but in no case should he protest, express or show his dissatisfaction at the competition after the decision has been made in the presence of participants, coaches, representatives teams or spectators. In turn, a senior referee should not make comments to a junior colleague in the presence of participants, coaches or spectators. However, corrective action must be taken immediately.

Judging tactics is carried out by one or two judges individually, with the determination of the average score.

Sometimes the question arises: is it necessary to judge tactics in hiking? According to the firm belief of the author - it is necessary. Judging tactics on the obstacle course puts teams on an equal footing regardless of the draw; it is especially necessary at stages that require the implementation of technically complex techniques on the belay and in the organization of movement. By the decision of the Ground Jury, recorded in the Conditions, a preliminary submission of an application for tactics can be introduced (there is no mandatory requirement in the Rules) for individual stages of the obstacle course (mounted crossing, movement on a rocky section). At the closed distance of the cross-country trip, the need for such an application disappears. An approximate application for tactics, while the teams do not have the skills to compile it, should be posted on the bulletin board and a qualified consultation on filling it out should be organized.

An application for tactics, in addition to equalizing the chances of teams, especially those who perform at the beginning, teaches participants to think through all the actions at the stage. By the way, the habit of thinking is useful not only at competitions, but also on a hike.

Judges must have full dress (white top, dark bottom) and work clothes. Referee equipment must be of good quality and well fitted. The referee has no right to set a bad example of movement in dangerous places without insurance.

The judge must have a distinctive sign, which was mentioned in the chapter "Preparation for the competition".

When forming referee teams, it should be remembered that the coach and team representative cannot, according to the Rules, be judges.

Completion of the panel of judges

The successful conduct of competitions largely depends on a clear distribution of functions, taking into account the experience and qualifications of the judges.

The experience of holding competitions shows the expediency of appointing the chief judge and the chief secretary by the organizing organization before the Regulations are drawn up, so that they can participate in its development. Therefore, the chief referee and chief secretary must be appointed at least 5 or 3 months before the start of the competition, depending on its size. By the time the Regulations are sent out, the members of the Ground Jury, including the chiefs of distances, who have the most preparatory work to do, must be selected and approved. The GSK includes: the chief judge and his deputies, the chief secretary and his deputies, the heads of distances, the chairman of the credentials committee, the referee-inspector and the doctor of the competition. Credentials commission is organized only for competitions of all-Union and republican scale.

Notes. 1. When conducting competitions, it is allowed for judges to combine different duties.
2. An asterisk indicates judge positions that do not require tourism experience.

Table 14

Number of judges per stage

Senior judges and judges are appointed at least one month before the competition.

The above times are minimum, especially for major competitions, because the early appointment of judges allows them to plan their vacations, timed to coincide with the competition.

Proposals for staffing the panel of judges for competitions of various sizes are developed by the tourist section, the club, the commission hiking together with the commission for rallies and competitions and is approved by the organizing organization.

The quantitative composition of the judging panel is determined depending on the scale of the competition, the number of teams and the complexity of the distance. In table. 13 shows the approximate composition of the panel of judges for competitions at distances of I-II and III-IV classes.

It should be noted that competitions even at a distance of class II require at least 40 judges, and all-Union competitions at a distance of class IV - at least 80.

At most stages, two judges can be dispensed with, but at some, the number of judges for security reaches 10. To this should be added the secretariat, distance and security service, commandant platoon, doctor, etc. The figures given need to be clarified depending on the specific stage devices (Table 14).

Tourist experience of the judges must correspond to the complexity of the competition distance (at the distances of the IV class, the experience of hikes of the III category of complexity is required, at the distances of the III class - the experience of hikes of the II category, etc.). Requirements for a certain judicial experience for judges and increased requirements for members of the State Jury have been developed. Moreover, even experienced judges must be trained at referee seminars or conduct them themselves (Table 15).

Table 15

Referee Experience Requirements

Paradoxically, but an increase in the number of judges in excess of the recommended one reduces the organization of the judiciary and its manageability, not to mention the increase in travel, accommodation, and meals. The optimal number of judges will reduce the likelihood of technical errors and incorrect assessment of the passage of the stage by different teams. Involvement in judging of qualified judges and entire teams with great experience joint judging is the surest way to reduce the number of judges while improving the quality of judging. At competitions of I and II classes, the positions of heads of distances can be combined with the positions of deputy chief referees for types (distances); the commandant conducts all organizational work; the secretariat performs the functions of the credentials committee and informs about the course of the competition, etc.

Main judge. The chief judge should always be a person with tourism experience. In addition, he must enjoy great authority, have organizational skills, be sociable, and know the Rules well. His work begins with the preparation of the Regulations, staffing of the panel of judges and the development of the Terms of Conduct, includes participation in the choice of the distance and checking its readiness. A particularly large load falls on the period of the competition. Leading the actions of all services, he must be interested in all issues, resolve conflicts within the judging panel and with the teams, if they arise, make final decisions on protests, if necessary, stop the competition, evaluate the work of judges. His work ends with the submission of a report to the conducting organization. The Chief Judge is primarily responsible for the success of the competition.

The rights and duties of the chief referee are detailed in Rules.

Deputy Chief Judges. Their appointment should be based on the scale, type and characteristics of the competition. So, it is advisable to appoint a deputy referee for a complex rally for competitions. His functions largely coincide with those of the chief judge. A large competitive program at the rally will require the appointment of a deputy for the competitive program. In addition to the above requirements, he must have artistic taste and experience in holding competitions.

If not a rally is held, but competitions, deputy chief judges for types (distances) are appointed. At competitions with distances of I and II classes, these positions can be combined with the positions of heads of distances. The Deputy Chief Judge for Refereeing distributes the judges according to the distance stages and directly supervises their work during the competition.

The Deputy Chief Safety Judge checks the distance (together with the Inspector Judge), equipment, the correctness of the insurance, and instructs the teams. Its work begins from the moment the first teams arrive, includes ensuring the safety of not only competitions, but also training, and ends after the departure of the participants. CSR or CAS employees are most suitable for this position, as they have special training and are familiar with non-standard equipment, with the formation of a rescue team and their leadership.

The position of deputy chief referee for communications and information is being introduced at all-Union and republican competitions. At other competitions, his functions are assigned to the senior informant judge. Its rights and obligations are set out in the Rules. It is desirable that he be a signalman by profession and a tourist.

The position of deputy chief referee for organizational work also exists only at competitions of the all-Union and republican scale. At other competitions, the commandant handles this work. This position is usually filled by a tourist board, tourist club or DSO representative, usually with logistics experience.

Chief Competition Secretary. Heads the secretariat. The timely and accurate determination of results depends on its clarity in the work. A rather large apparatus reports to the chief secretary: secretaries, typists. Their work is very difficult. Sometimes they have to work at night in order to sum up the results in a timely manner. Accuracy, exactingness, ability to work with people - all these features are mandatory for the chief secretary. His work, like the work of the chief referee, begins long before the start of the competition, with the preparation of documentation, and ends with the submission of a report on the competition.

Medical care issues are discussed in the chapter "Preparation for the competition". In the same place the circle of activity of the doctor of competitions is stipulated. It is desirable that the doctor was a traumatologist.

In the same chapter, the tasks of the commandant and the commandant's service are formulated.

Head of the course and his assistants. These positions are one of the most difficult and responsible in the competition. Training of course leaders is a very laborious task. As a rule, the chiefs of distances (assistant) are judges who have judged more than a dozen competitions, have accumulated a lot of experience and are able to see the possibilities of the terrain for setting a logical, interesting route. At major competitions, it is advisable to appoint people with experience in such work as the heads of distances. Important aspect hers is the careful preparation of the course in order to ensure safety and the ability to establish the right respectful relationship with the chief judge, who has the final say in choosing the course. The rights and obligations of the head of the distance are given in the Rules.

Relatively new is the position of judge-inspector. He is appointed only at major competitions, as a rule, from among experienced tourists who have worked as heads of distances and chief judges or their deputies. The referee-inspector should be the eyes of the chief referee, without directly interfering in the judicial work.

We talked about the duties of the other judges in the section "Basic provisions of refereeing" and we will return in the section "Judging at the stages of distances" and the section "Judges ensuring safety at the stages of distances".

The GSK also includes the chairman of the mandate commission, which is created at competitions of the all-Union and republican scale. An experienced tourist or a representative of the organizing organization is usually appointed as the chairman of the credentials committee. It also includes the chief secretary and the doctor of the competition.

When distributing judges among brigades, taking into account personal desire and qualifications, it is also necessary to ensure the representation of different territories at the stages. And although this complicates refereeing (compared to refereeing teams from the same city or region), this should be done, achieving harmony of the team during the introductory seminar.

In conclusion, I would like to advise experienced judges not to give up ordinary refereeing, as this primarily helps the judicial growth of fellow tourists.

Introductory Seminar

The orientation seminar is held to develop a uniform approach to judging. It allows you to familiarize yourself with the distance stages in advance, equip them if necessary, complete the referee teams in a timely manner and give them the opportunity to work together on trial runs of the stages, check the competition management system and communication work. At the seminar, judges are introduced to new tactical and technical techniques and tools developed by the teams for the competition. All of the above confirms the mandatory participation in the seminar even for the most experienced judges.

The introductory seminar should be held in the amount of 16 hours for competitions at a distance of II class and 24 hours at a distance of III and IV classes. Recommendations for conducting an introductory seminar are recorded in the Rules. The curriculum of the seminar (Table 16) and its sample program given on page 110.

Table 16

Sample Curriculum for Judges Orientation Seminar (3-day / 2-day)

* Classes are held in parallel in 2 groups.

For all-Union competitions, an optimal schedule for the orientation seminar has been worked out. On the first day after the lectures on general issues development of amateur tourism, nature protection, safety precautions, there is a distribution of judges by teams and training at the training ground by the entire composition of the rules for judging stages. A platform is selected where the ropes can be fixed, and the teachers demonstrate the technical and tactical techniques allowed for the teams, show typical mistakes, stipulate the recommended distribution of duties between the judges of the stage. At the end of the day, the judges are shown the stages of the course of the obstacle course.

On the second day, having received equipment and samples of forms of referee documentation, teams headed by senior judges equip their stages and, with the participation of members of the GSK - teachers of the seminar, practice judging with the obligatory passing of the stage by members of the team. Refereeing at the start-finish is also practiced, the communication and information system is checked.

On the third day, the leadership of the seminar completes a team of judges to pass the stages and takes an exam on the ground for all teams, and team members make predetermined mistakes. Analysis and analysis of the judging of the passage of the stage is carried out by the leadership of the seminar here in the presence of all students.

The seminar begins with the introduction of his supervisor, the head of the educational department, lecturers and instructors of the departments. Then the students of the seminar introduce themselves and choose the headman.

As a rule, the head of the seminar is the chief referee or his deputy for refereeing. The chief secretary or one of the deputies of the chief judge is appointed as the head of the educational unit.

Lectures, seminars and workshops must be read and conducted by all members of the State Jury (deputy for security, head of the distance, doctor, etc.). The instructors of the departments are the senior judges of the stages. Moreover, if at the main stages (mounted crossing, rocky area) the departments must be independent, then at relatively simple ones (hummocks, poles) the departments can be combined.

During the seminar, the judging teams should work out the conditions for passing their stages, examples of filling out an application for the tactics of individual stages, samples of knots, topographic signs, and all this, together with auxiliary tables for judging at the stages, should be posted on information boards.

In conclusion, I would like to warn against a bad experience when, instead of holding a seminar, the judges mark and set the stages of the course. This does not lead to anything other than reducing the clarity of refereeing and increasing the number of protests.

Exemplary program of the orientation seminar for judges

1. Soviet mass tourism, rallies and competitions (lecture - 2 hours). Rules of competitions, regulations on judges. History and modern level of development of mass sports tourism. Organization of work and structure of tourism federations and their commissions. Tourist clubs, their functions. Tourist sections of physical culture groups are the main link in amateur tourism. The basis of tourism is hiking. Objectives of competitions, their classification. Rules - the main document for the competition. Competition regulations. Applications for participation in competitions, the procedure for filing and considering protests. Permission to participate in competitions. Rights and obligations of participants, representatives and coaches. Regulations on judges and judiciary boards. Requirements for registration of judicial titles. Programs of competitions, offset of results, rewarding of winners.

2. Ensuring safety, nature protection (lecture - 2 hours, practical exercises - 1 hour). Requirements for the level of training of participants, for personal and group equipment. Ensuring safety at a distance, at individual stages. Organization of judicial insurance at a distance. Providing medical care to participants during the competition. Actions of the referee in the event of an emergency. The use of radio communications, vehicles. Search and rescue deployment plan.

Use of water sources. Rules for organizing bathing of participants and judges. Organization of fire prevention measures. Nature protection when setting the distance, equipping the start and finish places. Field camp equipment. The work of the commandant's office.

3. Recruitment of teams, preparation of competitions (lecture - 1 hour, practical exercises - 1 hour). The composition of the main judiciary. Recruitment of judges by teams, senior judges. Rights and duties of judges, judicial ethics. Regulation of issues of interaction between teams before the start of the competition and during their conduct.

Tasks facing the judges during the preparation of the competition. Determining the duties of each judge. Preparation of the necessary documentation, equipment, places for work.

Practical work on the preparation of distances, start and finish locations, installation and equipment of stages, preparation of necessary documentation.

4. The work of referee teams at competitions (lecture - 4 hours, practical training - 14 hours). Competition conditions. A detailed plan for organizing the work of the brigade on the day of the competition. Refereeing methodology, clarification of penalty tables, development of a unified interpretation of violations. Detailed briefing for each judge. Conducting a rehearsal of the work of the brigade during the competition. Credit judging during the control passage of the distance.

The work of the main judiciary and the secretariat

The accuracy of the work of the entire panel of judges largely depends on the GJC.

The preparatory work of the Ground Jury begins long before the competition - with the preparation of the Regulations, the choice of terrain, the preparation of referee documentation. The lists of documentation, stationery, equipment necessary for work are given in the "Preparation of the competition" chapter, and recommendations for choosing a distance and equipping the stages are given in the "Competition distance" chapter.

During the introductory seminar, judges, members of the Ground Jury and the secretariat, as it were, conduct a rehearsal of their activities at the competition.

The first on the day of the arrival of the teams begins the work of the credentials committee, whose functions at the competitions of the regional scale and below are performed by the secretariat. This is essentially the first meeting of the participants with the judges, which should be friendly.

The team leader must present all the documents and certificates listed in the Regulations on sports qualifications, team composition, age and health of the participants.

It is advisable to include an experienced member of the IWC in the number of members of the credentials committee, who can quickly deal with the most difficult issue - checking the tourist experience of team members.

The secretary, the doctor check the rest of the documentation. In the absence of any documents, certificates, or if there are doubts about the correctness of their execution, the final decision on the admission of the team to the competition is made by the GSC. It is possible to decide when a team is admitted under protest - this is done if any secondary document is missing, the presence of which the Ground Jury has no doubts. In this case, you can limit yourself to a written obligation of the team to send the document no later than 10 days after the end of the competition. At the credentials committee, team leaders are given a safety memo, participant tickets, directions for accommodation and food stamps; at the end of its work, the credentials committee draws up a summary protocol containing statistical information about the teams.

On the day of the arrival of the teams, the GJC holds a meeting of team representatives, where they receive information about safety requirements, the competition program, nature conservation, grand opening, training, etc. At the same meeting, the draw and acquaintance with the members of the GJC and representatives of the host organization are held. Experience shows that short meetings of team representatives, where information is given about the results of the past day and the tasks of the next, it is advisable to arrange every evening at a strictly defined time and keep a record of those present. At the same time, before the meeting with the representatives, meetings of the Ground Jury should be held every evening, at which the leaders of the refereeing teams (senior judges), deputy chief judges and heads of distances report on the results of the past day and readiness for the next. There are also issues related to transport and food. The presence of representatives of the host organization is mandatory.

Protests are dealt with at the GSK meeting. In accordance with the Rules, a representative (captain) of the team that filed a protest, and members of referee team where the incident occurred. If a protest is filed against the actions of another team, then its representative is invited. The review should be short and clear. All details must be clarified in advance and the necessary persons invited. Experience suggests that the text of the protest should be read first, then the representative or captain of the team that filed the protest completes it. It is desirable that the interests of the team are represented by one person - the captain, coach or representative of the team. If the chief judge allowed two people to the meeting, it is advisable to stipulate which of them will speak. Then the senior judge of the stage or another member of the judging panel, who was a witness to the incident, speaks. After that, the GJ members ask questions to the two previous speakers in order to clarify the situation. Under no circumstances should a discussion arise at this point. Then the members of the Ground Jury speak, and, summing up, the chief judge makes the final decision in accordance with the Rules.

After the teams have passed the distance, it is necessary to assemble the senior judges of the stages with the protocols and give the captains and coaches the opportunity to clarify certain controversial issues. The meeting must be attended by the chief judge or his deputy. This will help eliminate or minimize protests.

An important point is the display of the distance by the team captains or information about the distance of the cross-country trip. During the demonstration of the distance of the obstacle course, it is desirable that the judging teams are at their workplaces and give explanations about the requirements for passing and about judging possible errors at this stage. It also provides explanations on filling out applications for tactics at individual stages. However, the meeting does not replace the advance information prepared by the secretariat. The following must be posted: competition program, obstacle course distance diagram, competition conditions, auxiliary penalty tables for stage judging, a sample application for tactics (if it is entered at this competition), draw results, topographical signs, samples of knots, various current information. In addition, tables should be prepared and posted to get acquainted with the preliminary results of the competition.

The work of the secretariat is very specific, difficult and responsible. It is most intense in the period of summing up the results of each day and the total results. Referee protocols and cards are prepared in advance for each stage for each team in folders; on the inside folder covers should be pasted with a list of possible violations at this stage and the corresponding penalties. After passing the team, the completed and signed card is transferred to the start-finish to the secretariat for processing. Then the results will be known as soon as possible after the end of the competition.

The secretarial service checks the correctness of the summation of penalty points for all cards and enters the results in the summary protocol of preliminary results. If it is necessary to make corrections to the referee protocols, you need to cross out the old numbers, write down the new ones and sign.

An important and time-consuming area of ​​work is the preparation of the award, for which it is necessary to single out a judge and help him in his work. At the end of the competition, the final protocols are recommended to be distributed to the representatives of the teams.

During the competition, the members of the Ground Jury must be in pre-designated places so that each of them can be contacted. Members of the GSK should, if possible, participate in all events - opening, manifestation, labor landing, closing.

The functions of the GSK members include evaluating the work of judges and presenting the most distinguished ones for awarding.

Refereeing at the stages of the distance

The main provisions of refereeing are summarized in the Rules. Below are explanations of the wording of the errors listed in the tables of the Rules. Along with the clarifications, the judges should be guided by the information from the sections "Basic provisions of refereeing" and "Judges' safety at the stages of the distances", which details the actions of the judges to prevent accidents and in the event of a dangerous situation. Annex 4 contains auxiliary tables for refereeing at the stages.

If the action of a participant can be interpreted in different ways, it should be considered from a security point of view.

There is one general rule issuing fines for technique, which has passed into mountain and hiking tourism from rock climbing: if the mistake made inevitably entails several violations, a fine is given only for the largest violation. An example is the loss of mittens followed by movement and insurance without them.

In contrast to the above, tactical errors are always cumulative.

Controversial issues are resolved in favor of the team members. So, if the referee's insurance worked before the team's insurance, which could also ensure safety, the team is penalized for the absence or termination of insurance or self-insurance (6 points), and not for the failure of the participant on the referee's insurance (removal from the stage).

For an unambiguous interpretation of the Rules, the term "top participant" should be more clearly defined. If the point of team insurance is below the feet of the participant or he does not reach the point of insurance when traversing, then the participant is considered to be the top one.

When attempting to move without insurance or with insurance that does not provide safety, as well as when starting work without self-insurance, the judge at the distance must stop the participant, demand correction of the mistake and set the appropriate penalty.

In table. 17 and 18 penalties are given in points and in seconds. There is no fundamental difference between these systems, since a clear transition from seconds to points and vice versa is possible: 1 min (60 s) equals 2 points, i.e. T: 30 \u003d B, where T is time in seconds, B is the amount in points. This approach to determining the results is due to the fact that in mountain tourism competitions the results are calculated in points, and some stages (crossings, movement along rocky terrain, ascent, traverse, descent and transportation of the "victim") are common for hiking and mountain tourism. In hiking tourism, for a long time, fines were calculated in seconds. Uniformity has now been achieved in accounting for fines, which will help both judges and participants participating in competitions in two types of tourism.

Table 17

Tech fines

Notes. 1. In case of an error that can lead to a violation of safety rules, the judge is obliged to fine and, without releasing the participant (team) to the stage, report the error to the participant (team) and demand its correction.
2. At stages 21-23, no penalty points are given, but the obligatory Condition is the correct execution of the techniques.

Table 18

Tactic Penalties

The system of penalties corresponds to five groups of violations: I - 1 point (30 s); II - 3 points (90 s); III - 6 points (180 s); IV - 10 points (300 s); V - removal from the stage.

First, let's look at the technique penalty table.

1. The carabiner sleeve is not screwed in. Check - by pressing a finger on the latch. Recall that carabiners with non-screwed couplings or without couplings are allowed to be used only when transporting cargo or equipment.

2. Wrong use of the pole. The pole during the crossing should be placed above the participant along the stream and, when moving, be at the hip; the downstream hand should hold the pole closer to its upper end. When jumping through a ditch, stream, ditch, the pole must rest inside the boundaries of the obstacle. If the jump occurs to the right of the pole, then right hand located closer to the upper end of the pole, and vice versa. Deviation from these recommendations (if the participant is not left-handed) is a violation. When crossing and jumping, incorrect use of the pole is penalized once at each stage.

3. Loss of equipment (per unit). The loss of personal and group equipment is penalized. Loss of a mitten and loss of a backpack with additional equipment are equally punished. If the fallen or forgotten equipment was picked up or taken out by team members without violating traffic and safety rules, the loss is not recorded, except for falling into a water stream or onto an area simulating water. Loss of personal items (knife, watch, matches, etc.) is not penalized.

The penalty does not apply to the loss of the main rope (IV. 3), control weight (V. 3) and protective helmet (V. 5), if it is required by the Competition Rules.

4. One touch of the ground with the foot. In this case, the other leg should be on the bump, poles. Touching with one hand is equivalent to touching with the foot. Each touch is penalized separately. When transferring, the legs are not penalized for touching the grass or ground without support (for example, if the poles are bent or low bumps).

5. Error in orientation. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the possible compass error of +2 °. For example, an error of 8°-2° = 6°, and since the penalty for an error of 3° is 1 point, the total penalty is 2 points.

6. Loss of stability on the route of the sport downhill. It is considered a violation to unintentionally touch the downhill area with any part of the body other than the hands and feet, rotate through an angle of 180° or more, and land with a fall. The emphasis on the hands after landing is not considered a mistake.

7. Overstepping the control line. With a wide control line, a spade is fixed at its beginning. The specified penalty does not apply to movement on a rocky area, ascent, descent and traverse with a given route, where paragraphs IV.6 and V.I should be followed with an appropriate explanation.

8. Loss of the pole after overcoming. Violation is counted if the pole, after overcoming the ditch, ditch, stream, ford, is not moved beyond the control line.

9. Minor insurance violations. The most common are the following:

The location of the hands at a distance closer than 0.5 m from the carbine;
- the angle between the rope running by hand and the direction of a possible fall is more than 90 °;
- the location of the rope behind the back of the insurer;
- location of the spotter under the moving participant, except for the moment of landing;
- the end of the safety rope is not fixed (this condition does not apply to crossings, during which, instead of fixed fastening, it is recommended to release the rope with a knot at the end by two team members);
- a large length of self-insurance, for example, more distance to the control line;
- insurance with one hand;
- the location of the safety rope upstream when crossing the log.

Penalty is given for incorrect insurance of each participant at each point. If the number of simultaneous violations of the participant is more than 3, the absence or termination of insurance under clause III is recorded. 1. In the case of using braking devices, the angle between the parts of the rope can be more than 90°. However, the use of these devices must be coordinated with the team before the start of the team. panel of judges.

10. Error in topographic signs. An error is an incorrect answer (no answer) when deciphering or displaying one character.

11. Each single touch by a participant (equipment) or a control load of water (land) is penalized no more than 3 times. In case of a hinged crossing or carrying a "victim", each single contact with the control load, equipment or parts of the body of water (ground) no more than 3 times or lowering below the conventionally designated water level is penalized. With more touches, violations are penalized according to clause IV.4.

12. Error in the provision of first aid. Under this paragraph, minor errors are penalized (for example, cotton is not placed under the splint, in case of a fracture of the lower leg, the splints are not extended below the heel, the wound is bandaged incorrectly, inaccuracies in the treatment of the wound, etc.), provided that the participant knows the basic principles of first aid .

13. Error when knitting knots. A mistake is the absence of control knots, the overlap of the ropes in the knot.

1. Fall. Penalized when crossing a river ford with or without railings, on a rope with railings, when overcoming a ditch, stream, moat with a suspended rope or pole, when moving over poles or bumps when restoring balance on their own. A fall is counted within the bounds of the obstacle (e.g. a fall after crossing a ditch with a pole is not considered a fault).

When moving over poles and bumps, falling should be equated with the simultaneous touching of the ground with both feet, and also with one foot, if the other is in the air at that time.

2. Loss of a pole (ford). The interpretation of the violation is clear, but it should be noted that the participant does not have the right to attach the pole with a rope. When trying to move with an attached pole - a fine under paragraph 1.2.

3. Sagging safety rope. It is considered a violation if the loop of the safety rope falls below the legs of the insured or the sagging of the rope during the traverse exceeds 1.5 m.

4. Assistance to the "victim" or his wrong position relative to the escort. Violation is the actions of the "injured", facilitating the actions or movements of the escort. The "victim" may give recommendations if the injury does not specify loss of consciousness.

5. Incorrect provision of first aid. Ignorance of the basic principles of providing assistance with this injury is penalized.

6. Loose knot and incorrect movement devices. Violations include:

Inability to tie a given knot;
- incorrect fastening of the rope or incorrect arrangement of the chain hoist during the organization of the crossing;
- incorrect organization of the loop for insurance, self-insurance or rope attachment;
- the device of low-quality or not corresponding to an injury device for transportation of the "injured".

7. Incorrect position of the safety rope. It is considered a mistake if, when belaying on a mustache, the distance between the ropes on the bank is less than half the width of the River; there is no fastening of a safety rope on a sliding carabiner (the carabiner can move on a chest harness) for all types of crossings (does not apply to railing and referee's insurance during a hinged crossing).

8. Wrong movement on the railing, rope. Violations are considered:

Wading above railings;
- finding the rope between the legs during ascent, traverse and descent;
- incorrect position of the rope on the body during the descent (for example, the rope is thrown over the shoulder of the regulating arm);
- release of the rope by the regulating hand without its preliminary fixing;
- rappelling without gloves (the use of a shirt, hat and other things does not exclude a fine);
- loose rope or lack of a lower control knot on a double rope during descent.

If there are several violations, the fine should be summed up.

9. Work on the insurance without mittens. Replacing gloves with other items is not allowed or is punishable by a fine.

The use of braking systems allows organizing belay without gloves, but this must be agreed with the panel of judges before the start.

10. Each millimeter of error in applying the CP on the marked route (in excess of 2 mm preferential). If there are several punctures (marks), the penalty is calculated according to the worst violation.

1. Absence or termination of insurance (self-insurance). Violations are considered:

Each minor violation of the insurance listed in clause 1.9, in excess of three for one participant;
- release from the hands of the rope by the insurer or its incorrect transfer;
- incorrect transition from insurance to self-insurance, and vice versa;
- loss of insurance subject to its immediate restoration;
- an attempt to start moving without insurance, as well as with an incorrectly tied (fastened) knot, carabiner, harness, if their use is stipulated by the Terms;
- skipping an intermediate belay point is penalized if the participant in front clicks the carabiner into the hook of the next intermediate belay point;
- more than one participant is on the railing between the anchor points.

These violations do not apply to additional ropes (for example, to the transport rope used during the crossing).

2. Fall from a log, boat or shore. The participant must go ashore on his own or, if it is expedient for him or stipulated by the Conditions, get on a log, watercraft.

3. Stall (drift over) with self-retention. A mistake is the detachment or slipping of all limbs (drift by the current) without loading the referee's insurance, hanging on self-insurance with subsequent self-restoration of balance. The same violation includes the breakdown of the upper participant on a rocky terrain at the start.

If at least one arm or leg remains motionless on the terrain, the fall is not counted.

4. Deviation from the route marked on the map, failure to pass the checkpoint on a linear route. This penalty shall be specified in the Terms.

5. Sliding off the helmet from the participant's head with immediate donning. The helmet remains on the fastened belt.

1. The fall of the "victim". This group of violations also includes the hanging of the "victim" when the stretcher is tilted on the ropes that fix its correct position.

Fall (drift over) and hanging on the insurance. An error is considered to be a separation or slipping of all limbs (drift with a current) with a delay on the team's insurance. This does not apply to the fall of the top competitor while moving on the rocky area.

Paragraph 2 also includes going beyond the restriction when moving the lower participant on a rocky area, when ascending, descending and traversing, along a vertical railing, when ascending a rope or moving with a pendulum - this is an exception to paragraph V.I.

3. Loss of the main rope. A mistake is the loss or damage of a rope (broken, frayed) with a diameter of at least 10 mm, which was intended or used for insurance, railings.

The loss is not counted if the team members got the forgotten or fallen rope without violating the rules of movement. Breakage of the rope on a sling during the movement of a participant or a control load is assessed according to clause V.4.

Loss, breakage of a rope with a thickness of 10 mm or more, intended for use as an auxiliary (transportation, removal of the crossing), is evaluated according to paragraph 1.3 if this rope was specially marked before the start of the competition, which is noted in the list of equipment.

4. The movement of the participant or control cargo on the water. Violations on a hinged ferry or when carrying a "victim" are:

4 or more single touches of the control weight by the participant, equipment of water (ground) or lowering below the conventionally designated water level;
- prolonged contact with water while moving the participant or control weight.

5. Failure to pass the stage by the participant when removing the team from the stage (for each). This penalty stimulates the fight, even if the team does not fit into the control time.

6. Use of support behind the constraint. It is considered a mistake to use a support on a rocky area. This can occur when climbing, traversing and descending with the support of the body or rigid equipment behind the boundary line for movement or balance.

Touching a loose boundary rope, carrying the body through the air over the boundary line, touching loose equipment (e.g. strapped gloves) are not considered faults.

The entry of the lower participant beyond the restriction when moving along a vertical railing, when climbing a rope or moving with a pendulum is penalized according to clause IV.2. This rather difficult violation in refereeing can have additional interpretations in the Terms.

Group V violations - removal from the stage

1. Going beyond the limit. Movement of the participant outside the route zone.
2. Breakdown of the upper participant with hanging on the referee's insurance. An error is considered to be a detachment or slippage of all limbs. If one arm or leg remains stationary on the terrain, the fall is not counted. Stall at the start refers to violations under clause 11.3.
3. Loss of control cargo. If the fallen or forgotten control equipment was picked up or taken out by team members without violating traffic rules, the loss is not recorded, except for falling into a water stream or onto an area simulating water.
4. Breakage of the main team rope, for example, on a canopy crossing during the movement of a participant or control weight. An error is considered a break in the rope stretched by the team.
5. Loss of a protective helmet. In the Conditions it is necessary to stipulate the stages, during the passage of which the presence of a helmet is mandatory.
6. Violation of the sequence of passing the checkpoint or stages.
7. Failure to pass the checkpoint and stages or checkpoint (given direction), exceeding the set time.
8. Loss of the card.

Let's move on to explaining the table of penalties for tactics.

I group of violations - a fine of 1 point or 30 seconds.

Changing the order of movement (on each section). Violation of the declared order of movement by each participant is penalized. The division of the stage into sections is stipulated in the Conditions or in the application according to tactics (for example, on a mounted crossing, separate sections can be the crossing of the first ford and the crossing of the rest along the hinge, and on a rocky terrain - ascent, traverse and descent).

II group of violations - a fine of 3 points or 90 s.

1. Changing the method of transportation of the control cargo (for each backpack). Violations are considered to be a change in the distribution of cargo, the use of undeclared methods of transportation (for example, the use of a hanging ferry or sloping railings instead of transportation by participants).
2. Changing the method of insurance. Violations are considered to be a change in the method (system) of insurance, a change in insurers. Violations are recorded at each Section separately for each participant.
3. Change of declared equipment (for each item). It is considered a violation to change the amount of equipment taken or the length of the main ropes compared to previously declared.
4. Changing the way you move. It is considered a violation, for example, to move along the railing with clamps, gymnastic planting instead of free climbing, or vice versa. The specified method of movement is specified in the Conditions or when showing the distance.

Penalty points are awarded when the method of movement is changed separately by each participant in each section.

III group of violations - a fine of 6 points or 180 s.

Deviation from the stated route. It is considered a violation if the actually not passed part of the declared route is 10-20% of the route length. Deviation is movement at a distance of more than 1.5 m from the route line. In the Conditions, depending on the relief of the stage, the permissible percentage of deviation is specified.

For example, at the beginning of the stage of movement along the rocky section, the team announced the parallel movement of 3 bundles along the proposed 3 routes of varying difficulty. If for one combination the chosen route turned out to be beyond their strength, but the team was not removed from the stage for violating the requirements of group V, it can switch to a simpler route and receive a penalty for this paragraph.

IV group of violations - a fine of 10 points or 300 s.

1. Changing the method of transportation of the "victim" (for example, transportation on a stretcher is declared, and the "victim" is transported on a rope).
2. Changing the way the rope is pulled. Violations are the use of undeclared systems, chain hoists, pulleys, etc., and the associated change in direction and point of application of forces.
3. Changing the places of application of technical means or techniques. A violation is a change in the previously declared places (for example, the rope is pulled from the other side, the control load is pulled straight up, bypassing the previously scheduled intermediate point, etc.).

Group V violations - removal from the stage.

Significant change in the announced route. A violation is a change in the route specified in the Terms and Conditions and requirements of clause III. If there are no instructions in the Conditions, a deviation of more than 1.5 m from the declared route for a length exceeding 20% ​​of the distance is considered a violation.

Judging of stages 21-23.

21. Setting up a tent. It is difficult to develop clear technical requirements, and even more so to impose a fine on this stage, given the often encountered defects in cutting and sewing tents. We recommend that after the team, having lined up, reported the completion of the installation of the tent, turn off the stopwatch, inspect the tent, point out the errors to the captain and start the stopwatch again. Such actions should be repeated until the tent is set up in accordance with the previously agreed requirements. At the same time, it is necessary to require the absence of distortions, folds on the floor and slopes, and the protrusion of the wall beyond the slope.

Folding and carrying along the route of the tent, stakes and pegs may be mandatory or optional depending on the requirements of the Conditions.

It is advisable that the tents be judges', which to some extent makes the installation standard and thus facilitates refereeing, but it is possible to require the teams to have tents, which is also stipulated by the Conditions.

22 and 23. Kindling a fire and packing a backpack. Judging of these stages is described in sufficient detail in Rules.

Referee security at the stages of the distance

The theme of safety is a common thread in all materials about the competition. It is especially important during competitions, at a distance. We will proceed from the premise that the course is well cleared, the belay and lanyard attachment points are correctly chosen and organized, the crossing area has a level bottom and a good exit. All these questions are covered in the chapter "Distances and stages of competitions".

The main, mandatory safety requirement: the judge does not have the right to release the participant to the distance if there are reasonable doubts about ensuring his safety. In this case, the judge must check the performance of the harness, fastening, the reliability of self-belay and insurance. Finding and declaring a violation, the referee imposes a fine. Movement is allowed only after the violation has been eliminated. In detecting violations, much depends on the attentiveness of the judges. The same requirements primarily apply to technically difficult stages (mounted crossing, movement along a rocky area, cases when the "victim" is transported down steep slope on a stretcher head first).

If a participant (team) is in immediate danger, and they do not immediately react to the situation, the judges must take immediate measures to provide assistance. For example, when passing a hanging crossing, a participant plunged headlong into the water; or when crossing a ford, it was swept away by the current and lost insurance; or on a rocky site lost insurance or self-insurance and himself or with the help of a team is not able to quickly correct the situation; or suffered an injury requiring medical attention.

The intervention of the judges in all such cases is necessary, but the team is removed from the stage. If the referee sees that the team immediately takes the necessary actions, his intervention is inappropriate.

An important issue at the competitions is judicial insurance, which, by analogy with rock climbing, is carried out by an insurance judge. In addition to the relevant experience of physical training and knowledge of tourist equipment, he must be responsible and attentive, although it is psychologically difficult to be in full readiness for hours without being able to relax. On crossings over difficult rivers it is recommended to use two groups of judges-insurers. The first group - on inflatable vessels (such as LAS, catamaran), which are either on a rope thrown at an angle across the river, or afloat. The second group is a live bait insurer (a tourist in a wetsuit, helmet, life jacket, tied to the main rope held by two people). With a relatively calm river, you can get by with a rope stretched across the river. In general, much in choosing the method of insurance depends on the nature of the river, and the above recommendations apply primarily to stormy rivers. But even on calm rivers, precautions must be taken.

Belaying on rocky terrain is also very difficult and responsible. Places for judges-insurers must meet a number of requirements. Thus, the referee's insurance should be as vertical as possible to avoid a pendulum. When moving at an angle to the vertical, it is desirable to belay through a carabiner sliding along the horizontal railing, and if this is not possible, belay with a quickdraw. The locations of the judges must be carefully thought out, convenient sites selected (if you can’t find natural ones, you have to make artificial ones), since you have to work for hours without replacement.

Judges must have a complete set of equipment: harness, helmet, gloves, wind jacket, boots, etc. For a stage located on rocky terrain, at low temperatures, a set of warm clothes is required.

Careful attention should be paid to the quality of refereeing equipment, especially the main ropes. After all, a frayed and broken rope can lead to misfortune, or in some cases it may be necessary to restart the teams (for example, if the judge's rope burst). Checking equipment and places for attaching ropes (hooks, trees, stones, loops) is also necessary during the passage of the distance, since a hook, tree, stone can loosen, a loop can fray, a pole can crack. In such cases, the judges, without waiting for the head of the course, take urgent measures to ensure traffic safety. One of the forms of improving the safety of the team's movement at a distance is the appointment of mandatory collection points for the entire team. Such points, as a rule, are planned before the most technically difficult stages. Greater number participants will contribute to a better organization of insurance.

It should be reminded of the need to have a rescue team or stretcher rescue team working under the direction of the Deputy Chief Safety Judge and in contact with the doctor. This is especially important for cross-country hiking distances, where an accident can occur far from a place where a car can drive up.

In order to limit the possibility of emergencies at tourist competitions, including distances of III and IV classes, as well as in order to further unify techniques and the equipment used at competitions in mountain and hiking tourism, a number of requirements for equipment and techniques performed at competitions are formulated.

1. Ropes:

1) working ropes for railings, hanging crossings, insurance must be at least 10 mm in diameter;
2) the ropes must not have damage to the sheath and strands;
3) to perform techniques, it is not allowed to use slings, braid, etc. instead of ropes.

2. Carabiners:

1) for the organization of railings, hinged crossings and insurance, only standard carabiners with couplings can be used without any design modifications that can reduce their strength;
2) for self-insurance, organization of intermediate points of insurance, etc., it is allowed to use carabiners with constructive modifications, home-made carabiners made of steel and titanium, reviewed by the commission on equipment. All carabiners must have couplings;
3) carabiners without clutches can only be used on transport ropes or for securing free ends of ropes.

3. Blocks and tackles:

1) self-made blocks must have an axis made of steel or titanium with a diameter of at least 6 mm, a thickness of the cheeks of at least 3 mm. Cheek material - steel or titanium;
2) the axle must be riveted or cottered;
3) the total number of pulleys on the chain hoist should not exceed 4;
4) blocks, carts for the movement of people along a hinged crossing must have a safety device ending with a carabiner fastened to a working rope;
5) the design of blocks or trolleys used when crossing people should exclude the possibility of getting hands under the pulley;
6) before the movement of people along the railing or overhead crossing, the blocks and tackles used to tension the ropes must be completely unloaded.

4. Clips:

1) in competitions, clamps approved by the equipment commission can be used;
2) Clamps can be used as aid to organize movement along the railing;
3) it is not recommended to use clamps for pulling railings and crossings.

5. Belay systems:

1) in addition to the standard equipment commission, self-made systems from tapes with connections that provide the necessary reliability can be allowed;
2) the belt and harness must be interlocked with the main rope, the locking system must ensure the independent operation of the belt and harness when the locking rope breaks;
3) a safety belt must be made of tape at least 40 mm wide and at least 2 mm thick;
4) the ends of the safety belt must be connected by a lock or a piece of the main rope. The design of the connection must provide the necessary reliability of operation.

6. Self-insurance loops must be made of a main rope with a diameter of at least 10 mm or a double diameter of 8 mm. The use of slings, rope braids, etc. is prohibited.

7. Individual techniques:

1) the organization of descent and ascent in areas that do not exclude the possibility of injuries during a fall is allowed only with a top belay. The descent of the last participant can be carried out on the upper judicial or team insurance, the rise of the first - on the upper judicial insurance;
2) when descending team members, except for the last one, the double rope must be fixed at the top;
3) when pulling a railing or a hinged crossing for attaching to a working rope, the following can be used: devices such as eights, petals (except clamps); not capable of damaging the rope and providing the necessary safety knots such as carbine; a grasping knot made of a cord with a diameter of 6 mm should have 4 ropes in the working section; from an 8 mm rope - 2 ropes, and at the other end of the loop a double conductor from the entire section of the loop; other methods approved by the panel of judges in advance may be used;
4) for movement along vertical railings in areas where injuries are possible during a fall (in the presence of top insurance), or along inclined railings, it is allowed to use for self-insurance and organize the movement of a grasping knot made of a cord with a diameter of 6 mm, having a working section of 2 ropes, or 8 -mm rope with a double conductor at the other end.

Training of judges

Despite the abundance of rallies and hiking competitions, the issue of training qualified judges is being resolved extremely slowly. The number of seminars at all levels is not enough to provide competent judges for events held everywhere. The training of course leaders and secretaries is especially lagging behind. The training of course leaders is the longest process, previously complicated by the almost complete absence of literature. The work of the secretaries, on the other hand, must be considerably reorganized in order to achieve continuous receipt of information about the movement of teams and to sharply speed up the summing up.

On the training of referees for tourist competitions by judges of the all-Union category Yu.S. Konstantinov and Yu.A. Kuznetsov developed detailed guidelines. Here we restrict ourselves to the most general information.

The training of judges can take two forms: evening - when theoretical classes are held on-the-job, and practical - on Saturdays and Sundays, and daytime - on-the-job or at the so-called training camp. Moreover, in addition to lectures and practical exercises, a prerequisite for the successful training of qualified judges is the holding of training competitions and participation in judging calendar competitions. The preparation plan also includes independent work, consultations.

Physical education teams, tourist clubs, sports clubs conduct on-the-job training seminars for judges - after work, with the organization of training competitions on weekends. Republican, regional and regional councils for tourism and excursions hold advanced training seminars for off-duty judges at tourist camps, boarding houses, etc.

The basis for the successful conduct of the seminar is the timely selection of its leader and instructors, and, in addition to the appropriate qualifications, they must have certain organizational skills and be good teachers. Selection is carried out no later than 3 months before the start of classes, so that they can get involved in the work already at the preparation stage.

Depending on the tasks set, the seminars can be of three levels: primary, secondary and higher judicial training. In table. Figures 19, 20 and 21 show sample curricula for such workshops.

Table 19

Initial training (sport referees)

Table 20

Average judicial training (referees in sports of the 1st category)

Table 21

Higher judicial training (judges in sports of the republican category)

At the initial referee training seminar, which is usually held in a physical education team according to a 40-hour program and where sports referees are trained, the leader and the head teacher must have a registered judicial title, and instructors must have experience in judging city or district competitions and a certificate of completion of the referee seminar.

At the seminar of intermediate referee training, which is held according to a 100-hour program and trains referees in sports of the I category, the leader and the head teacher must have the title of hiking instructor, referee category I and experience in leading the seminar of initial referee training, and instructors - experience in hiking and refereeing. category.

Participants of the seminar can be pedestrian tourists with experience in judging competitions.

The main objective of the referee training seminar is to deepen the knowledge gained in the course of refereeing various competitions. During the seminar, much attention is paid to the fundamental documents on the organization and holding of tourist rallies and competitions. As the practice of holding these seminars in Moscow has shown, it is of great importance to thoroughly familiarize listeners with the experience of judging previous city competitions, an analysis of their achievements and mistakes.

Seminar of the highest judicial training is held for chief judges, chief secretaries, chiefs of distances and their deputies (for all three categories). Training is carried out according to 40-hour separate training programs for judges in sports of the republican category. The head of the seminar and the head teacher must have a rank of no lower than a judge of the republican category and experience in conducting seminars of secondary judicial training, and instructors - no lower than I referee category and the experience of the judging seminar.

The main purpose of such seminars is to acquaint judges with everything new that has appeared in competition judging, answer questions that have arisen during competition judging, point out the most typical mistakes in the work of referee teams, and give methodological recommendations for improving the organization and conduct of competitions.

A special questionnaire for the seminar participants was developed. In addition, a certificate confirming tourist and judicial experience, as well as a health certificate are required. Timely and right choice areas for practice. It must be varied in terrain and meet the requirements set out in the chapter "Distances and stages of the competition".

Training camps can be held both in the field and at the tourist base. In addition to equipment for distance equipment and visual aids, the necessary bivouac equipment is required for living in the field.

The issues of providing equipment or paying for its rental, paying for food, accommodation, paying for the work of the seminar leader and teachers, their travel to the meeting point are decided by the organization conducting the seminar, in accordance with a pre-approved estimate. For the successful holding of the event, it is also necessary to purchase visual aids, stationery in a timely manner, and think about the leisure of the participants. If the seminar is not held at a camp site, then there must be a doctor. In all cases, you should purchase a first aid kit. The head of the educational department, guided by an exemplary curriculum, develops a schedule of classes and approves it with the head of the seminar.

The curriculum, program, schedule, candidates for instructors and leaders of the seminar are agreed with the commission for the preparation of tourist public personnel and approved by the commissions for rallies and competitions.

Before completing the seminar departments, the leaders carefully study the data of the questionnaires, talk with each listener. This is necessary in order to divide the seminar into groups of 10-12 people for initial judicial training, 8-10 for intermediate and 6-8 for higher, taking into account the technical and physical fitness, tourist experience, etc. The composition of the groups should be more or less homogeneous in age.

A clear daily routine is strictly observed at the seminar and training camp. It includes verification constructions, physical exercises. An on-duty instructor and an on-duty department are appointed regularly. The schedule should reasonably alternate between theoretical and practical classes. On the first, a 10-minute break is provided after 45 minutes of classes, and on the second, a break can be taken after 90 minutes of classes.

The training session, as a rule, is divided into three parts: explanation of its purpose and objectives, presentation of the main material, verification of assimilation and summing up.

A certain sequence of conduct must be followed in practical classes:

1) clearly define the rational scope of this technique or method;
2) formulate the sequence of its implementation and demonstrate it in kind;
3) perform the reception in slow motion, focusing the attention of listeners on possible errors;
4) to give the listeners the opportunity to practice the technique in practice, correcting possible errors in the course of execution.

On the training sessions business games are widely used, in which various situations that may arise at competitions are considered, possible options for setting the distance and equipping the stages are outlined. Collective analysis of completed tasks contributes to a good assimilation of the material. After passing a large topic, it is advisable to conduct a test, including answers to pre-designed questions. Seminar participants can take the practical exam during training competitions and by participating in judging calendar competitions.

Modern basketball is characterized by an increased level of game intensification. Various innovations in the rules of the game, the search for active forms of attack and defense, the mastery of new techniques by the players, led to a reduction in the time of attacks and a significant increase in the pace of the game. Therefore, the referees, from the first to the last minute of the match, while maintaining freshness, the ability to move around the court, taking the best positions for review of game situations and decision-making, should hold a meeting at a high professional level.

Referee mechanics is a referee interaction system designed to make it easier for them to do their job on the court. It is designed to help referees be in the best position to make correct decisions when players fail to follow the rules.

The correct choice of position for viewing the site, distance, angle of observation of the game situation, a clear definition of violations and fouls, teamwork, connection with the scorer's table - this characterizes the referee, who is fluent in mechanics.

Responsibilities before the game

The referees must appear together on the playing court 20 minutes before the start of the game and no later than 5 minutes before the start of the second half.

The chief referee is responsible for receiving the readiness of the playing court for the game, checking the game clock and all technical equipment, as well as the protocol.

He must also choose game ball used and clearly label it. Once a game ball has been identified, it must not be given to either team for warm-up before the start of the game. The officials must take a position opposite the scorer's table. The referee must also check that the score sheet is correctly prepared by the scorer, and ensure that 10 minutes before the start of the game, the coaches confirm their agreement with the names and corresponding numbers of the team members and the names of the coaches, sign the score sheet and mark the starting fives.

When there is a pre-game introduction of players, coaches and referees to spectators, it is recommended that it start 6 minutes before

the start of the game. As soon as all the coaches, coaches and referees have been introduced to the spectators, the head referee blows his whistle and gestures that there are 3 minutes left before the start of the game. Players can now begin the final phase of the pre-game warm-up.

One and a half minutes before the start of the game, the head referee blows his whistle and controls that all players finish the warm-up and immediately return to the bench areas of their teams.

The chief referee must check the readiness for work of his partner, and also through him check the readiness for work of all other referees at the table. This must be confirmed with a thumbs up gesture.

Initial ball toss

Before tossing the ball, the referee must ensure that both players are ready and that their feet are inside the half of the center circle closest to their own basket, with one foot close to the center line.

The ball must be tossed vertically upwards between two players of opposing teams to a height greater than either of them can bounce.

Referee must make sure that the beating was correct, i.e. that the ball reached its highest point before it was hit, and that the actions of the 8 non-jumping players were in accordance with the requirements of the rules.

As soon as the ball is first hit, the referee shows the signal to start the game clock and moves in the direction of play in front of the ball in order to take the position of the lead official.

Relocation of judges

When the ball is batted to the free referee's right, he travels ahead of play in the same direction as the ball and continues towards the endline, taking up his position as lead official.

The chief referee who performed the toss-up maintains his position in the circle while watching the game. When the play moves from the middle of the court, he takes the position of trail official along the touchline.

To administer the throw-in at the start of all other periods, the referee must take a position at the center line extended opposite the scorer's table, on the side of the backcourt from the player taking the throw-in. The player taking the throw-in must place his feet on either side of the center line extended. The referee must take up a position at the opposite sideline opposite the free throw line in the frontcourt of the team taking the throw-in in such a way as to keep all players in line of sight.

Location of judges and areas of responsibility

There is no distinction between the chief referee and the referee when they decide on fouls or violations.

Modern refereeing requires both referees to communicate clearly with each other, with one referee responsible for overseeing play around the ball and the other for off-ball play.

For clarity of understanding of this, each half of the site is schematically divided into rectangles from the 1st to the 6th.

Wing Judge - Location and Areas of Responsibility

The trail official should take a position slightly behind and to the left of the ball, approximately 3-5 meters.

The trail official is not directly responsible for the end line or touch line to his right, but there may be occasions when he will be required to assist his partner in determining the direction of a subsequent throw-in when the ball goes out of bounds.

When the ball is in rectangle 4 at the far right corner between the imaginary extension of the free-throw line and the end line, the trail official is not responsible for the ball and play around it.

His main task is to observe off-ball situations.

The trail referee is responsible for the flight of the ball, observing whether the ball went into the basket or not, as well as for possible violations of the game. above the level of the ring in attack and defense. It is also his duty to be particularly vigilant in rebounding situations, paying particular attention to players on the perimeter who may attempt to gain possession of the ball from disadvantageous positions.

The trail official is also responsible for determining the direction of the subsequent throw-in after the ball has gone out of bounds over the nearest line to his left.

Responsibility zones: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6. Zones 5-6 - zones of mutual responsibility.

Main responsibilities of the trail judge:

Attempted two-point and three-point field goals, including deciding whether to play time for a period or extra period or breaking the 24-second rule.

Possible violations when playing above the level of the ring.

Rebounding situations, especially over-the-back rebounding situations.

Setting screens both when playing around the ball and when playing without the ball.

Wrong hand play.

Playing at the bottom of the restricted area, especially on weak side(i.e. the side where the ball is not).

Fouls outside the control of the lead official.

Jogging (flyback judge has the best viewing angle).

Control of indications of the device 24 seconds.

Y. Observation of the game without the ball when the ball is in zone 4.

Lead judge - location and areas of responsibility Let's take a closer look at the choice of a place on the site of the lead judge. The lead referee must be at the front of the game. He must reach the baseline as quickly as possible, allowing the play to develop towards him.

On reaching the endline, he usually moves between the three-point line to his left and no further than the edge of the restricted area to his right.

Judges do not always have to be diagonally opposite each other.

The modern game does not exclude contact between the players, including in the positions of the center at the bottom of the restricted area. It is the responsibility of the lead referee to ensure that such contact does not become excessive and rough, which could cause the game to get out of hand. It is a foul when a player attempts to take an empty seat on the court but is illegally prevented from doing so.

Incidental contact should be ignored, especially when a player is making a run to the basket and a field goal. Watching the flight of the ball is not his duty.

When the ball is in the three-point field goal area in box 6, the lead official is primarily responsible for off-ball supervision. In particular, he oversees play at the bottom of the restricted area, as well as all other off-ball players, especially in screening situations.

The lead official is responsible for observing play around the ball when the ball is in rectangle 4 and 5. He is also responsible for rectangle 6 when the ball is at the bottom of the restricted area or the ball carrier is moving towards the basket making a pass.

The main responsibilities of the lead referee include:

Watching the game without the ball.

Incorrect setting of barriers.

Center game.

Basket game.

Operations in a restricted area.

Any passage to the basket.

Basic provisions for violation of the rules and stoppages in the game.

Distribution of responsibility for the lines Usually, the immediate responsibility for making decisions when the ball goes out of bounds is distributed as follows:

Lead Judge- the front line and the side line to the left of it. Guide Judge- the center line and the side line to the left of it. The other referee should not intervene unless his partner needs help. This will prevent conflict resolutions and jump ball situations.

When the ball goes out of bounds:

The referee responsible for that touchline or endline must blow his whistle and at the same time raise his arm vertically upwards to stop the game clock.

He must clearly show the direction of the subsequent throw-in towards the opponents' basket of the team taking the throw-in.

He must indicate to the player “who is to take the throw-in” the place outside the pitch from which it is to be taken.

The referee must pass the ball from hand to hand, bounce off the floor or place it on the floor where the ball will be at the disposal of the player who is to take the throw-in and see that he does not take more than one normal step away from the indicated places.

After a successful field goal or a successful last or only free throw, the referee must not pass the ball from hand to hand, bounce off the floor or place it on the floor where the ball will be at the disposal of the player who is to take the throw-in, unless will allow you to restart the game faster.

The referee must signal to start the game clock by making a sharp signal with his hand the first time the ball touches a player on the court after a throw-in.

Throw-in as a result of an alternating possession process

must be taken from the place closest to where the ball went out of bounds.

If play is to be restarted after any infraction or any stoppage of play, then that throw-in shall be taken from out of bounds from the place nearest to where the infringement occurred or play was stopped.

In boxes 4, 5 or 6, the place closest to where the infraction occurred shall be determined by drawing 2 imaginary lines from the corners of the playing area to the ends of the free-throw line.

The official directly passing the ball to the player for the throw-in is responsible for overseeing the rules at the throw-in and must also signal to start the game clock when the ball first touches the player on the court.

When the distance from the nearest obstruction outside the court to the boundary line is more than 2 meters, all other players on the court have the right to come as close to the boundary line as they wish.

The 24 second count always stops when the ball goes out of bounds.

The device is not reset if the ball is kicked out of bounds. The count continues from the time it was stopped as soon as the same team regains control of the ball on the playing court.

It is a foul when a defender deliberately kicks the ball. As a consequence, the referee demonstrates a new count-out gesture to the 24 second operator.

Ball returned to the backcourt

The player in control of the ball in the frontcourt takes it to his backcourt. This is a violation.

The trail official is responsible for the center line and therefore blows the whistle and signals to stop the game clock. He then demonstrates the "ball returned to the backcourt" gesture and indicates the direction of the next throw-in.

Gestures and Procedures

Only official FIBA ​​gestures must be used.

For any violation or foul, one sufficiently loud and sharp whistle must be blown.

Gestures should be clear and expressive.

All gestures addressed to the secretary must:

a) be demonstrated from a position of approximately 6-8 met-

pax from the secretary's table. The game clock is stopped, so there is no need to hurry when showing gestures;

b) be demonstrated at eye level and away from the body;

c) be shown in the following sequence in case of a foul:

Player number.

Foul type.

Number of free throws or direction of subsequent face-off.

The signal for scoring or canceling a hit must be shown before the above foul signaling order.

fouls

Each time a foul occurs, the referee responsible for making the decision must:

Blow the whistle and at the same time stop the game clock with a gesture by raising the arm (without bending at the elbow) with the palm clenched into a fist.

Make sure the player knows he is being charged with a foul by pointing to his waist with a straight arm (palm parallel to the floor). When provided free throws, you should specify their number.

Run to the scorer's table and stop, taking a position in such a way that the scorer can clearly and unobstructedly see the referee approximately 6-8 meters from the scorer's table.

Execute the foul signing procedure while remaining standing still. Show very clearly and slowly the number of the player who committed the foul.

Then show the type of foul.

Complete the procedure for signaling the foul to the scorer's table by showing the number of free throws or the direction of the next face-off and quickly move to your new position.

After the completion of the foul signaling procedure to the scorer's table, both referees must, in most cases, changepositions.

Changing positions after fouls

Under normal circumstances, referees should change positions (switch) after each foul.

However, referees must not change positions when:

An offensive foul is called by the lead referee. Then, after performing the procedure for showing foul gestures to the scorer's table, he becomes the new trail official, and the trail official becomes the new lead official on the opposite end line.

A foul against a defender is called by a trail referee. Then, after performing the procedure for showing foul gestures to the scorer's table, he continues to be the follow official, and the lead official continues to be the lead official on the end line.

A foul is committed by a defender on an opponent who is passing the ball.

The trail official blows his whistle and shows the foul signal by raising his hand with the palm clenched into a fist.

The referee (who did not call the foul) must remain motionless for a moment and focus his attention on the players on the court.

At the moment, he is the only official watching the players as the referee who called the foul is performing the procedure for signaling the foul to the scorer.

As soon as his partner initiates the procedure for signaling the foul to the scorer's table, he must move to the place from which the game will be resumed, watching the players with his eyes. timeouts.

Two (2) requested time-outs may be awarded to each team at any time during the first half, three (3) at any time during the second half and one (1) at any time during each extra period.

Unused time-outs cannot be carried over to the next half or extra period.

End of game time When the game clock signal sounds for the end of playing time, both officials must approach the scorer's table.

After the score sheet has been drawn up, the scorer must ensure that the assistant scorer, timekeeper and twenty-four second operator print their names on the score sheet.

After the scorer also writes down his name, the score sheet must be submitted to the Chief Referee for verification.

As soon as the chief judge agrees with the accuracy and correctness of the protocol, it must first be signed by the judge, and then by the chief judge.

The approval and signing of the protocol means the end of the game jurisdiction of the referees and their ties with the game.

Organization of competitions Competitions in sports games, as a rule, is visited by a large number of spectators, which makes them a powerful tool for agitation and propaganda physical education and sports. The effectiveness of their impact in

Under these conditions, the search for ways to preserve and increase the effectiveness of the impact on the younger generation of multi-purpose competitions is of particular relevance.

In this regard, the key point is a stable system of competitions, built taking into account the laws of development of sports.

Educational and training work and competitions are a single process, where competitions serve as a test of the level of preparedness of the team for a certain time.

Competitions are a school not only for their participants. Wrestling is also watched by those who do not directly take part in the game, but watch from the stands of sports grounds or on television. Therefore, the requirements for the quality of their holding are constantly increasing, thereby contributing to the popularization of the game, becoming a means of agitation and attracting new participants to the sport. A clear organization, colorfulness with careful development of opening and closing rituals, with qualified refereeing should become the norm for sports games competitions.

Thus, competitions solve pedagogical, sports-methodical and socio-political tasks.

The classification of competitions in sports games is based on the goals, objectives, scale and nature of the offset of results.

They are divided into the following types:

Championships.

Cup competition.

Leveling competition.

Classification competition.

Qualifying competitions.

Match meetings.

control competitions.

Demonstration games.

Blitz tournaments.

Championships and championships are the most responsible competitions, according to the results of which the winning team is awarded the title of champion. Such competitions are held in a circular system (in one or more circles), participants are awarded gold, silver and bronze medals.

Cup competitions are held on a knock-out system. They attract the maximum number of participants and allow you to quickly identify the winner. Teams of different readiness may be admitted to the cup competitions with stronger teams joining them at the final stages.

Equalization competitions are held within the team among teams of different preparedness. In order to maintain sports interest and create conditions for a tense confrontation, the forces of the teams are artificially equalized. A weaker team receives a certain number of points before the start of the meeting - a handicap. The handicap can be different - it depends on the difference in the class of teams.

Qualifying competitions are held in order to identify the strongest teams to participate in larger competitions. Sometimes this form is used in major championship competitions. First, qualifying games are held to identify teams participating in the final round, and then final games are held.

Match meetings are provided by the calendar of sports competitions. Two or more teams take part in them. This type of competition allows you to check the readiness of the team in performances at the highest international level, contributes to the development of friendly relations between athletes from different countries.

Demonstration meetings solve the problems of popularizing basketball and demonstrating sportsmanship. As a rule, high-class teams are invited for such meetings.

Control meetings are held to check the preparedness of the team for the upcoming important competitions, in order to test the optimal composition of the players and work out the tactical schemes of the game.

Blitz tournaments are held with a large number of participating teams during one day. To reduce the time for the competition, the duration of the meetings is reduced. Such competitions are usually dedicated to the opening of the season, various holidays or memorable dates.

The organization and holding of the competition takes place in three stages: preliminary, actual competitive and final. Each stage has its own characteristics and content.

Scheme of organizing and holding competitions

When compiling the regulation on competitions, it is necessary to take into account the following points: preparing for major competitions, the organization conducting them, first of all, creates an organizing committee for preparation. Depending on the rank of the competition, its composition can be significantly modified, however, preparing for major events, the organizing committee must be staffed with the following commissions: organizational and technical, mandate-judicial, medical, cultural and mass.

The Referee Commission, being the most important in the preparation and conduct of the competition, consists of the chief judge and his deputies, judges on the sites, the chief secretary, informant judge, and a doctor.

The direct organizer, head of the competition is the chief referee, who, guided by the main official documents (regulations, program, rules of the competition), organizes and conducts a meeting of representatives of the participating teams, coaches, judges before the start of the competition. Also, before the start of the competition, the chief judge organizes and conducts a seminar for judges.

The seminar provides for clarification, clarification of some controversial issues in the interpretation of the rules of the competition, as well as a discussion of innovations in the rules, etc.

The precise work of the secretariat, headed by the chief secretary, is an indispensable condition for the good organization and conduct of competitions. Careful preliminary preparation, holding, draw, scheduling of competitions, allocation of space and time for training, documentation largely determine the further course and quality of the competition.

The duties of the credentials committee include verification, together with other bodies, of nominal applications and the correctness of their execution, organization, accommodation and meals for participants in competitions and judges.

Medical Commission. Depending on the composition of the participants, the significance and scale of the competition, the composition of this commission is also determined. The medical commission is headed by the chief physician of the competition, who is a member of the main panel of judges. The duties of the medical commission include: checking the documents determining admission to the competition, monitoring the sanitary and hygienic side of the competition, providing medical care to injured and sick participants in the competition.

Organizational and technical commission. Before the start of the competition prepares and issues posters, posters, special programs. During the competition organizes photo information, prepares information tables covering the course of the competition. In addition, her duties include the design of competition venues, their popularization among the audience. Providing participants and persons conducting competitions with various utility rooms (cloakrooms, rest rooms, a room for the work of various commissions, etc.).

The cultural-mass commission is responsible for the ideological, political and cultural level of the competitions, which has its own plan of events, coordinated with the program of the competitions. Such a plan includes acquaintance with local museums, historical and memorable places, visiting theaters and watching pre-selected videos, city tours, etc.

The preparation stage includes the preparation and distribution of the competition regulations.

Regulations on the competition

After the approval of the calendar of mass sports events, a regulation is drawn up for each competition. The organization conducting the competition must approve the regulations. The regulations must be prepared, approved by the organizing organization and sent to the participating teams in advance, no later than 1-2 months before the competition.

The regulation on competitions consists of the following sections:

Goals and objectives of the competition.

In this section, the tasks facing these competitions are formulated, the goal facing them is determined.

Here, the start and end dates of the competition must be clearly indicated. For competitions that are not related to the arrival of non-resident participants, it is permissible to indicate the exact date of only the beginning of the competition. In the event that teams from other cities take part in the competition, then this paragraph indicates the days of arrival and departure of the teams. For local competitions, the names of the sports halls in which the games will be held must be listed.

Competition management.

This paragraph indicates which organization is entrusted with the direct management of this event, who approves the panel of judges that will serve this competition.

Participating organizations and competitors.

It says which organizations and teams are allowed to participate in the competition, what special requirements (age, affiliation to sports clubs, etc.) must be met by participating organizations, teams and participants.

Ordercompetitions determination of winners.

This paragraph should say how the competition will be held, according to what system (round robin, elimination, mixed).

If the regulation provides for participation in the competition from each organization of several teams, then it also indicates which ones and how many. In addition, it is reported whether the overall team result will be revealed, how the overall standings will be determined (according to the place taken, the total number of points, etc.) and the place of each team. If the place will be determined by the amount of points scored, it should be indicated how many points the team will receive for a win, a draw, a loss, a no-show, how the place is determined in case of a tie, etc.

The classification of teams must be done on the basis of points in accordance with their wins and losses, namely: two (2) points for each game won, one (1) point for each game lost including loss due to lack of players and zero ( 0) points for a game that was forfeited.

If there are two teams that are equal in classification, then the results of the game(s) between the two teams shall be used to determine the places.

In the event that in games between two teams the total number of goals scored and conceded is the same, the classification is determined by the ratio of goals scored and conceded in all games played in the group by both teams (it should be borne in mind that if the teams claiming the same number of points score for 1st and 2nd places, it is most rational to appoint an additional match to determine the winner). If three or more teams have equal points, the advantage is given to the team that has the most wins in games with each other. With the same number of victories - by the best difference between scored and missed points (winning and losing games) in games with each other. If the two teams have the same difference, then the winner is determined by the difference between the scored and missed points (winning and losing games) in all games.

If in a competition the situation cannot be clarified using the criteria above, the classification can be determined by looking at the official rules.

Rewarding teams and participants.

It should be said what the collective and teams are awarded for (for which places), what they are awarded (permanent or rolling prizes, pennants, diplomas, certificates, etc.), what the participants and coaches of these teams are awarded.

Applications.

Here the procedure for submitting applications for participation in these competitions is indicated: the deadline for submitting preliminary applications, the deadline for submitting final applications in a certain form, which is attached to the regulation.

Duties of the chief referee of the competition.

The list of issues included in the terms of reference of the chief judge is extremely extensive and varied. The chief referee must not only be well versed in the rules of the competition and be able to apply them in practice, but also be a competent leader who enjoys authority among all participants in the competition.

With the transfer of many competitions to self-sufficiency, the head judge must be familiar with the issues of financing sports events, build his work in such a way that the competitions generate income and are attended by as many spectators as possible.

Only highly qualified judges who meet the above requirements and have many years of refereeing practice should be appointed to the position of chief judges of major competitions.

The work of the chief referee of the competition is divided into three periods:

Preparation period.

competitive period.

Final period.

Each period includes a certain range of issues that the chief referee is directly involved in.

Judges and their assistants

In the process of improving the technique and tactics of sports games, the rules often change. The main role in explaining and correctly understanding the rules is played by the judges. The correct application of the rules is a significant incentive for players to improve their skills, especially in fixing personal misconduct and establishing the culprit of various skirmishes. The correct establishment of personal actions is possible only with good theoretical preparation and long-term practical refereeing. Practical refereeing is the main condition for improving judicial skills.

Referee - an official who is entrusted with conducting the match, strictly observing the rules and regulations (Regulations) of the competition. The competence and objectivity of the referee is the key to a good match. The demeanor of the referee must be correct, calm, restrained and, at the same time, resolute and confident.

Let us briefly consider, as an example, the duties and rights of referees serving a basketball match.

The referees are the Chief Referee and the Referee, assisted by the Timekeeper, Scorer, Assistant Scorer and 24 Seconds Operator.

A Commissioner may also be present, who must sit at the scorer's table between the Timekeeper and the Secretary. His duty during the game is primarily to supervise the work of the Assistant Referees at the scorer's table; assisting the Chief Referee and the Referee in the normal conduct of the game.

In the preparatory period (before the start of the competition), the main secretary takes care of stationery, collects relevant documentation about the participants and judges, determines the composition of the secretariat, checks the availability and suitability of equipment for the table officials, prepares data for informing judges.

The work of the chief secretary in the preparatory period is the most responsible, because the success of the work of the judiciary largely depends on the quality of this work.

Forms of protocols, technical applications, referee appointment sheets, plywood boards for protocols, pencils and colored pencils, an eraser, buttons, paper clips, etc. are prepared in advance in the required quantity.

On the day of the arrival of the teams, the chief secretary receives from the credentials committee completed technical applications and data on the players, referees, coaches, representatives.

Considering that errors are possible when compiling the technical report of the game, the chief secretary at the referees' seminar reminds the referees of the main provisions for maintaining the technical report of the games and the report of the coaches (conducted at national championship competitions).

On the eve of the first day of the competition, the main panel of judges holds a meeting with representatives of the participating teams. The Chief Secretary keeps minutes of all GSK meetings. Special forms are being prepared for the speed of the draw and drawing up the calendar.

The start time of the meetings is determined by the chief referee when compiling the calendar. After the meeting, the secretariat prepares the protocols for the 1st game day, copies the sheets for the appointment of referees and the calendar of games in the required quantity, and prepares data for informing referees.

An approximate list of documents for posting on the bulletin board:

Game schedule.

Appointment of referees for each game day.

Announcement of the main judging panel.

The list of participants (by teams).

Tables of competition results are made on large boards (sheets) and hung out for viewing in a place convenient for participants and spectators. They are filled in by the chief secretary or a specially designated person.

In sports games, there are three systems for conducting competitions.

The first, most common, is circular. When holding competitions under this system, each team meets with all the teams participating in these competitions. In practice, very often various options for a circular system are used, when

S all teams are divided into subgroups. In this case, the games in pre-! dative and final subgroups are also held in a circle. In any case, the number of rounds during the round robin will be equal to the number of teams playing with an odd number of teams and one less than the number of participating teams with an even number. It should be borne in mind that when splitting into subgroups, the number of game days should be determined by the number of teams in the subgroups.

The second system, according to which team sports competitions are held, is the knockout system, which provides for the exclusion of losing teams from further play. As a rule, competitions held according to this system last 3-4 days and very rarely 6-7 days. For example, for competitions in the system with a knockout, in which 8 teams participate, 3 game days are needed, with 16 teams - 4 days. The possibility of holding short-term competitions in which a large number of teams take part is a positive feature of the knock-out system. However, it also has negative sides. In a knock-out competition, it is not possible to determine places for all teams, half of the participating teams are eliminated from further play after the first game. In addition, this system does not exclude the element of chance, since by the will of the lot the strongest teams can meet long before the final game, and one of them will have to stop further participation in the competition.

The third system of the competition - mixed - is a consistent application at various stages of the drawing of the first two systems. For example, at the first stage, when a large number of teams have expressed a desire to participate in the competition, a system with elimination is used, and after 8 teams remain among the participants, a round robin system is used.

After the end of the competition, the chief secretary draws up a report on the competition. Chief Judge's report is being prepared in

x copies. The first copy is intended for the organization holding the competition, the second copy - for the organization on the basis of which the competition was held. In the first copy of the report, the entire list of materials for these competitions is filed; in the second copy, the same materials are filed, except for technical reports. All statistical data is transferred to the chief secretary by the chairman of the credentials committee. The text part of the report is prepared by the chief judge himself. The chief secretary is obliged to pay great attention to the completion of folders with final materials. The materials are signed by the chief referee, the chief secretary, with the exception of: a text report, a reference to judges, a list of judges' ratings. These materials are signed only by the chief judge.

In the resulting folder, documents are filed in the following order (from bottom to top):

1. Models of programs and tickets.

   Materials of press and photograph.

   Competition regulations.

   Materials of the mandate commission.

   Member teams

   Game day protocols.

   Lists of assignments by game days.

   Player performance.

Minutes of the meetings of the main panel of judges.

Competition calendar.

Results tables

13. Report of the chief judge and his deputy for the medical unit. The form of the report of the chief referee of the competition

Place and dates of the competition.

Preparation and condition of competition venues, premises for participants and judges.

Provision of inventory and its quality.

Organization of medical care.

The presence of injuries, injuries and the causes that caused them.

Number of games played.

The number of protests filed, a summary of the protests, the names of the referees who conducted the protested game, and the results of the debriefing.

Disadvantages of judicial work and their causes.

Detailed description and evaluation of the work of the Deputy Chief Judge, the Chief Secretary and each judge who is part of the judiciary.

Characteristics of participating teams.

General assessment of the competition.

What was the help of local organizations.

What was the assistance of the local panel of judges.

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Fundamentals of methods of organization of refereeing

Performed:

Akhmetshina Albina

1. Cross Country Refereeing

It has much in common with other sports, however, it has its own differences and subtleties.

During the competition, the main panel of judges and teams of judges are appointed. The number of judges depends on the type of competition and the number of participants. Usually these are: the secretariat, a team of judges - informers, a team of judges on the track (the head of the track, deputy chiefs of the track, senior controllers and controllers), judges for marking equipment, a team of judges at the start (starter, assistant starter, secretary), a team of judges at the finish (Chief Finish Judge, Finish Judges, Timekeeper, Secretary and Marking Judge), Competition Commandant. The number of course assistants is determined by the number of courses on which competitions are held at the same time. The tracks must meet the requirements of the competition rules. After choosing the route, the head of the route with assistants begin to measure it with a distance meter or a 50-meter metal cable. Places for controllers, food points, medical care, location of signalmen are determined.

Prior to the start of the meeting of the panel of judges, the secretariat, on the basis of applications, fills out cards for all participants. With their help, lots are drawn and the results are calculated. Before the start of the competition, the clocks are checked - the chronometers of all judges. The composition of the judging panel at the finish depends on the number of participants. If there are few of them, then there can be 2-3 judges at the finish line. The judge - timekeeper calls the number of the participant and the time of crossing the finish line. The secretary records this data on the finish sheet. The third referee duplicates the order in which the participants arrive at the finish line. With a large number of participants in the competition, 7-10 judges can work at the finish line. After recording the results of 10 finishing participants, the finish sheets are signed and transferred to the secretariat for processing. Processed cards are transferred to the judge - informants for the announcement of the results. Periodically report 5 - 10 - 20 best results (intermediate or finishing the distance). All results remain provisional until the controller sheets are checked, timed and the Ground Jury approves them. The senior judge at the finish line releases the judges of his team only after all participants finish. Representatives of the teams must immediately report to the senior judge at the finish line about the departure of participants from the race. The chief secretary with assistants, based on the entries in the cards, calculate the team results in accordance with the offset system provided for by the competition regulations. They are approved at the final meeting of the panel of judges. All final materials are handed over to representatives of the participating organizations.

Competition Rules

When passing the distance, the participant does not have the right to use other means of transportation, except for skis and a ski pole. The participant must go only along the track and pass the checkpoints. He has no right to shorten (cut off) the distance. If there are markings on the inside of the turn of the course, the participant must not go inside the turn arc marked with the markings. The entire distance must be covered on marked skis (if marking was carried out at these competitions). The participant has no right to change skis. It is forbidden to lead the participant when he passes the distance (accompany in front, behind or from the side). A participant who violates the rules during the passage of the distance is removed from the competition for this distance. The participant is not entitled to receive any other assistance, except as set out in the rules.

2. Solution of a practical situation

Help: 2 teams of 12 people each participate in the game. There are 5 players on the court at the same time (they can be changed). For a ball thrown from the game, the team is awarded 2 points, from a free kick 1. The team with the most points wins. The match for men lasts 40 minutes of pure time (the stopwatch stops after each whistle of the referee), for women 36 minutes. The game time is divided into 2 halves (halfs) with a 10-minute break. If at the end of the game the teams have an equal number of points, then an additional 5 minutes are assigned until one of the teams wins.

Judges. Judging order.

Judges. Their duties, rights. The game is played by the senior referee and referee, as well as their assistants: timekeeper, secretary and 30-second time operator. The chief referee must check and approve all equipment, including signaling devices, used by the referees and their assistants. The referee tosses the ball in the center at the start of the game. He decides whether to count the hit in the basket, if the opinions of the judges on this matter differ. If necessary, he has the right to stop the game. He decides on issues on which the secretary and the timekeeper did not agree. At the end of each half of the game and each extra period, or at any time he deems necessary, the referee must carefully check the score sheets and approve them, as well as confirm the time remaining until the end of the game. The chief referee has the right to make decisions on all issues not specifically stipulated by the rules of the game. The referee is obliged to conduct the game in accordance with the rules. This means: putting the ball into play; determination of the moment when the ball became “dead”; providing a one-minute break; allowing substitutes to enter the pitch; passing the ball to a player for throwing it in from outside the area, as provided for by the rules; reporting seconds to yourself in cases provided for by the rules of the game; The referees must blow their whistle and at the same time show the signal to stop the clock, accompanied by all the signals necessary to make their decision clear. The officials must not blow their whistle after the ball has entered the basket from a field goal or a free throw, but must clearly indicate that the ball has been counted by using gestures. The referees have the right to decide on all infringements of the rules, both inside and outside the boundary lines. They receive this right 20 minutes before the game and before the end of the playing time, determined by the chief referee. Display of personal fouls When a personal foul is committed, the referee must blow his whistle and at the same time give a signal to turn off the clock. He must then show the offender that a foul has been committed, the nature of the offense and, if necessary, the player's number. The offender must accept this with a show of hands. Then the referee must stand in such a way that he can be clearly seen by the scorer, and indicate with a gesture the number of the offender, the nature of the violation and the penalty imposed. The referees are also required to penalize unsportsmanlike conduct of any player, coach, assistant coach, substitutes and team chaperones. In particularly serious cases of violation of the rules, the judge must disqualify the offender. If a coach, assistant coach, substitute, or team follower is disqualified, they must also leave their places near the playing court. A foul is a violation of the rules, the penalty for which is the loss of the ball. A foul is a violation of the rules as a result of personal contact with an opponent, or careless behavior, which is recorded to the offender in accordance with the rules.

Players must not disregard the instructions of the referees or allow themselves unsportsmanlike behavior: a) disrespectfully address or touch the referee; b) use foul language and allow yourself offensive gestures; c) obstruct the view by waving his arms; d) delay the game by preventing a quick throw-in of the ball; e) not properly raise his hand when he is called a foul; f) change his game number without notifying the secretary and the chief referee about it; g) enter the playing court as a substitute without informing the scorer or referee about it; h) grab the ring, the player who breaks this rule shall be charged with a technical foul; A personal foul is a player's fault when making contact with an opponent, whether or not he is in play. The player must not block, hold, push, impede the movement of an opponent by spreading his arms, exposing his hips or knees, tripping, or using any kind of rough tactics.

3. Creation of a referee team

refereeing sport ski

The regulation provides for a certain composition of the judging panel, depending on the rank of the competition. When holding competitions in physical education teams, usually one match is held by the first referee and the meeting secretary, who keeps the minutes of the meeting and acts as the second referee. When holding competitions within the physical education team, the meeting is served by one judge. In these cases, a device for refereeing volleyball competitions is indispensable, with the help of which the referee conducting the match keeps score in the games, controls the correctness of substitutions, etc.

After the end of the meeting, the judge only needs to fill in the result of the meeting in a simplified form of the protocol of the competition. When holding all-Union competitions, a team of nine judges is appointed for one match: the first and second referees, the meeting secretary, the informing judge, the scoreboard operator or score counter, four line judges and six ball feeders, and at international competitions two more site wipers. Referee Procedures Only the 1st and 2nd referees are allowed to blow their whistles during the match. All other members of the refereeing team, strictly in accordance with their powers, can draw the attention of the first referee to the violation of the competition rules by the players with the established gestures. The secretary of the meeting in case of violation of the order of service informs the second referee about this, who makes the final decision - to stop the meeting.

If the meeting is conducted by two referees (the first and the secretary of the meeting), then in case of violation of the arrangement, the secretary must stop the meeting with a whistle and explain to the team the nature of the violation (“arrangement” or “serving out of turn”). The first referee blows the whistle for the service, which announces the start of the game action. After the whistle, the server must serve within five seconds. The first and second referees blow the whistle to stop the game only when they know for sure that a mistake has been made and when the nature of this mistake is clear to them. If the game action is over, even if an obvious error is fixed (the ball after the serve hit the center of the net, landed far outside the court or after an attacking hit fell unhindered in the center of the court), the referees are obliged to blow a whistle to stop the game. Here they must consistently perform the following: - show the nature of the mistake made with an official gesture; - show the number of the player (with a finger gesture) or indicate the player who made this error, indicate with a hand gesture the team that should serve after making this error. Sometimes the referee finds it difficult to determine the player who was touched when the ball was blocked. In such situations, he points to the players involved in the blocking. This should be done slowly, each gesture should be clearly visible to the team players and spectators and understandable to them. The referee of the meeting must monitor the observance of the rules of the competition and sports ethics. For identical violations, he must make the same decisions. If he made a mistake in determining the violations of the rules of the competition by the players and realized this before the ball was put into play, he must reverse his erroneous decision. When an action is not terminated due to a violation of the rules of the competition, the match referee must announce a “dropped ball” with an official signal and invite the team that served before this game action to re-serve. In this case, no point is added to either team. Such a situation is possible: - after the players of both teams commit a mutual error (the ball over the net is held by the players of different teams); - the referee mistakenly stopped the game; - the first referee overruled the decision of the second referee when he erroneously (in the opinion of the first referee) stopped the game action with a whistle; - game action was interrupted when a player was injured; - when a second ball or other foreign object appears on the court. Referees should not use the authority to call a dropped ball as a way out of a difficult situation when they are in doubt about the violation of the rules and cannot determine the team at fault. If the referee realized that before that he made an erroneous decision, which he did not cancel, then in the future he should in no case compensate for this to the injured team, otherwise he does not correct, but aggravates the mistake (makes a second mistake) and in the representation of the players , officials and spectators appears biased, which undermines its authority. Referees should not quarrel with the players and allow the contestation of the decisions made.

Undisciplined players who express dissatisfaction with the decisions of the referees with words or gestures must be immediately punished in accordance with the rules. In this case, the first referee stops the match with a whistle in order to give a warning or punish the team or individual player for misbehavior. If indiscipline was shown during a game action, then the referee must stop the meeting after the end of the game action so that this stoppage is not in favor of the offending team.

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ORGANIZATION OF JUDGING IN SINGLE COMBATS COMPETITIONS

Competitions can be personal, team and personal-team. In this article we will consider only the organization of refereeing in individual competitions.
Individual competitions can be organized and conducted according to various systems:

1. According to the circular, providing for the meeting of the participants of each with each.
2. According to the round-robin, in which the participants are divided into preliminary groups, where everyone meets with everyone. Further, the participants who took the best places in the preliminary groups (according to a predetermined number of athletes, as a rule, ≥ 50%) move on to the next round of the competition, up to the final.
3. By mixed, including:
- preliminary round of groups, held in a round-robin way;
- an elimination round, which can be conducted: with elimination after the first defeat, with elimination after the second defeat, or with the identification of all places;
– final (4 or 8 people), which can be held:
- with elimination after the first defeat;
- with elimination after the first defeat and an additional fight for third place;
- with the identification of all places.
4. Direct elimination, which provides options for the elimination of athletes after the first or second defeat during the tournament.
For us, the most relevant is the competition in two systems:
- circular;
- direct elimination with elimination after the first defeat.

1. Draw

Before the start of the competition, a draw of participants is made for distribution by pairs in the Olympic system and distribution by subgroups in the round-robin system of competitions.
Draw procedure. Chips are made with numbers according to the number of participants in the tournament (small square pieces of cardboard), which are folded into a “bag” (this can be either a specially sewn bag or something else, for example, a fencing mask). The chief referee of the competition calls the name of the participant from the list, and the secretary, without looking, pulls out a chip with a number, which is assigned to this participant. The draw is carried out in the presence of the entire judging panel and, preferably, representatives of the teams.

This is what the list of participants looks like after the draw:

No. p \ p	Last name First name	Draw No.
1.	Anoshin Andrey	4
2.	Bozhenko Oleg	8
3.	Vdovin Sergey	16
4.	Gavrilov Elisey	1
5.	Glushchenko Volodymyr	10
6.	Kapitonov Egor	9
7.	Kolesov Alexander	13
8.	Skewed Maxim	11
9.	Morozov Maxim	2
10.	Putilin Ivan	3
11.	Testov Valentin	14
12.	Teterev Alexander	12
13.	Chaplygin Anatoly	6
14.	Shaposhnikov Daniel	15
15.	Shinkarev Mikhail	7
16.	Shubenkin Egor	5

An attempt to replace the lot with some kind of meaningful system for selecting pairs by ratings makes the tournament predictable. There are two options for such a selection: either “strong versus weak” - in each round, a participant with a high rating gets an opponent with a low one (there may be several specific selection algorithms), or “equal to equal” - the strongest is given a pair of the second, the third - the fourth and etc. In the first case, most of the meetings turn out to be predictable, and therefore uninteresting, in the second, half of the strongest are eliminated in the first stages and the final turns out to be predictable.

2. Circle system

In a round robin competition, each participant meets with all the athletes participating in the competition in a certain sequence.
Such a system allows you to most objectively determine the balance of power of competing athletes and identify not only the winner of the competition, but also the places of all other participants. At the same time, the element of chance in the overall result of the competition is largely eliminated.
The disadvantage of the round robin system is that it takes a long time to complete the competition.

The sequence of battles in a circular system with:
– 4 participants

Members	1	2	3	4
1	*	5	4	1
2		*	2	3
3			*	6
4				*

— 5 participants

Members	1	2	3	4	5
1	*	1	8	6	3
2		*	10	4	7
3			*	2	5
4				*	9
5					*

— 6 participants

Members	1	2	3	4	5	6
1	*	1	4	13	10	7
2		*	12	9	14	5
3			*	2	8	15
4				*	6	11
5					*	3
6						*

— 7 participants

Members	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1	*	20	12	1	8	16	4
2		*	6	17	2	10	14
3			*	9	15	3	18
4				*	5	13	21
5					*	19	11
6						*	7
7							*

When the number of participants in the competition is more than 7 people, it makes sense to divide them into several subgroups. The distribution of participants into subgroups is carried out using a lottery, while teammates should be separated as much as possible into different subgroups.

The protocol of the round robin competition should look like this:

№	Participant	1	2	3	4	5	Points	Victory/ losing	Place
1	Aaa	*	5:2	5:1	6:9	10:4	26	3/1	1
2	Bbb	2:3	*	0:2	7:4	3:0	12	2/2	4
3	Vvv	1:5	2:0	*	3:8	2:9	8	1/3	5
4	Ggg	9:6	4:7	8:3	*	4:5	25	2/2	2
5	Ddd	4:10	0:3	9:2	5:4	*	18	2/2	3

In case of equality of points, the winner is determined by the ratio of the number of victories and defeats or by holding an additional fight.

3. Direct elimination system (Olympic system)

Olympic system, playoffs (English playoff) in sports competitions - a drawing system in which a participant is eliminated from the tournament after the first loss.
It is most simple with a large number of participants in the tournament. Its main disadvantage is that most athletes drop out of the tournament after 1-2 fights. This situation can be corrected by holding a repechage round, but this will complicate the scheme of the tournament and take quite a lot of time.
The elimination system requires an even number of participants. If their number is odd, then one of the athletes goes to the second round without a fight. This athlete is determined by drawing lots by entering an additional number. For example - the number of participants is 15, during the draw we take 16 numbers and one of them is drawn by the "dead soul". For example, in our table it will be number 11. Then the participant number 6 goes to the second round without a fight.

View of the tournament table with the numbers of participants in the draw:


If there are winners and prize-winners of previous competitions among the participants, they can be placed in advance, before the draw, at different ends of the table.

Lesson number 2. Topic: athletics.

Organization and refereeing of competitions.

Activities of the judging panel in athletics

The panel of judges of the corresponding federation appoints the main panel of judges (HJC) for the competition, which consists of the chief judge, chief secretary, their deputies and assistants (depending on the rank of the competition). The work of the GSK is divided into three stages: preliminary, competitive and final.

Preliminary stage. The chief referee studies the situation, checks the place of the upcoming competitions, gives instructions on how to eliminate deficiencies, determines the number of referee teams and their composition, draws up a competition program by day and hour, conducts a seminar with judges on the rules of the competition, appoints deputies, senior referees based on the results of the seminar, conducts the meeting of the panel of judges together with representatives, together with the doctor of the competition, checks the medical admission of the participants.

The chief secretary at this stage prepares all the documentation for the competition, checks the technical applications, determines the number of participants in each event and passes this information to the chief judge to draw up a program by the hour, selects assistants and secretaries for the events, prepares information about the competition, participates in the meeting of the judging panel collegium, conducts, if necessary, a draw of participants.

To conduct competitions, referee teams are formed: a running team, a team of judges for jumping, a team of judges for throwing, a team of judges for style, a team of judges for distance, a team of judges for awards and solemn procedures, a team of judges for information, a working team and some other teams ( the composition and number of which depend on the rank of the competition).

The running team consists of starters, timekeepers and the finish team. Starters (2 4 people) give a start to the participants in the races, determine the correctness of its implementation. Judges-timekeepers (610 people) determine the time for passing the distance of each participant. The finishing group (6 9 people) determines the order in which the participants arrive at the finish line, the footage between the participants, to correct temporary results (in the sprint). The secretary at the finish line writes down the results in the protocol of the competition and sends it to the secretariat. Responsible in this brigade is the senior judge at the finish line.

A team of jump judges (3 6 people) may consist of 1 2 teams or be organized for each type of jump. The senior referee determines the correctness of the jump, the measuring judges measure the result or set the bar. The secretary keeps the minutes of the competition and sends it to the secretariat.

A team of throwing judges (3 7 people) may consist of 1 2 teams or be organized for all types of throwing. The senior referee monitors the correct execution of throwing, safety during throwing. Measuring judges measure the results. The secretary takes minutes and sends it to the secretariat.

A team of judges for style is created during race walking competitions and observes the technique of race walking.

A team of judges at a distance monitors the correct overcoming of the distance and obstacles by the participants of the competition, especially on bends, when running is performed along separate lanes; monitors the correct transfer of the baton in the relay race.

A team of judges for awarding and solemn procedures organizes the awarding of winners and prize-winners of the competition, the opening and closing parade of the competitions.

The team of information judges gives sound and written (on special stands) information about the course of the competition.

The working team of judges prepares the venues for the competitions, prepares and removes the appropriate inventory and equipment.

competitive stage. The chief judge monitors the course of the competition so that there are no time delays; may reschedule the start of the competition; considers all controversial issues that could not be resolved on the spot by senior judges; evaluates the work of referee teams; holds after each day of the competition a meeting of the panel of judges together with representatives of the teams and approves the results of the competition.

The chief secretary at this stage organizes the work of the secretariat, monitors the correctness of the documentation, maintains a summary of the team fight, monitors the correct work of the judges of the secretariat, and provides information on the course of the competition.

The secretariat judges process the protocols by type, display the line-ups of participants for participation in the next rounds of the competition and transfer them to the secretaries in the types, distribute the places of the participants, evaluate the results of the participants according to the points table, count the points in the team wrestling, post information on special stands, determine the places of the competitors teams, give all the information about the participants, winners and prize-winners, about their coaches to the award department, evaluate the digits of the results of the participants.

The secretaries of the events record the results shown by the participants (long jumps, triple jump, all types of throws) in the protocol of the competition, determine the final result and give the protocols to the secretariat. Secretaries on the types of "high jump" and "pole vault" keep records of the attempts used at each height, determine the composition of the participants for the next height; after the end of the competition, they give the protocol to the secretariat. The secretary at the finish line writes down in the minutes the order of arrival of the participants in the races and their time.

The final stage. The chief referee holds a final meeting with the panel of judges together with representatives of the teams, where the results of the competition are finally approved; draws up a report on the competition, which indicates the number of participants, the qualifications of the participants, the places taken by the teams, the winners and prize-winners of the competition; evaluates the work of the judging teams and the main judiciary.

The chief secretary participates in the meeting of the panel of judges, prepares all the competition documentation and materials for the report, evaluates the work of the secretariat judges, and together with the chief judge prepares information for the press about past competitions.

The judge at the finish determines the arrival of the participants when they cross the finish line, determines the footage between the first and second, second and third, etc. in a sprint. The chief referee writes down all the information in the “finish”, corrects the stopwatch readings based on the footage and passes it to the scorer.

The judge-timekeeper turns on the stopwatch at the command of the starter (reaction to fire or smoke of the cartridge, wave of the flag) and turns it off when the participant touches the finish line with any part of the body, reports the result to the senior judge, who writes it down. After the command of the senior judge "Stopwatches to zero!" resets the stopwatch. The stopwatch readings are transmitted to the secretary. The time of the first participant is fixed by three stopwatches, the rest by one stopwatch; in the all-round events, the time of each participant is recorded by three stopwatches. The final result is determined as follows: the best and worst stopwatch readings are discarded, the time of the average stopwatch is taken (for example, 10.5 s; 10.7 s and 10.8 s, the time is taken 10.7 s).

The secretary at the finish line first records the arrival of the participants in the race, and then records the time of the stopwatch in front of each of them. The time of the first participant must be recorded by three stopwatches, highlighting the final result.

The starter must ensure that no competitor starts before or during the start signal. If these rules are violated, he or his assistant must return the participants to the starting point.

Judges on the types of "long jump" and "triple jump" give permission to perform an attempt, monitor the time given for an attempt, behind the participant's footstep, determine the nearest landing point, measure the result. With a successful attempt, a white flag is raised and the result is measured, with a spade, a red flag is raised, the attempt is not counted. The secretary writes down the result of each participant or makes a dash in case of an unsuccessful attempt.

Judges in the types of "high jump" and "pole vault" set the initial and subsequent heights, give permission to perform an attempt, monitor the time given for an attempt, determine the correctness of overcoming the height. A successful attempt raises a white flag, an unsuccessful one a red flag. The secretary keeps the protocol of the competition, calls the participants for the next attempt, marks in the protocol successful with the sign “o” and unsuccessful “x” attempts, missed heights or attempts are marked with a dash.

Judges in the form of "throwing" monitor safety; the correctness of the attempt; for the time allotted for the attempt; measure the result with a successful attempt; return shells. The judges in the field give the command to perform the attempt, after which the chief judge allows the participant to perform the throw. The secretary calls the participants for the next attempt, writes down the results in the protocol, and in case of an unsuccessful attempt puts a dash.

How is the definition of participants in the final competitions in the types of "long jump", "triple jump" and "throwing". Eight participants with the best results advance to the final. They are entitled to three more final attempts. If two or more competitors have the same results, regardless of which attempt, then the second highest result of each competitor is considered and places are allocated to it. If the second result is equal, the third result is considered. If all three results are equal, then all participants with the same results (9, 10 people) go to the final. The winner is determined by the best result from all six attempts.

In running events where competitions are held in several circles, participants who have shown the same results have the right to run (if the competition rules allow) or a lot is held among them to enter the next round, or, if possible, all participants are allowed to the next round with the same result. Places in running events are distributed according to the results of the final races, places among participants who did not qualify for the final, according to the results of preliminary races. In several final races, places are distributed according to the indications of stopwatches (for example, races for 800 m are held in one round, all races are final).

Answer the following questions in your notebook:

1. How many teams of referees are there to referee athletics competitions? List them.
2. What is the job of a starter referee?

Practical part.

Perform a set of gymnastic exercises.

Exercise 1

Walking in place with acceleration.

Note : do the exercise 1 min.

Exercise 2

Starting position: standing, feet shoulder-width apart, hands brought to the shoulders.

1. While inhaling, stretch your arms to the sides and bend (Fig. 1).

Note: repeat the exercise slowly 68 times.

Figure 1. Exercise 2

Exercise 3

Starting position: standing, legs together, arms along the body.

1. While inhaling, spread your arms and take your right leg to the side.

2. Exhale as you return to the starting position.

Note: perform the exercise 810 times at a moderate pace.

Exercise 4

Starting position: standing, legs together, arms along the body.

1. While exhaling, squat down and touch the floor with your hands 3 times.

Note : perform the exercise quickly 8-10 times.

Exercise 5

Starting position: standing, feet shoulder-width apart, arms along the body.

1. While inhaling, bend to the right side and at the same time lower the right hand down with a sliding movement along the body, and raise the left up.

2. Exhale as you return to the starting position.

3. Run everything in the other direction.

Note : repeat the exercise at a moderate pace 810 times.

Exercise 6

Starting position: standing, legs together, arms along the body.

1. While inhaling, take your right leg back and put it on your toe, while raising your arms up.

2. As you exhale, swing your right leg forward, while stretching your arms forward and touching your foot.

3. While inhaling, swing your right leg back and raise your arms up.

4. On the exhale, return to the starting position.

5. Run everything with your left foot.

Note : repeat the exercise quickly 8-10 times.

Exercise 7

Starting position: standing, legs wide apart, arms along the body.

1. As you exhale, lean forward 3 times springy, while touching the floor.

2. While inhaling, take the starting position.

Note: perform the exercise quickly 68 times.

Exercise 8

Starting position: horizontal position with an emphasis on parallel palms of outstretched hands and toes.

1. Bend your elbows at a right angle (Fig. 2).

2. Take the starting position.

Note : perform the exercise 610 times.



Figure 2. Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Starting position: standing, legs wide apart, hands on the belt.

1. Jump and bring your legs together.

2. Jump and spread your legs.

Note : repeat the exercise 812 times, breathing can be arbitrary.