Runners often use strange words and expressions that are incomprehensible to the uninitiated. Let's analyze some of them

Pace. Unlike normal people, runners measure their speed not in kilometers per hour, but in minutes per kilometer. From a runner's point of view, pace is the amount of time taken per mile. Thus, a 6-minute pace means that the athlete runs one kilometer in 6 minutes. The especially enlightened use the synonym "pace".

Fartlek. Means "play of speed" in Swedish. Fartleks develop speed and strength by changing distances and pace without interrupting their run. An example of a fartlek workout: one minute of relaxed running followed by one minute of hard running, repeated over several minutes, miles, or rotated every quarter.

Tights (not to be confused with Thais). Men's and women's running pants. They differ from ordinary sports trousers in a stronger degree of fit, which allows you to keep warm, remove moisture and not hinder movement while running. Sometimes called leggings, leggings, leggings, tights.

Wall. The state of extreme emotional and physical exhaustion of an ultra-long-distance runner, which manifests itself with a sharp drop in blood sugar levels.

Pano (ANP), aka Anaerobic Threshold. An indicator of heart rate (pulse), which determines the maximum intensity at which a balance is still maintained between the amount of lactic acid produced and absorbed. If the anaerobic threshold is exceeded, lactic acid begins to accumulate in the muscles, fatigue increases and performance decreases.

Cowardly, cowardly. Run at a certain, often slow, pace. “Cowardly” is usually at the warm-up before competitions and training, at the hitch, sometimes during long crosses and at interval training between sets.

parkrun- weekly amateur races at a distance of 5 km. Parkrun races are not track and field events - they are more of a friendly race, but they are timed. The races are free for participants and require only a one-time registration from them in order to further record the results. The organization of events (track marking, timing, publication of results) is handled in turn by the runners themselves.

Trail (eng. trail running)- a sports discipline that involves running on natural terrain at a free pace or as part of a competition. It incorporates elements of cross country and mountain running and is gaining more and more fans all over the world, especially in the US and Europe. The main difference from cross-country running is in the landscape. For trail running, hills and even mountains are usually chosen, as well as deserts and dense forests.

SBU. short for "special running exercises". A set of exercises for the development of strength qualities and the development of running technique. These include running with a shin overlap, running with a high hip lift, multi-jumping, mincing running, running with your back, and others that are well known from physical education lessons.

Intervals (segments). A generalized name for high- and low-intensity running alternating exercises. There are several types of interval training, but they are all related. general principle- a fairly short acceleration alternates with a recovery jog at a comfortable pace.

Pacemaker. From English. pacemaker - a runner who sets a certain pace for the race. At large marathons, where participants are grouped by target finish time, as a rule, several pacemakers are attached to each starting cluster. They can be seen by flags or balloons, which indicate the estimated finish time. In order not to be distracted by the clock, it is enough for the runner to find his pacemaker and follow him. Such assistants are available not only for marathons, but also for “halves” (half marathons), and for shorter distances.

Fan run. A race whose purpose is not to identify the fastest among the participants. The main goal of such a start is to attract attention or just have fun.

Cadence. cadence while running. So, for example, a cadence of 164 means that in 60 seconds the runner's feet touched the ground 164 times. According to experts, the ideal cadence is 180 steps per minute. However, this does not oblige all of us to run with an ideal cadence, because the body may simply not be ready for this.

Cross. Cross country running (from cross country running), discipline in athletics. Usually passes through rough terrain, forest paths. Some runners when they say "cross" mean normal flat terrain, so be careful.

OFP. short for "general physical training". Complex special exercises on the development and strengthening of the muscular, musculoskeletal systems and the vestibular apparatus. As an example OFP you can remember the usual physical education lesson with stretching exercises, abs, muscle development.

Pronation. The method of setting the outer part of the foot when walking and running, one of key points when choosing running shoes. When the foot comes into contact with the ground, its arch becomes flatter, thereby reducing the shock load. Neutral pronation ensures optimal distribution of the load from hitting the surface. Hypo-pronation makes it difficult for the natural cushioning of the foot due to insufficient arching of the foot, and over-pronation, on the contrary, due to excessive lowering of the arch of the foot and collapse of the foot on the inside.

What do you know?

Funny jargon of athletes.

My first coach latissimus dorsi back called "wings". And it's very accurate. To the left and right of the shoulders, it descends obliquely to the waist, like folded wings.

Other athletes call these muscles "laterals".

These "wings" ("sides") were especially large for Sasha Kurynov, and he was not at all engaged in bodybuilding. It was nature's given mighty stratifications of quivering muscles.

Athletes, especially wrestlers, call the neck a "trunk".

Muscles are not trained, but "pumped". If the muscles are especially developed, they say: "Rained paws." The record is never beaten, but only "removed". Muscles are called only muscles. And classical exercises, for example, do not train, but "sit on the classics." And the muscles did not tire, but always only - "scored". And the spine does not hurt, but "bitten the back." And the weight was not pulled out, not pushed out, but "tucked in". And on the bar is not 250 kg, but "fifty dollars", and not 220, but "twenty", the names of hundreds of kilograms are always omitted. And I won’t go to the gym for a workout, but I’ll “work”, “swing”. And not the painful fatigue of overworked muscles, but "strengthening strength".

And how many such expressions, precise, sharp, and almost always affectionately mocking!

Don't rush... If everything depended on us. Prudently, unhurriedly rake out strength, extract, not obeying the need for performances for offset, calendar instructions. If...

It was so difficult, almost impossible, to get the right to decide for yourself which competitions you need.

Because of this damned calendar, I did not dare to train in tempo exercises - the work is completely superfluous in the rough stage of training, when you bring down strength, you get it in hard work in the "utility rooms".

When gaining strength, the athlete must be free, not be afraid for stiffness and loss of speed reaction - the first and constant companions of massive loads. It is reasonable to harness yourself to such work for a long time - I dreamed of several years. I would subordinate training to given regimes, bringing to life more and more new strength, cutting it out of days, months of work, transforming muscles, shaking up the whole "nature of the body", cocking it to ever new, more powerful energy revolutions.

And all the trifles of the mandatory test competitions demanded a withdrawal from such loads, a violation of the entire course, all the naturalness of the growth of strength. And in fact, if there are competitions, then this is a must - a month to relieve loads, weeks - to pre-launch half-loads, after the competition - put yourself in order - these are huge chunks of time! And the unnecessary nervous expense of working in front of the audience?!

But is that the only problem?

Everything that I loved, served and gave myself to selflessly, regardless of fatigue, breakdowns, illnesses, all this turned out to be crumpled, plucked and robbed. Training process, broken due to switching to competitions, requires repetition - repetition almost from the beginning, almost from the starting positions. And even this draft process, the main thing for the strength of the process because of the obligation of the future performance (and there are many of them, they are frequent) has a compliant, half-hearted character. But what kind of competition? Most are solely for the sake of state credit. So the training cycles are disfigured, shortened, forced, and all this is a burden - an extra burden - falls on the body, already put into work at a frantic pace.

Maybe I'm wrong and the competitions are needed not only for the state offset, although there are obviously enough of them. And, of course, the essence of all sport is not in me, and the sport was not created for me alone, but I could not renounce my dream. Boxer Pat Glendon, the hero of Jack London's story "The Primal Beast", trained without temporary, subjective stretching, seemed to me all sports life. Oh, if only this fiction could be measured by the flesh of days! Do not rush to enter the big ring, platform, carpet, stadium! To find such a coach, such a soul, obsessed with a dream, callous to the benefits, the temptations of fame - what miracles can be done! I saw these miracles, heard the smell, rustle - here they are, these days, here is the authenticity of these days! .. But I could not reach it.

Late. I waved too much ... over the bumps of training, mistakes, the eternal race for the result ... And who will reproach, if not a professional? ..

On the big platform, we no longer belong to ourselves. I did not dare to act badly. And the way out suggested itself: to disregard fatigue, to neglect health, to work, rearing oneself against all evils and failures...

Of course, this is the path of wear and tear. But I also could not agree to other conditions, but they always exist: to trudge, to scrape together victorious results, to be content with what was released. I didn’t master this art - to be content with what was released - it means to be in lackeys at a chance, fatigue, prudence of satiety, that means humility? ..

Difficulties will not stop those who have the talent to deny humility. Such a person, everywhere and everywhere, will strive to overthrow "irresistibility" and everything that knits the movement, in all the diversity of the understanding of the movement. There are always those who are possessed. Possessed?.. But in sports, the time has passed for simply strong and simply courageous. Strength must be obtained in hard work, courage must be nurtured and applied to everyday work. Only such work will give worthy strength and tame victories. It takes years of diligent apprenticeship... and the holy conviction that you're right, you're on your way to success, you'll make it...

It is in the nature of sport to resist any attempt to outdo you. Without this feeling, there is no sport. After all, sport is a competition. Big sport - everything is immeasurably sharper. It is important not to fall into the soreness of feelings, and this, it must be admitted, is greatly condoned by fatigue. After all, a sports race does not recognize stops. To stop means to lose the advantage.

Therefore, it is not age that determines the sports age, but the start time serious training. You can be emasculated by the age of twenty-five if you join the big game as a teenager. You can wear out by the age of forty, as in ordinary life - by seventy. The highest orders would not have been awarded to athletes otherwise: their work is unusual.

You have to love sports very much so that you don’t notice all this, take it for granted.

We were picking up the key to new workouts. For how long? .. Even the next training sessions could no longer be unlocked by them ...

I dreamed of the unrealizable - to perform when a new force has matured. Then, with a series of speeches, stake out her expression. And on the road again! Again in training, in search of strength, in mistakes and discoveries! ..

Happy seekers!

Without rest - into new workouts: T-shirts did not dry out, old calluses burst, abrasions and bruises were marked on the chest and neck ... January, February, March, April ... I invested such kilograms in myself that I only partially digested them by the second half 1963.

Weightlifting requires aggregate developed muscles. Almost all muscle connections are involved in the snatch and jerk. Therefore, the training is so voluminous and detailed. It is necessary to work the main muscles, not to mention the muscles in general, and there is neither time nor energy for this.

Then the question of the art of training arises. One should know how to act on the muscle in order to get the greatest increase in strength, be versed not only in the exercises, but also in the number of these exercises in the training, as well as in the number of repetitions of each exercise. And there is a lot more to "know" from what comes down to simple training truths. Things are simple at first glance, but behind them is a complex science of experience, not just bare experience. And coaching experience can not always help. In addition, training directly depends on the type nervous system. Everyone has everything in their own way.

Now everyone understands how complex and difficult this material is - big sport, and in 1963, when editing my first collection of short stories, L.A. Kassil said: "You know what they will say to you:" Invent! .. There is nothing similar around! ""

I trained as if I intended to stay in big sport a good quarter of a century. And to this day I can’t give a clear answer why I conducted those trainings. Even for a result of 600 kg, they were excessive. However, I did not doubt the correctness. But why? After a few years, I was going to leave. Why then such burdens? The power from them was intended for the distant future, and I excluded it for myself in sports.

Perhaps everything is easier. After all, the one who knows how to give wins first of all. I did not know how to do it prudently, cheaply.

My world! My!..

Physical hygiene should not be fetishized as a means of maintaining health. It is useless without mental hygiene. Everything that interferes with the expression, the outcome of strong natural and higher moral, deeply internal motives, leads to diseases, health disorders, often irreversible. Physical activity is just an addition to mental and mental activity, which brings satisfaction and is not artificially limited. Only in the harmony of the mental and physical - health and joy. Strong, natural feelings, as well as deeply moral motives, must certainly find expression, not be hidden in any way. To suppress the most important feelings and thoughts in oneself means to destroy oneself. The main diseases are acquired due to mental and moral suffering. Physical activities they will not be weakened. It is important to eliminate the cause of mental dissatisfaction. As a last resort - to realize the cause in order to protect the body from inevitable destruction, often tragic because of irreversibility. A cramped mind is already a prerequisite for many diseases. Physical hygiene in this case somehow justifies itself, acting only as a distraction. All this must be understood in the interests of maintaining health.

Once I was asked to bend a nickel. I couldn't, and the person who suggested bent. But I saw: he will be crushed in deadlifts or squats by the most ordinary kilograms for any weightlifter. Only his hands are developed. And developed, as he admitted, a decade of daily exercise. But after all, this is not strength in general, but only the quality of a separate muscle group, and a very limited one at that.

One should not confuse the force expression of the totality of muscles with the strength of its individual groups. They say: a person lifts 400-600 kg. I already know in advance - this is a deadlift strength, reinforced by the strength of the legs, and even then manifested in strictly defined "angles" - the degree of straightening of the legs (which is very important) ... As a rule, his arms and shoulders are not able to wring out even hundreds of kilograms.

A person is able to achieve impressive results in the development of individual muscle groups. For example, squatting with unprecedented weight. However, in sports all-around he will be beaten. That's the difficulty sports training- have all the muscles prepared.

But even with harmony, one force is not a healthy force. Running, swimming and other endurance and flexibility exercises are necessary. Without them, strength is sick.

A first-class athlete is suffocated by an abundance of muscles, but for health they are useless, even harmful. Digging up a garden for such a superman is already a task. Unfortunately, the professionalization of strength is continuously increasing in weightlifting (of course, not only in weightlifting). Therefore, modern training, with its tendency to narrow specialization, must involve endurance training. These are demands of struggle and health, by no means a whim.

One of the March days, I decided to try out the "low gray" snatch. I pulled out the barbell with a "spreader". However, as my own weight increased, I began to hit the platform with my knee more and more often. I was no longer able to quickly "stand up", I became heavy.

In the "low seat" method, the undermining is complete. When you "spread" it involuntarily you cut it off, you don't finish it - otherwise you won't have time to work it out with your feet. In addition, in the "low squat" the height of the explosion is much lower due to the deeper penetration under the bar. However, balance is more difficult. In the "scissors" ("spreading"), it is possible to roll the center of gravity from foot to foot, achieving stability. And in the "low gray" the possibilities for correcting inaccuracies are very negligible.

Bogdasarov insisted on retraining. I dodged.

The mistake was that he decided to retrain me on an empty neck. Small or average weight I would pull correctly, in the right plane. The heaviness itself would impose the correctness of the movement. And the empty neck - I almost blew their face off ...

In a literal sense, the bloody failure had completely unforeseen consequences for me. I refused to learn new style in a jerk. As a result, I lost 1962 and most of 1963. Since November 1963, I no longer doubted the need for a transition to a "low seat".

But by the Tokyo Games (1964) he only superficially mastered the mechanics of movements. As a result - a failure on the Olympic platform.

How much I was ahead of time and rivals in mastering the style of "low gray" in jerking exercise, I was so dangerously late with this in a jerk, for which I paid with the loss of gold Olympic medal. And yet, in my own way, I am proud. No one retrained at the end of his sports career to a new style of exercise. After all, this is not only a different rigidity of movements, but also the need to develop joints in completely unusual positions. Moreover, in a new way, I set two world records. Of course, I didn't trust him. Of course, beware of the trick. And yet not as crushing as in Tokyo.

And then the injury in the literal sense of the word threw me off the new technique. I lost precious time and partly the very victory in the last world test ...

I was late for the second time with the development of the necessary techniques. Only before the Olympic Games in Rome, I retrained for the "lock", and until that time I took all the weights in the clean and jerk (up to 200 kg) regular grip It's hard to believe, but it's a fact.

On Friday, March 16, 1962, Pravda published a report on a press conference dedicated to the next drawing of the Moscow Prize. President International Federation weightlifting Johnson was asked about the possibility of meeting Paul Anderson with Yuri Vlasov.

Johnson said: "We would like to see this interesting question go from theoretical to practical. But Anderson has competed in recent years as a professional wrestler and boxer, and also participated in special weight-lifting circus performances. Therefore, he cannot, under existing rules, return in amateur sports. I know that latest results Anderson, as a weightlifter, are close to achieving Vlasov, and therefore their meeting would be of great interest."

For me, it was important to recognize that Anderson's results are only close, but not superior to mine. Hence, our assessment of its capabilities is correct. This means that my future kilograms, accumulated by winter and spring training, will provide an advantage.

My coach and I planned to collect a near-record amount of triathlon at the USSR Championship in May, and by the fall, when the loads of powerful training were more or less assimilated, reach 570 kg. I was even afraid to name this figure aloud, so that I would not be considered a braggart.

The first blow to Paul Anderson's favorite exercise - the bench press - I decided to deal with the coach on Monday, April 2, at the championship of higher educational institutions of the capital (a fairly authoritative level of competition). In the sports building of the Moscow Power Engineering Institute, I performed out of competition. Places at the consoles were taken by judges of the international category.

Working for yourself, not for a team, is much easier. Otherwise, you put approaches, disruptions do not threaten anything. Hence emancipation, freedom of behavior.

In the first approach I squeeze 182 kg - a new record of the USSR. During the control weighing, the barbell pulls 182.7 kg. There is a record - 182.5. Exhausted jokingly.

Now knock down Anderson's bench press record of 185.5 kg - the oldest in the top achievements table, set back at the World Championships in Munich on October 16, 1955! On the chest I grab the bar with a margin, I get up deftly. On the cotton of the judge with one hand I squeeze the barbell. All three judges are unanimous: there is a record of 186 kg! Just ordinary...

When the record was set, Anderson weighed 164.5, I - 126.5 kg.

Finally, all four world records are mine: in the bench press - 186 kg, in the snatch - 163, in the clean and jerk - 210.5 and in the triathlon - 550 kg.

I did not flatter myself: Anderson will squeeze the barbell and heavier. In the calculations I give him 195-200, myself - 190 kg. By the World Championships, by autumn, I will master this weight firmly. Possibly with a cover. Therefore, in the bench press, Anderson can have an advantage of 5 to 10 kg. But I saw his breakthrough. He cannot take more than 155 kg. I have a record - 163. I'm ready for 165. With a touch of the knee, I snatched 165 back in Dnepropetrovsk. Therefore, with a snatch exercise, I will "eat" his advantage in the press. And in the push for me victory. In any case, 210.5 kg is really the ultimate weight lifted so far by anyone with outstretched arms. And that is not all. I got a new power.

In general, training weights by the end of spring have grown unusually. They captured the imagination of my fellow trainees. I reached a new, unprecedented level of strength.

On March 15th I do clean and jerk pulls through 260, 270, 280, 300kg, holding many reps at 250kg. On April 26 I work at 250, 280 and 305 kg. I tear off the platform and pull all the weights cleanly to the waist - without the help of hooks and other devices. With a record in the clean and jerk of 210 kg, a thrust of 300 kg is absolutely not needed - this is the risk of "breaking" and an extra expenditure of energy. The reserve in the pulls is dictated by the reality of the jerk result. Therefore, it is not advisable to work on scales greater than 240 kg. But I need a show of strength, I'm convinced of new force, in the vastness of this power.

At the same time, I do snatch pulls up to 230 kg. But with this thrust, I prepare myself for the push. Capturing new training weights in auxiliary exercises goes in all directions.

In push pulls, I would try weights and more, far exceeding 300 kg, but then the heaviest disk was a twenty-kilogram. A 300 kg set left no room on the neck for new discs. Only now they began to produce discs weighing 50 kg.

By bending over with kettlebells, passed between high stools, I keep the spine stretched. I walk the heaviest weights without spinal pain. And this is after a recent back complication in Riga!

To protect the biceps from the heavy gusts that are not uncommon when doing a bench press (I have seen such injuries with world record holders Stepan Ulyanov, Fedor Nikitin), I introduced biceps push-ups of the bar: you stand straight, the bar is at your hips in outstretched arms, then you bend your arms to your shoulders. The grip is reverse. With this technique, I pulled up (squeezed out), without bending the body, 110 kg. As far as I know, this result is still beyond anyone's power.

Bogdasarov forbids the weighting of the rods, trying to save the joints. Why the unnecessary wear?

And suddenly, I get sick. Everything is over, everything is behind, and I'm getting sick! That means all the work is in vain. After all, you have to start all over again.

Sickness erodes strength. Now I don't care about health - the result is lost! Result in jeopardy!

Ten or twelve days before the USSR championship in Tbilisi, I felt a complete impossibility to endure any volitional tension. And no temperature, no fever. And it's getting worse and worse. I did not yet know the images of nervous exhaustion. I considered myself omnipotent: no one and nothing can limit the will of my goals.

And the newspapers reported: On April 28 in Detroit, Szemansky set his world record in the snatch - 164 kg. It was the last world record in the snatch in the history of world sports, performed by a "spreader", in a way that I urgently needed to change. The technique exhausted himself. Since then, athletes have performed the snatch in the "low squat" way. The transition to a new style caused a vigorous increase in results in those years.

And the disease of overwork was gaining strength. I hated the bar, the future performance at the USSR championship, records, the vanity of the first. I fell into an abyss of fatigue, despair, loss of myself. I needed rest, sparing loads, but I was forced to pass through myself the given tons. I didn't dare leave the game. Now the stake was not medals and titles, but life. For me, it's my life. I raped and crushed her. And I had to be silent. In those days, I said goodbye to youth and carelessness. Forever and ever. And he did not amused himself with force, but exposed himself to the inevitable and obligatory blows. And that's what sports are. I met him in a duel, without pity. Forward, my friend, life is always an act of will!

I got injured not in the snatch, but in the bench press. The error in the movement responded with a stab of pain and then silence. But I ruled out giving up the fight if I stepped onto the platform. It was only necessary to overcome the pain ... and fear. And then, is it pain? I knew that the injury would rage the next day. In the first hours, the pain is usually bearable. You clearly perceive the change in the joints and muscles, but the pain is still dull. The main thing is not to let the injury deepen. Carefully-carefully go through the required weights. Lighten the load on the damaged area. Trauma occupies the entire consciousness. Sneaking through her limitations, tasting them. Trauma all the time outlines the limits of movement and the degree of permissible stress.

And then, in a snatch, I finished off the neck ligaments. The injury expanded, capturing their attachments on both the back and vertebrae. No, the pain was tolerable, very unpleasant and unfamiliar were the crunch and some displacements in the attachment points of the ligaments and muscles. And the most annoying thing is the impossibility of using painkillers: they are equated with doping. You can treat the injury site from the outside, but not the neck.

So I pushed a ridiculously small weight. However, this weight brought me to the first place.

I won the USSR championship for the fourth time. The second place was taken by Zhabotinsky with a triathlon of 512.5 kg, the third - by Vilkovich - 475 kg.

I was surprised by Zhabotinsky's own weight. Since the Leningrad championship of the USSR in 1960, this weight has increased on average by perhaps 15 kg per year. A certain system was already visible behind the increase, because, according to weight, the sports result also grew ...

My weight in the championship was 126.3 kg.

I damaged not only the cervical ligaments, as determined at first, but again the spine. This trauma haunted me until last day In sports.

I got into a corset of bandages. The neck injury proved to be the most worrying of all. I couldn't close my eyes for a week. As soon as he lowered his head, the pain pierced. Just sit. Don't put your head down, don't put your hand on it.

I did not attribute the injury to something special. I was angry: a hindrance to work, I have to work, I am losing my higher power ...

In general, injuries indicate training overload, the inability of the body to digest the load.

As soon as the acute pain subsided, I began to warm up. Only certain exercises were successful. The pain sometimes burned through thoroughly, but stop training - ruin everything! After all, the cycle is rough, strength work completed. Ahead of training to decline. Their intensity will increase only by the main competitions - autumn. I won’t let you break the cycle, I have endured so much, I expect so much from this work! ..

Comrades also gave such an example: injuries are overcome through work. I met with such courage!

It remained to get a mere little - and the preponderance of power for me. After all, Anderson could slam my results in public any day. And I must respond immediately. Otherwise, what were my victories worth? And who is really the strongest?

It's not just about personal feelings. Sport is the highest of competitions. Engaged in them - if you please, answer the challenge with force. And then, soon the world championship - who would correctly interpret my refusal to speak? After all, it was during these weeks that the dispute with Anderson began. Refusal would have meant recognition of Anderson's superiority.

I have to go to the world championship. Should work on the new result. Now it's debt...

Yes, and this is also an act of will!

Everything went free.

Such an excellent athlete as Kutsenko called Anderson "a man of fabulous strength" (Fizkultura i sport, 1958, No. 12, p. 6). American newspapers at the time of Anderson's victories at the championships called him a "titan", a "wonder of nature", a "crane". After Anderson's victory at the 1955 World Championships in Munich, the Governor of Georgia established "Anderson Day" in the state.

Paul Anderson was born October 17, 1932 in Toccoa, Georgia. His parents are people who are completely alien to the sport. Anderson finished school well and entered Furman University (South Carolina). However, after the first course he left it.

Anderson became interested in weightlifting at school. In January 1952, a cousin gave him a barbell. Paul installed it in his bedroom. The first months of training did not differ in variety. He mainly squats with weights on his shoulders. Already in the summer, he manages to sit down with a weight of 250 kg twice in a row. Gradually, young Anderson brings squats with weight up to a hundred times a day! The weight of the rod ranges from 209 to 250 kg. At the end of the first year of training, Anderson is gaining a total of 365 kg in triathlon and performs one squat with a weight of 300 kg.

In March 1953, he gains 397.5 kg in triathlon, in November - 483.5 kg. Anderson's personal record in squats weighs up to 372.5 kg (These results are shown by Anderson until 1956, that is, before the transition to professionals and the heyday of his strength).

From 1955 until the sadly unsuccessful clash at the Olympic Games in Melbourne (1956) with Umberto Selvetti, the mighty Anderson has been playing for the US team.

In November 1955, at a performance at the Iraqi Royal Sports Club of Baghdad, Anderson took 207.5 kg in the clean and jerk. By the way, only sitting down for the book, I found out about this result. There is no mention of him in sports literature. This result is questionable.

In professional demonstrations of strength, Anderson managed to tear off the platform and lift 1600 kg to his knees. In addition, he performs an incomplete squat - "short squat" with a weight of 900 kg, walks with 700 kg on his chest and squats by all the rules with 425 kg.

Menke's Encyclopædia Britannica puts Anderson on a par with the legendary Louis Cyr, Arthur Saxon, Eugene Sandow, Karl Svoboda, Georg Hackenschmidt, and, in my opinion, not without reason.

"Anderson became the world champion performing standard exercises, but his amazing strength was most clearly manifested in various tricks in which no one could surpass him ..." - we read in the encyclopedia.

"My father was of Scottish descent and weighed 175 pounds (about 80 kg. - Y.V.). My mother was of Irish-English descent and weighed about 200 pounds (about 90 kg. - / O.V.) ... I was athlete and went to college mainly to be a coach and play football.However, that's where I got into weightlifting.Because my rise to the international level in weightlifting was so fast, I had to make a decision: whether to continue with formal education or leave it and take up the overseas travel that is inevitable when competing.I chose weight lifting and never graduated from any college...

He became interested in athletics due to a serious kidney disease. I fell ill when I was less than four years old, which predetermined the lag in physical development up to about ten years of age. He made every effort to catch up with his peers. This made me turn to athletics. I have been involved in sports since my school days. However, he did not lift weights before entering college.

When straining to get up from a "low gray" I injured my knee very badly. Repeating this rise throughout the second half of the day, I decided to try one more exercise before the end of the workout, already in the evening. He girded himself with a large belt, hooked the weight, but could not tear it off. Trying to tear off 4000 pounds (1814 kg. - Yu. V.) from the ground, he injured his knee. Later it turned out that the projectile froze to the ground after sunset ...

Then, when leaving under weight, more precisely when getting up with a lot of weight, he injured his wrist. Then a car accident - just before going to Vienna for the World Cup. I was traveling with a friend, it was a very hot day. Suddenly it started raining. We overtook another car. When my friend turned back into his lane, the car went out of control and hit a tree.

I first met Hoffman in 1953 in Pennsylvania. He was invited there to participate in the program, where he intended to break the world record in "deep no band" (one of the strength exercises. - Yu.V.). It was my very first show...

Most recently, we wrote about what you need to know if you want to work out according to the methods of English-speaking trainers. After watching a couple of these videos (and having a good sweat at the same time), we noticed that these sports gurus actively use not only the names of exercises in their vocabulary, but also a special “sports slang”. Let's understand all its subtleties together in order to understand what we are talking about when we hear about “spare tire” and “muffin top”.

Sports slang in English: good shape vs bad shape

Most often in all the videos we are told about how to return ourselves to “good shape”. The word “shape” itself means “shape, outline”. So we can be in good shape with you - to be in good shape, or bad form - to be in bad shape. If you are unlucky and you are only dreaming about perfect figure, then you can say to yourself that you are “out of shape” - out of shape.

Sometimes, when describing good physical fitness, we can drop the word “good”. Don't be surprised if you hear the expression “I am in shape”. Most likely, it will mean that the person is "in shape." Although this topic can be joked. After all, when describing the shape of geometric shapes, we also use the word “shape”. This is how jokes from the series are born: I "m in shape. Round is a shape. - I'm in shape. A circle is a shape.

If you are trying to lose weight or pump up, then remember the expression “to get back into shape”. It just means "get back in shape."

Do you want to emphasize what a wonderful physical preparation you have? Then feel free to use different adjectives for the word shape. For example, great shape, fantastic shape, amazing shape- all this will more vividly describe your physical virtues.

Sports slang in English for plump

Are you a little loose at the waist? Is there extra fat on the sides? Of course, all this is not very pleasant. But nothing prevents you from treating it with humor. There are several interesting English slang expressions to describe such a "fat" problem. Let's get to know some of them.

Vocabulary in English for physical exercises

Ready for a good workout? Let's then look at the words that are actively used in the video from sports exercises in English.

To begin with, you need to decide on your goal. Most likely, you want to be fit and in good shape. All this can be described with a good English word “toned” ( to be toned).

Trainers recommend starting every workout with a warm-up. warm up”, and finish with more relaxed exercises. Such exercises at the end are designed to "cool" you, that is, cool down". All these warm-ups and final exercises are included in your daily training program. By the way, if you have a plan that you are following, you can safely say that you have " training routine”.

The most important thing when playing sports is “ to set a pace”, i.e. “set the tempo”. If we run, then we run at the right pace, and do not use up all our strength in the first 10 minutes. Try to evenly distribute the load, otherwise it will turn out that you will exhaust yourself earlier than planned ( to wear out- to deplete, wear out). Well, remember that long-term sports increase your endurance ( endurance- endurance).

There are two verbs quite common in English sports videos − to shed and to shred. This is even the name of one of the fitness programs beloved by many women, trainer Jillian Michaels (Jillian Michaels) Shed and Shred. What is the difference between these two verbs?

The verb “to shed” means that you are engaged in order to lose overweight. That is, it translates as "drop, drop." If you do everything right and become “to shred” over time, it's time to show your muscular torso. This is how it turns out that when playing sports, a person is first shed, and then shred.

If you want to know what kind of Shed and shred fitness program is, then watch a short video with examples of exercises, admire the physical form of Jillian Michaels and listen to real “sports” English.

Idioms about health in English

If you work hard and are at the peak of your physical form, then you certainly want to tell the whole world about it. So let's memorize a few health idioms in English!

Remember all the English slang expressions? So you are definitely ready to train with the best English-speaking coaches in the world. So download the video to your liking and let's go!

Shutikova Anna

Slang can be called a part of the language, which consists of very informative phrases and words. Similar words are usually used in a specific context by a specific group of people. Since slang usually arises in a group of professionals, athletes and all those who are somehow connected with sports also have it. The issue of sports slang is very relevant today, in particular, due to the growing role of English in the national language. Olympic Committee. Therefore, this topic deserves special attention.

Some features of sports slang

The idioms found in sports slang are significant for their sharpness, variety and sometimes unexpectedness. Be sure to pay attention to the fact that a large number of idioms came to us from completely different sports. For example, abscond from one's responsibilities means "to play in halfback". If translated literally, it will sound like "hiding from responsibility." Or to fail some opportunity- “to pass an inaccurate pass” (to let the puck pass). Literally, this phrase can be translated as "to miss someone's opportunity." And such a pun is used daily in sports slang, but there are more established phrases. The table shows some examples.

Slang Analogue Translation Literally

the pill shoot the ball

take it to the house score a touchdown

put the biscuit score a hockey goal

The entire American nation is completely obsessed with sports. They love to participate in sports events and watch them on TV. Over the years, many slang expressions have entered American English precisely with sports topics. The most important words are “football” (football), “basketball” (basketball), “baseball” (baseball). Note that these words have made their way into our language without any changes.

Oh, it's not an easy job...

It is not easy to be a sports translator. This requires the specialist to have special knowledge and training in the field of sports. Here the translator may encounter difficulties precisely because of ignorance of sports slang. In order to succeed in this area, a specialist will have to have not only skills for quick translation, but also daily participate in sports events (perhaps even play this sport himself), and, of course, remember slang idioms, their relation to each of sports. For example, bougie- in volleyball means "to hit the ball with the head", big dance- "an important sporting event", for which a very long time is being prepared through a series of small events (for example, a racing tournament).

Examples

Consider also some phrases from sports jargon, you may already know them. They are often found in different sports.

• gain- win, win, gain an advantage;
• also ran- a person whose results in sports are not entirely successful, who constantly loses;
• batting average- personal achievements, success in any sport;
• hit the ball- work hard in order to achieve results in any sport, rush like crazy across the field;
• - kick the ball into your own goal;
• saved by the bell- to avoid a knockout in boxing due to the end of the round;
• hit below the belt- use prohibited methods;
• skin the cat- somersault on the horizontal bar (about gymnasts);
• make a comeback- return to its former glory;
• be out from the count- lose, knockout (in boxing);
• down and out- tired, exhausted;
• play the field- spray on the field, do a lot of unnecessary things on the field (football);
• get home- to get what you aspired to, achieve the goal, win;
• send somebody to grass- knock someone down
• beat the gun- get ahead of events;
• take the lead- take responsibility for someone;
• love all- goalless draw;
• buy money- bet on the one who usually wins;
• as hard nails- an athlete in great shape, hardy;
• neck and neck- in an equal position;
• dead heat- draw; long odds - small chances that a win will occur (jumps);
• short odds- a high probability that the win will happen (jumps);
• fight back to the ropes- to fight to the end, to resist strongly.

A bit of football jargon

• the beautiful game- football;
• first touch- the first contact of the player with the ball;
• back four- a line of four defenders;
• possession- holding the ball between players of the same team;
• finishing- successful bringing the attack to the goal scored;
• lose possession- let the other team intercept the ball;
• break- break away with the ball from the opposing team and run to their goal;
• a goalless draw- game without goals;
• good in the air- a player who knows how to play well with his head;
• matchwinner- the player who scored the winning goal;
• shot on goal- an attempt to score a goal;
• climb- jump up to hit the ball with your head;
• collect- get a pass.

In conclusion, I would also like to draw attention to the very word "sport" (sport). It turns out that this word has several additional meanings and can be used in completely different contexts.

• sport is a form of address for a boy. For example: "hey Sport. How are you?” - "Hey sport, how are you?";
• to sport- means "to wear". For example: "I'm sporting my new jacket." - "I'm wearing my new jacket";
• good sport- “a person who can turn any bad situation to his advantage.”

So remember that sports can be extremely exciting not only in the stadium, but also when you just talk about it. And our online school EnglishDom will help you learn to speak about it in English. Good luck!

List of useful phrases

the pill / shoot the ball to the basket- kick the ball into the basket (basketball)
take it to the house / score a touchdown- count touch
put the Biscuit in the basket / score a hockey goal- score a goal in hockey
bougie- hit the ball with a head (volleyball)
big dance- important sporting event
gain- win, win, gain an advantage
also ran- a person whose results in sports are not entirely successful, who constantly loses
batting average- personal achievements, success in any sport
hit the ball- work hard, in order to achieve results in any sport, rush like crazy across the field
shoot the ball into one's own goal- kick the ball into your own goal
saved by the bell- to avoid a knockout in boxing due to the end of the round
hit below the belt- use forbidden tricks
skin the cat- somersault on the horizontal bar (about gymnasts)
make a comeback- regain its former glory
be out from the count- lose, knockout (in boxing)
down and out- tired, exhausted
play the field- spray on the field, do a lot of unnecessary things on the field (football)
get home- to get what you aspired to, achieve the goal, win
send somebody to grass- knock someone down
beat the gun- get ahead of events
take the lead- take responsibility for someone
love all- goalless draw
buy money- bet on the one who usually wins
as hard nails- an athlete in excellent shape, hardy
neck and neck- in equal position
dead heat- draw
long odds- small chances that winnings will happen (jumps)
short odds- high probability that the win will happen (jumps)
fight back to the ropes- fight to the end, resist strongly
the beautiful game- football
first touch- the first contact of the player with the ball
back four- line of four defenders
possession- holding the ball between players of the same team
finishing- successful bringing the attack to the goal scored
lose possession- let the other team intercept the ball
break- break away with the ball from the opposing team and run to their goal
a goalless draw- game without goals
good in the air- a player who can head well
matchwinner- the player who scored the winning goal
shot on goal- attempt to score a goal
climb- jump up to hit the ball with your head
collect- get a pass
sport- man (colloquial)
sport (v)- wear clothes)
good sport- companionable person

Big and friendly family EnglishDom

The paper highlights the main ways of formation and features of the functioning of sports jargon. The Russian sports lexicon is most actively replenished with jargon due to borrowings both from other languages ​​(mainly English) and from other types of discourse. Metaphorization, occasional word formation, univerbation, etc. are also productive methods. As a result of the analysis of empirical material, the authors of the work come to the conclusion that there is an ever-increasing trend of interpenetration of discourses, which is due to the wide interest in sports of different discourse carriers; the dynamic nature of discursive practices; mnoob different types social relations; many roles inherent in the modern mobile personality; globalization processes.

INTRODUCTION. Each social sphere of human life is characterized by certain types of communication (verbal and non-verbal), which are the most important tools for achieving goals and meeting the needs of a particular community. Any social institution as a form of organizing the joint life of people is characterized by the presence of its own kind of discourse, which includes specific socially and professionally marked signs. Such verbal signs include specialized vocabulary, terms, phraseological units, proverbs, jargon, etc.

MAIN PART. In this work, we will focus on some features of sports discourse, which is typical for athletes, fans, commentators, sports journalists and fans, and which is implemented by texts of various types in conjunction with a situational (sports) event. Linguistic researchers highlight some features of sports discourse: it conveys the meaning that defines sports activities; sports discourse is not an isolated phenomenon, as it is associated with other types of discourse (especially with the mass media).

Within the sports discourse, there are smaller subdiscourses that are specific to a particular sport. Different types of sports subdiscourses are characterized by a different set of linguistic means: some include more emotionally marked units, others less. So, for example, the chess subdiscourse will be less emotional than football, and the discourse of combat sports will be more expressive than, for example, when playing golf. It depends on many factors: 1) the type of sport - martial arts, sports games or artistic sports; 2) the presence and development of the institution of fans; 3) the number and composition of the audience; 4) entertainment sports events; 5) the popularity of a particular sport; 6) age of players and fans; 7) sports commentary and personal characteristics of commentators; 8) gender characteristics of a particular sport.

In this paper, we would like to dwell in more detail on one of the linguistic features of sports discourse, namely the formation and use of jargon.

Jargon(from French jargon) - the speech of a social or professional group, which differs from the literary language in a specific lexicon. Jargon is a kind of language “not according to the rules”, “language-parvenu”, understandable in a certain environment, since it has a lot of artificial, sometimes conditional words and expressions, but which is actively making its way into “high society”. Over the many centuries of its existence, some slang "words" that came out of the "bottom" have penetrated and entrenched themselves in the literary language. Although not everything in the slang language is acceptable, it noticeably decorates speech with its liveliness, flexibility and unexpected wit.

Until the 1990s, Russian linguistics was dominated by purist traditions associated with the rejection of non-standard forms of language: jargon, slang, occasionalisms, and dialectisms. However, studies show that the attitude towards jargon in the 90s and the 2000s became more tolerant. The jargon is mobile and changeable in time, crowding out respectable speech with the help of mass media and the spread of popular culture, which leave an imprint on the language of the whole nation. What until recently was considered below the standards of speech of educated people and was not recommended for use, now sounds from the lips of professors, businessmen, politicians, from the pages of the press and TV screens. In many ways, the meaning and purpose of jargon lies in the fact that they give speech brightness, imagery, emotionality and expression with shades of irony, jokes, mockery, reproach, contempt, love and hate.

Currently, the need to study jargon is recognized by many domestic scientists. Over the past ten years, many works have appeared on the features and problems of the formation and functioning of jargon.

Each sport has its own slang words and expressions. Some phrases from the language of athletes seem obscure to the uninitiated, and sometimes even completely ridiculous. For example, when a handball player beats on the ears, it does not mean that he intends to inflict bodily harm on someone. Simply by taking a shot at goal, the player directs the ball over the goalkeeper's head into the so-called "dead zone" where to get the ball is quite difficult. And when in the boxing ring one fighter sends another look for the fifth corner, that means he knocked him out; knocked out can also collect change, i.e. Behind this slang expression lies the attempt of the boxer to rise, standing on his knees and elbows.

Remembering the results of the past and for our team ingloriously ended the World Cup in Brazil, you can use the slang expression " A. Kerzhakov today again "polishes the jar" those. remains on the bench, describe the situation of fans waiting in vain for the Russian national team striker to enter the field and a radical change in the course of the game against the South Korean national team.

Skaters have an expression work in the back. This means that on a straight skating oval, it is necessary to get as close as possible to the running athlete in front, then, due to less air resistance, it will be possible to gain maximum speed.

One of the most spectacular elements of basketball is block shot. Having seized the moment, the defender manages to jump out and in flight cover the ball flying into the ring. In the Russian-language version, this technique has long been dubbed the word pot. But even more valuable among basketball players is considered pot with lid. So in the basketball world they say when the ball ends up in the hands of a defender.

About the biggest mistake football goalkeeper they say " screwed up a dead moment”, that is, he did not realize a 100% scoring situation. For example, the job of a hockey defenseman includes the duty clean the patch those. to push the opponent out of the goalkeeper area with the body. In biathlon competitions, a slang term is used to describe a shooting failure situation. shot himself.

Allocate general sports and highly specialized jargon. The general sports slang dictionary includes the following words and expressions that are understandable to representatives of different sports: techie- an athlete who can hold the ball for a long time when playing football or basketball, get technical- holding the ball for too long game types sport and not pass it to your partner who has a better position on the field or sports ground, break an opponent win big, win by overwhelming advantage, dohlyak- weak athlete pikushka- Peak fitness.

Highly specialized jargon used in various types sport, for example, in boxing and weightlifting of an athlete performing in the flyweight weight category, called flyer, a quality - is a bodybuilder.

The main ways of forming sports jargon are: borrowings, development of meanings, formation of words with the help of derivational means from existing units, abbreviations, occasionalisms and others. Let's take a closer look at each of these methods.

Borrowings represent a numerous layer of vocabulary in many languages. There is a large number of English borrowings in the world sports discourse, which is quite understandable, since "the concept of "sport" is ethnocentric for the Anglo-Saxon culture" . In addition, there are extremely few words without a “pedigree”, created, as they say, “from scratch”, because a person is endowed with the ability to compare and transfer the properties of one object to another, while giving it a new name using familiar material. And if this or that phenomenon already has a name, even in another language, it is quite logical to use it. There are, however, countries that are firmly in the position of rejecting foreign borrowings.

Let's take a closer look at some borrowings. Hat trick(tracing from English - hat trick: a hat- hat, a trick trick, trick). According to one version, this expression originated in England in the middle of the 19th century. Cricketers who landed three hard hits in a row were presented with a top hat in recognition of their skill. According to another version, this word arose in the once popular competition in England, the purpose of which was to knock a hat off wooden figures with a ball. If a player managed to knock down three hats in three attempts in a row, then this achievement was called hat-trick. in football hat trick means three goals scored by a player in one match.

The predecessors of jargon can also be professional sports terms of English origin, which already have an equivalent in Russian: midfielder(from English half- half, back- rear) - midfielder, player middle line commands. midfielder is jargon and is most commonly used in the fan environment, while the official term is "midfielder". Linesman(from English. line- line, man- man) - side referee in football. Today, these words are not perceived as jargon and are used as professional terms.

The development of some borrowings by the Russian language is accompanied by their grammatical and derivational Russification. So, the word freerider, borrowed from English and denoting an athlete who prefers extreme skating, came from Englishfree- rider, which, in turn, was formed from the English. freeride(free ride) - a style of cycling or skiing, snowboarding, which implies riding on difficult, sometimes artificially constructed tracks that use natural and artificial obstacles [Wikipedia]. In Russian, they are used according to the rules of Russian grammar: freerider equipment (genus case), freeriding problems(formation of a word in a suffixal way), etc. stopper(from English stopper- cork, plug) - a central defender, whose main duty is to prevent threats to his goal in the central defense zone. Corner(corner - English angle) - corner kick. Dribbling comes from English dribble(driving the ball, showing the skill of ball control with maneuvers unexpected for the opponent, stroking the players and the technique of deceptive movements). According to the etymological dictionary, the verb dribble(1580) formed from the verb drib(1520) with the meaning drip(from English. drip). In sports discourse, it began to be used first in football (1863), and then in basketball (1892).

Foreign borrowings are by no means the only source of replenishment of the sports vocabulary. Borrowings from other types of discourses - quite popular. The most common are occasional, metaphorically rethought lexical units military affairs. This active influence of one discourse on another is a consequence of their general characteristics: striving for victory, struggle, the presence of opponents, tactics for conducting military and sporting events, i.e. competitive, competitive nature of war and sports. And when competing athletes act with aggressive attitudes towards each other, sports competition comes close to a military confrontation. Some experts refer to the sport as "war without weapons" or "war without shooting". The purpose of using borrowings from military discourse in sports is to increase the emotional impact. This includes metaphorically reimagined military words and terms that, as a result of regular use, have become part of the common vocabulary. These words came into sports use as ready-made, expressive means that took shape in the language. (army, army, fighter, scorer, counteroffensive, defense, shelling, defeat, heavy artillery, assault, headquarters, etc..). The words of the group under consideration are used to enhance the expressiveness of speech, most often acting as substitutes for the main terms. For example, defense instead of a word protection; battle, war- competition, game, match; sniper- effective striker. The words military theme as a result of specialization also became sports terms, they are noted in all sports dictionaries and general dictionaries with a special note "sport". To such sports terms include the following: attack- swift attack, technical and tactical technique in sports; counterattack- attack in combat sports and sports games, carried out in response to the attacking actions of the opponent; protection- actions of an athlete in martial arts, a player, a link or a team in sports games, with the aim of repelling an attack and preventing him from achieving a result ; wing- part of the playing field adjacent to its sideline; captain- member sports team who is entrusted with directing the actions of its other participants.

Some words are borrowed from the jargons of other professional groups, For example, from computer discourse: kettle(novice user) in the field of sports activities means a person who has started skiing for the first time and decided to make his first descent from the mountain, basement- This is the last position in the standings. This jargon was adopted from journalistic jargon ( go down to the basement- overlay the material at the bottom of the strip, under another material). It is interesting that there is also the opposite phenomenon here, in the Russian language there appears an antonymous term basement jargon attic (top part standings), formed as an antithesis basement. Freebie in sports, it means to train poorly (borrowed from youth jargon); joker - a substitute player who can radically change the course of the game in favor of his team (from a poker card game); paraffin used in the sense of a shameful, weak game.

At the present stage, sports jargon is an active source of lexical units to enrich other types of discourse. So, for example, the expression tofight back to the ropes( letters. fight, retreating to the ropes of the ring) originally used in a boxing audience and meant ‘fight to the end, put up desperate resistance’, and then it began to be used as a common vocabulary, but at the same time there was a rethinking of the original meaning and its phraseologization. A similar process occurred with the boxing throw in the towel (literally throw in a towel) - surrender, admit defeat. From the sports subdiscourse horse racing The following expressions have entered the common lexicon: lose by a neck(to fall behind) - to fall behind a little (and therefore lose) ; neck and neck(head to head (about horses) - in an equal position, not lagging behind; win by a neck(a head start (about a horse) - a little ahead (and thanks to this win).

A productive way of forming jargon words and expressions is metaphorization, those. semantic development of a word or phrase due to the emergence of figurative meanings in them in order to enhance expressiveness. Metaphorization was used to form words such as spider - a bunch of four punches in boxing: left to the body, right side to the head, left side to the head and right to the body; bagel- loss; dive- a way to simulate a violation of the rules in football in order to "beg" for a free kick or penalty kick; triplets, triplets- three-point shots in basketball, concrete- deaf defense; hernia on skis (grays on trays)- oversized snowboarder; football widow (football widow) - a woman who in the days football matches does not see her husband. In hockey melt ice- often fall on the ice; roll on rails— to play too primitively, unsophisticated. The one who does this is called by tram; go to the buffet- lose the gate. in baseball fastlegs are called wheels wheels): Man, he "s got some wheels on him, I can" t believe he made that catch! .

In different countries, the fans themselves are called differently: tiffozy in Italy torsida in Brazil hour in Spain, fans in England, fans in Russia. But there are many metaphorical names for members of the fan audience. So, in the language of sports fans "Spartak" - " meat"(because initially this team represented the Moscow meat processing plant), Dynamo - “ trash"(because the trash on criminal slang - a policeman, and this team represented sport Club militia), "Wings of the Soviets" - " wings","CSKA" - " horses" ( This team represented the sports club of the Red Army).

You can also find examples metonymy in the formation of sports jargon: in weightlifting iron call barbells, kettlebells, weights; pump iron- fulfill various exercises with a barbell, kettlebells. Actively used in the emergence of new slang words and expressions of association: yellow card - mustard plaster.

As a result negligence and mistranslation English fan a new meaning for the word fan fan, fan. This meaning gained popularity after a message in Russian was left on the Russian forum of the World Hockey Championship by an English-speaking user who, using an online translator, translated an English greeting to Russian fans. « hellotoRussianfans» into Russian as " Hello Russian fans". It should be noted here that the user audience of a particular discourse reacts differently to such language errors. But among young people and fans, such a "fun" acquisition as fan in meaning fan took root immediately. Moreover, it has gained further distribution in the field of youth jargon. We find the following contexts: Since the late 90s, the fan community has been constantly merging with the ultra-right, aggressive teenagers who would like to fight with someone, but due to racial reasons, were not always accepted as their own by racist groups. Murders, robberies, gop-stops have long been the norm of skinhead "fans» .

Actively replenish the dictionary of sports jargon occasionalisms, author's neologisms. In the practice of sports reporting, such occasionalisms as numb, stupefy, bombardment, shedding (scoring a goal), brazil, those. feint ("feint"- also an earlier slang word, which today has become part of the official vocabulary in football, means to demonstrate highly professional possession of the ball). Some sports occasionalisms appeared by transforming the names of notable athletes: bekhemnovato, zidanit, kerzhaknut, dzyubinyo. Word zidanite(Z. Zidane - an outstanding French attacking midfielder, the owner of many football trophies and titles, was distinguished the highest technology possession of the ball.) sarcastically indicate the desire of a football player to try to beat all opponents in football one by one, as the famous football player Z. Zidane did; beckham ( D. Beckham - English football player, a midfielder, reached the pinnacle of his career playing for Manchester United, the face of many fashion houses. ), means stylish, chic, glamorous; cackle(A. Kerzhakov is a Russian football player, striker of the Zenit club. The concept of kerzhaknut spread thanks to one English commentator after Euro 2012, which was memorable for Russian fans.) , skerzhakovil are used when a player from a favorable situation does not hit the goal. Jubinami(Player " Spartak" - Artem Dzyuba.) are players who do not know how to perform "feints" at all, but diligently trying to do it.

Sports discourse is actively replenished with jargon with the help of derivational means from words already in the language. We find examples of suffix word formation - techy, pikushka,freeriding, in English.homer- means a sports fan who always cheers for the team of his city (home - home); suffix-prefix word formation: tapping- transfer of the puck from the hockey player of the attacking team from behind the goal line or from behind the goal itself to a partner in front of the goal. The following English jargons are formed by the method of reduction and abbreviation: ship (championship) , ref (referee), JS (JordanShoes) - Nike sneakers (the famous football player played in sneakers of this company). With the help of word formation, Russian. gym addict, English linesman. The semantization of quasi-morphemes also serves to form new sports jargon. A productive model in modern Russian and English is the attachment of the component - golik to denote a person who loves that (or do that) that is indicated by motivating. In sports discourse we find the word sportsaholic: “Are you one of those “sportaholics” who definitely wants to try all the activities in the fitness club? From kickboxing and body pump to aerobics and step. Then Nike's Master Mid is perfect for you.» .

Codified truncation, or univerbation is a widespread way of forming jargon in sports and other types of discourses. This is the transformation of a term, usually larger in volume (consisting of two or more words) or difficult to pronounce, into a unified lexeme. Examples of such truncations are the words cutting- individual race with separate start , as experts call the discipline of road cycling, where riders start and ride one by one in an effort to overcome the distance in the minimum time; contractual called Fixed games; strategic game - strategy.

Sports jargon is also replenished with words and expressions created by phonetic mimicry (coincidence or formal similarity of semantically dissimilar words) and sound distortions: radish- retabolil (anabolic steroid), maple- Clenbuterol (fat burner) lobby- vestibular apparatus, liver - Liverpool Football Club.

CONCLUSIONS. So, the stratification of sports vocabulary seems to be a difficult task due to the “extreme prevalence of physical culture and sports: on the one hand, sports vocabulary is aimed at meeting the communicative needs of representatives of sports circles, on the other hand, it, regularly experiencing the impact of general literary language and jargon, seeks to to general accessibility and loses "dry" specialization.

It is important to note that the sphere of sports discourse is not isolated from other types of discourse: it is not only actively replenished with new lexical units, borrowing them from other discourses, but is itself a source of replenishment of the lexicon of other professional groups. The trend towards mutual borrowing between different types of discourses is an indicator of their active interpenetration. This is due, firstly, to the most dynamic nature of discourse as a flexible resource of social interaction, secondly, to the ever-expanding contacts between users of different discourses within the same culture, and thirdly, to global processes that blur the boundaries in communication between representatives of different cultures.

See works by A.G. Andreeva, M.A. Gracheva, V.I. Gladchenkova E.A., Grishkova, L.Yu. Koroleva, O.E. Kotova, V.M. Leichik, A.S. Merkulova, I.O. Morozova, E.A. Redkozubova, E.S. Tarakanova, D.V. Chistyakova, S.A. Shmachkov and others.