What kind of sports games. What are the sports included in the Olympic Games

The main types of sports games.

Experienced athletes and coaches know how important physical activity is for adults, children and teenagers. The ability to play, move for pleasure and compete is necessary for growth and development, keeping the body in good condition. physical form. Sports games for children are the greatest gift that adults can give to children. While playing, the child improves health, develops coordination, learns to act in a team and receives a lot of positive emotions. It is especially useful to play together - children, parents and teachers. it The best way create friendly and trusting relationships.

Variety of sports games.

Playing sports have been around since time immemorial. On the frescoes of the Egyptian pyramids and the ancient Roman city of Pompeii, on the vases of ancient Greece and the wall paintings of ancient Crete, many figures are depicted engaged in outdoor games. Every nation has national sports entertainment. Available universal games popular all over the world.

Any sports game is characterized by: the presence of rules; interaction with partners; competitiveness; physical activity; simplicity of content; strong emotional impact.

All gaming activities in sports can be divided into several groups:

Games are paired with a small variety of movements;

Team activities with a wide variety of movements;

Team games with great physical activity;

Military sports games;

Mind games.

Types of the first group - table tennis, badminton, etc. Teams are football, basketball, volleyball. Hockey and rugby require increased workload. Examples of military sports games are paintball, laser tag. Intellectual games - chess, checkers.

Football

One of the oldest sports. It is traditionally believed that football was invented in England in the Middle Ages. But the Chinese chronicles of the 3rd - 2nd centuries BC describe the "competition of Tsu Chu". Its meaning was to kick a leather ball stuffed with feathers and hair into a net stretched on a bamboo base. Approximate descriptions are found in ancient Egyptian and ancient Greek authors. Consequently, the British did not invent football, but only developed and popularized it. The rules of this sport have changed over time.

The main principles of football:

The game is played by two teams of 11 players each. The goal is to kick the ball into the opponent's goal. Footballers direct the ball only with their feet and head, it is forbidden to use their hands. The team that manages to score the ball more times wins.

Here are the roles:

Goalkeeper;

4 defenders;

3 midfielders;

3 attackers.

Basketball

Listing popular sports games, basketball is called the second after football. Unlike football, the origin of this game is known for certain. Basketball was invented by an American doctor, coach and priest - James Naismith. The basis of the new sport was the school entertainment “duck on the rock”. The very first basketball game in 1891 used peach baskets and soccer ball. The game was liked by the general public and soon spread throughout the world. Naismith's original rules have evolved since then.

But the main principles remain the same:

Two teams of 12 people participate;

From 3 to 5 people can play on the court at the same time;

Players must shoot the ball into the opponent's basket, and not allow the balls to be thrown into their own basket;

All actions with the ball are performed only with the hands;

You cannot hit the ball with your fist;

The ball is moved only by hitting it on the floor.

Volleyball

This sport, like basketball, was also artificially invented in the USA. Christian Association coach William Morgan came up with an original mix of basketball, tennis, handball and baseball. In 1895, the first game took place, at which the modern name was invented. For volleyball you need a platform with a net stretched across. The net is placed at a height of 2.43 m and 2.25 m for men and women, respectively. In teams of 5 people. Players change places as the ball is served. The goal of the game is to land the ball in the territory of the opposing team. Volleyball players use only their hands. It is forbidden to touch the mesh with your hands. No more than five parties are played up to 25 points each.

Children and adults all over the world love volleyball as it develops reactions, gives a feeling of friendship and team support. Characterizing various sports games, volleyball can be called the most democratic. This sport is available everywhere - in the yard, on the beach. Anyone can play special training need not.

Sports games with a ball

Ball games, as seen in the example of football, basketball and volleyball described above, are the most dynamic and popular. Balls were invented at the dawn of human civilization. Many national sports and yard children's games use large, small, leather, rag, wooden, and alabaster balls. Modern sports games with a ball are mainly team games.

Military sports games

In our time, military sports games have become widespread, involving the inclusion of elements of combat tactics. Weapons are used here, army methods of moving around the playing space are used. Teams are formed according to the military principle: squad, platoon, etc. The scope of action is close to the usual for conducting real hostilities - a field, a forest. Teams can conduct defense, attack, reconnaissance. Military sports strategy involves the interaction of team members, creates a situation of combat. The group that hits all members of the opposing team wins.

Most famous nowadays next games:

Paintball. Rival teams shoot paintballs at each other with air guns. The balls break on a live target and "mark" the achievement of the goal.

Olympic Games: sports

Many of the games listed are featured in the Summer and Winter Olympics. The list expands every year. In recent years Olympic sports sports were considered: badminton; basketball; water polo; volleyball; Beach volleyball; handball; table tennis; tennis; football; field hockey, curling; hockey.

Yard outdoor games

Today, many children and adolescents are attached to computer games. This addictive hobby can perfectly develop fantasy, thinking and determination, but it sharply reduces physical activity and negates sociability. Parents of today's teenagers remember the wonderful childhood sports games they played for hours on end. summer camps, school sports sections and just in the yards.

It:

Russian lapta;

Pioneerball;

Ali Baba;

Break chains;

Aram-shim-shim;

Santiki-wrappers-limpompo.

I. Test items

Tasks in a closed form, i.e. with suggested answers.

The first post-war Olympic Games after the First World War were held in the city…

a) London
b) Paris;
c) Amsterdam;
d) Antwerp.

What sport was not included in the program of the 1st modern Olympic Games?

a) cycling
b) athletics;
c) shooting;
d) equestrian sport.

Russian athletes took part in the Olympic Games for the first time in…

a) 1900;
b) 1904;
c) 1908;
d) 1912

Which of the leaders of the international Olympic Movement longest-serving head of the International Olympic Committee?

a) Juan Antonio Samaranch;
b) Pierre de Coubertin;
c) Avery Brundage;
d) Siegfried Edström.

What is the hallmark of sports?

a) performance in competitions;
b) classes in a fitness club;
c) execution exercise;
d) increasing the level of physical development.

How many exercises traditionally include morning exercises?

a) 2–3;
b) 10–12;
c) 20–25;
d) no restrictions.

What procedures are classified as hardening?

a) taking a shower after class;
b) all procedures related to cold exposure;
c) all procedures related to thermal exposure;
d) all procedures during which the body adapts to environmental influences.

Which sport is considered cyclical?

a) cycling
b) freestyle wrestling;
c) judo;
d) luge.

Which of the sports is classified as an individual game?

a) volleyball
b) table tennis;
c) floorball;
d) curling.

When is motivation formed?

a) when performing physical exercises;
b) before performing physical exercise;
c) after physical exercise;
d) is formed separately from the process of physical education.

What is the normal resting heart rate?

a) 40-50 beats per minute;
b) 60-70 beats per minute;
c) 90-100 beats per minute;
d) 100-110 beats per minute.

In which sport is there no dribbling technique?

a) football
b) handball;
c) volleyball;
d) floorball.

What styles of swimming are used when transporting casualties?

a) applied;
b) sports;
c) health;
d) all of the above.

What problem does physical education solve?

a) raising the mood;
b) education physical qualities;
c) movement training;
d) removal of the first signs of fatigue.

What indicators should correspond to the heart rate when performing cyclic exercises to develop general stamina?

a) 90-100 beats per minute;
b) 110-120 beats per minute;
c) 140-150 beats per minute;
d) 170-180 beats per minute.

II. Tasks in an open form, i.e. without suggested answers

The USSR national team competed at the Olympic Games for the first time in ___________.
The first Olympic Games were held in Asia in ___________.
The heart rate data during exercise is an indicator of ____________.
What physical quality provides the level of performance? ___________.
What mandatory test exercises are performed at the fifth stage of the VFSK TRP? _________.

Establish a correspondence between sports discipline and distance.

Match the sport with the game time.

Establish a correspondence between the physical qualities of a person and motor actions.

Establish a correspondence between the nature of the work and the number of muscle groups involved in the work.

Match the city with the year of the Olympic Games.

Year	City
1. 1896	A) Moscow
2. 1920	B) Antwerp
3. 1980	B) Turin
4. 1998	D) Athens
	D) Nagano

Answers

I. Test items

question number	Correct answer
question number	"a"	"b"	"in"	"G"
1				G
2				G
3			in
4		b
5	a
6		b
7				G
8	a
9		b
10		b
11		b
12			in
13	a
14				G
15			in

II. Tasks in an open form, i.e. without the proposed answers.

1952;
1964;
load or load intensity;
endurance;
run 100 m; pulling up on the crossbar or bending and unbending the arms in a lying position (push-ups); run 2000 m (girls), 3000 m (boys); lean forward from a standing position.

III. Tasks for correlating concepts and definitions (tasks for compliance).

21	1 - G 2 – D 3 - BUT 4 – B 5 - AT
22	1 - G 2 - BUT 3 – B 4 – D 5 - AT
23	1 - AT 2 – D 3 - BUT 4 – B 5 - G
24	1 - BUT 2 - AT 3 – B
25	1 - G 2 – B 3 - BUT 4 – D

Characteristics of sports games, their specific features

Sports games were formed on the basis of the gaming activity inherent in man. The game occupies a large place in a person's life. AT childhood the game is the main activity, a means of preparing for life, for work, an effective means of physical education. Games related to sports, based on competition, stand out in a separate group - sports games, or team sports.

Features of sports games are determined by the specifics of competitive activity, which distinguishes them from other sports.

Competitive confrontation in the game takes place according to the established rules using competitive actions inherent only in a particular game - game techniques (techniques). In this case, the presence of an opponent is mandatory. In team-game types, the goal of each fragment of the competition is to deliver the object of the competition (ball, puck, etc.) to a certain place on the opponents' site and prevent it from happening to yourself. This defines the unit of competition - a block of actions of the "defense-attack" type, which also includes actions for intelligence, disinformation, conspiracy, etc.

In team games, the team as a whole wins and loses, not individual athletes. No matter how well an individual athlete plays, if the team lost, then he lost too. And vice versa, no matter how bad the athlete plays, if the team won, then he won too. Thus, a sports team is the same integral sports unit as an athlete in individual sports.

This specificity of team games determines a number of requirements for athletes, their views, attitudes, personal qualities, and the nature of actions in the competition. Ideally, the main psychological attitude of an athlete to the game should be the desire for the complete subordination of his own actions to the interests of the team (even in spite of personal well-being, it may be “to the detriment of himself” in one way or another). In the absence of such an attitude, each athlete of the team cannot have a strong, well-coordinated team as a whole, even if it consists of individually well-trained players technically, physically and tactically.

Consequently, the education of collectivism, the ability to sacrifice one's own interests for the sake of team victory, the desire to see and understand the collective interest in each this moment competition is one of the most important tasks of the preparation process in team games. Practice shows that the very conditions of team competitive activity contribute to the development of this attitude through the impact of the team on the participants in the game. Often such an impact is very tough, strong, effective, which contributes to the development of appropriate personal qualities in a person.

In this regard, team games are an effective means of education, of course, with the appropriate activities of coaches, educators, teachers, etc.

The complex nature of competitive gaming activity creates constantly changing conditions, makes it necessary to assess the situation and choose actions, as a rule, with a limited time. An important factor is that an athlete has a wide arsenal of technical and tactical actions, which would make it possible to optimize strategies that ensure the effectiveness of the team's actions to achieve results in conflict situations.

An important feature of sports games is a large number of competitive actions - game techniques. These steps need to be repeated multiple times during the process. competitive activity(in one meeting, a series of meetings) to achieve a sports result (winning a meeting, competition) - hence the requirement for reliability, stability of skills, etc.

In team games, competitive activities are carried out by several athletes and much depends on the coordination of their actions, on the forms of organization of the actions of athletes in the process of competitive activity in order to achieve victory over an opponent.

A feature of sports games is the stepwise nature of achieving a sports result. In sports with single competitive actions (for example, jumping, throwing), the optimal combination of two factors - motor potential and rational technique (in principle, even with a single attempt) leads to fixing a sports result (jump height, throwing distance, etc.). In games, this is only a kind of first step - "technical and physical". It is also necessary to organize the actions of athletes - individual, group and team as a way to realize the technical and physical potential in competitive activities specific for games.

The main criterion for the effectiveness of competitive activity in sports games is the victory over an opponent. The number of wins determines the place in standings all participants. In many years of sports practice, it turned out that the sports result - occupied place in competitions - has become a criterion for assessing the level of sportsmanship of the team and its members. Studies have shown that such an expression of a sports result by position in the standings in game types sports does not fully reflect the level of skill of the athlete due to the lack of objective indicators in quantitative terms. With the same high level of skill of all teams participating in the competition, their different positions in the standings (first and last places) are inevitable. Even with the participation of obviously weak teams in the tournament, the (theoretically) national champion will be revealed, and the players of the winning team will be entitled to assign high sports title. Thus, it is necessary to establish objective indicators on the basis of which it would be possible to successfully plan the preparation process and exercise control.

The number of objective indicators in sports games includes: an elemental set of game techniques (aspect of tactics); the ability to quickly and correctly assess the situation, choose and effectively apply the optimal attacking or defensive action for a particular game situation (technical aspect); special qualities and abilities on which the effectiveness of the direct performance of an action depends (requirements for temporal, spatial and power parameters of performance); energy mode of the athlete; sensory-motor control, etc. It is very important to express all this in quantitative terms. The availability of such information serves as the basis for determining the content of the training of athletes and managing this process, for developing model characteristics, programs, plans, standards, etc.

Along with the specifics of gaming and competitive activities, sports games have a number of other features. Figure 1 shows the classification of team and individual-team games in relation to the Olympic Games (Yu. M. Portnov, 1996). As you can see, team sports are widely represented in the programs of the Olympic Games, with the participation of men and women.

Team and personal-team sports games have differences in the nature of the relationship between the participants in the game: partners - between players of the same team; between rivals - players of opposing teams.

Rice. 1. Classification of sports games

The relationship between the players of one team is determined by the specifics of a sports game, the structure of competitive gaming activity, taking into account the actions of their team and the opponent's players. In this complex environment, a number of "competitive structures" can be identified for each team based on the "joint competitive structure" formed by the competitive activities of both rival teams.

Role structures are based on the relationships “to play a role”, “to hold a position”, “to perform duties” and the relationships between such roles. Each team member is assigned his "playing function" ("playing role"). Each role is determined by a set of functional responsibilities given by the plot of the competition (game). In this case, the role can be modified depending on the characteristics of the athlete and the nature of the competition. Role structures cannot be rigidly defined due to the fact that they are always functions of the actions of all teammates and all rivals (in their unity), and these functions depend on the dynamics of specific circumstances that develop in each competition.

The functional structures of playing teams are formed by functional relationships between role responsibilities

athletes. These relationships form certain roles into groups for the joint solution of tactical tasks. Within each group, specific relationships arise that distinguish it from the rest. Each such group is connected by certain relations with all other groups of its own team, uniting them to perform tactical actions, as well as with rivals in order to implement the tasks of the game as a whole. Groups are a kind of links from which defensive and attacking lines are formed. On this basis, collective actions are formed - group and team actions. tactical actions in attack and defense.

The structures of subordination of playing teams are formed by the relations of leadership, organization, coordination, commonwealth, subordination, independence, etc. between the players of the team and their groups. These structures exist precisely in the process of competition (game), are generated by the meaning of the plot of the game, the rules and regulations of the competition, the specifics of each team, strategy and tactics. The set of relations that form the structure of subordination determines the systemic orderliness, organization, integrity or disunity of the team's actions in each competition (game). This structure is very labile due to the fact that its components largely depend on situational factors.

The information structures of the playing teams are formed by the relations of information connectivity both within each team and between rivals in the course of the competition (game). The nature, quality, reliability, timeliness of information flows make it possible to make decisions, to perform reflexive procedures with one quality or another, in general, to act with varying degrees of adequacy to the dynamics of the situation of the competition (game). It is important to take into account that the information connections of the opponents are determined by the desire of each side to learn everything about the opponent and not allow him to do the same.

The formal structures of the competing teams are formed by the prescriptions of the plot of the competition and its rules. They seem to be set in advance and do not depend on the conjuncture of specific competitions. Therefore, their accounting and analysis are the simplest of all.

Informal (natural) structures of competing teams may differ from formal ones, complementing them to real systems. These structures are formed by competitive-personal business (competitive) relations in the process of competition and are determined by the personal-sports abilities of each player, his competitive attitudes, emerging situations, the effectiveness (or inefficiency) of certain joint actions, a common understanding of the situation, tactics, strategy, etc. There are cases when athletes, formally playing one role in a team, perform another in a competition.

The collective psychological structures of competing teams also take place outside the competition - in the joint process of preparation, as well as outside sports life. They are expressed by the peculiarities of interpersonal relationships between team members. Practice shows that relations in the process of competition and outside of them can differ significantly. However, consideration of this structure is essential for adequate planning of the preparation process.

And the real work with teams in their preparation, in the education of athletes, in the development of certain sports and general abilities, the types of structures described above must first be fashioned, and then, by their “overlay”, combination, association with oh, turn into a single functional structure that determines "morphology", "physiology" and "psychology" of teams in the process of competition. The result of such work is a reliable basis for the leadership and management of the team, for the development of strategy and tactics, the process of preparing the team as a whole, as well as for individual education, improving the skills of athletes.

The relationship between the players of rival teams is determined by the presence or absence of direct contact between the players in the process of game confrontation. On this basis, two groups of sports games are distinguished: the first - games with direct struggle and contact with an opponent; the second - games without direct contact with an opponent (Yu. I. Portnykh, 1986). The games of the first group are characterized by the desire to master the ball (puck) and direct it to the goal (football, handball, basketball, etc.). The games of the second group are characterized by alternate possession of the ball, the desire to send the ball to the opponent's side so that the players can play it back (volleyball, tennis, etc.). The clock of the game is singled out with the alternate participation of players and the unhindered performance of the roles assigned to each of the competing teams (towns, rounders, golf).

1.1. Sports games as a means of physical education

Sports games can be safely called a universal means of physical education for all categories of the population - from children preschool age to pensioners. With their help, the goal is achieved - the formation of the foundations of the physical and spiritual culture of the individual, the increase in health resources as a system of values that are actively and long-term implemented in a healthy lifestyle. The role of sports games is great in solving the problems of physical education in a wide age range, such as the formation of a conscious need for mastering the values of health, physical culture and sports; physical improvement and health promotion as a condition for ensuring and achieving a high level of professionalism in socially significant activities; natural and individually acceptable development of physical potential, ensuring the achievement of the necessary and sufficient level of physical qualities, a system of motor skills and abilities; general physical education aimed at the development of intellectual, technological, moral and aesthetic values physical culture; actualization of knowledge at the level of skills for conducting independent studies and the ability to involve others in them.

The effectiveness of sports games in promoting the harmonious development of the individual is explained, firstly, by their specificity, as mentioned in section 1.1; secondly, a deep versatile impact on the body involved in the development of physical qualities and the development of vital motor skills; thirdly, accessibility for people of different ages and preparedness (level physical activity regulated in a wide range - from insignificant in occupations with a health-improving orientation to the maximum physical and mental stress at the level of elite sports); fourthly, with an emotional charge, here, on this basis, everyone is equal - “both old and young”; Fifthly, sports games are a unique spectacle; on this basis, other sports cannot be compared with them.

Sports games are widely represented in physical education in institutions of general and vocational education. In academic work, these are basketball, volleyball, handball, football; in extracurricular physical culture and sports and health work In addition to those mentioned, table tennis, badminton, hockey, tennis, etc. are cultivated.

In system additional education sports games are presented quite widely: in children's and youth sports schools, specialized children's and youth schools of the Olympic reserve, youth clubs physical training, various health clubs, at physical culture and sports classes in recreation areas, etc.

Sports games are widely used in the training of athletes in almost all sports as an effective means of general physical training, development of physical qualities and enrichment of the motor experience of athletes, especially young ones. In team sports, “other” (in relation to the chosen game) sports games are also included in the number of means of general and special physical training.

1.2. Basic concepts and terms in the theory and methodology of sports games

The definition of concepts and terms is important for conducting classes on sports games at the proper professional level in educational institutions, in the training of sportsmen-players, for mutual understanding of specialists-teachers and coaches, scientists. In concepts and terms, the subject of study and teaching of any discipline is revealed, the knowledge accumulated by science is concentrated in them. A concept is considered complete if it formulates criteria for distinguishing one concept from others, ways of repeating and using it.

Below is a definition of the main concepts and terms that are used in the textbook. Unfortunately, in the practice of work on sports games, in the methodological literature, these issues have not yet been clearly established. Some concepts and terms are given additionally in the chapters of the textbook.

Game activity is a consciousness-controlled internal (mental) and external (physical) activity of athletes, aimed at achieving victory over an opponent in a confrontation with specific means and subject to established rules.

Competitive activity - game activity of athletes in conditions official competitions.

Reception of the game - due to the rules motor action(technique) for playing and competitive activities. Distinguish between offensive and defensive techniques.

Game technique - a set of game techniques for the implementation of gaming and competitive activities in order to achieve a win, victory. Distinguish attack technique (attack) and defense technique (defense).

Technical training is a pedagogical process aimed at the perfect mastery of game techniques by athletes and ensuring the reliability of skills in game and competitive activities.

Tactical action is the rational use of game techniques, a method of organizing the competitive activity of athletes to defeat an opponent. Allocate individual, group and team tactical actions in attack and defense.

game tactics- theoretical basis and a set of tactical actions - individual and collective (group and team), aimed at achieving victory over an opponent.

Tactical training is a pedagogical process aimed at the perfect mastery of the theory of tactics and tactical actions by athletes, ensuring high efficiency in game and competitive activities.

Tactical combination - group action with a clear definition of the plot for the participating players. Typical for an attack, each combination has a code name, a gesture.

The game system is a team action, when the actions of all team players at a certain moment of the game in attack or defense are specified.

Style of play - the characteristic distinctive features of the game of a team, an individual player, their "handwriting".

The physical abilities of athletes are individual personality traits that create conditions for the successful mastering and implementation of game and competitive activities by them. They are largely genetically predetermined.

Physical qualities - individual qualitative manifestations of physical abilities (strength, speed, endurance, agility, flexibility, speed-strength, coordination).

Physical training is a pedagogical process aimed at developing physical ability and increasing functionality, strengthening the musculoskeletal system, providing effective mastery of game skills and contributing to high reliability of game actions.

Psychological training is the upbringing of moral, volitional and those mental qualities that are adequate to the specifics of a sports game and contribute to the formation of the personality of athletes and the high reliability of competitive activity.

Theoretical (intellectual) training - equipping athletes with special knowledge that increases the effectiveness of training in sports games, solving problems of training and competitive activities.

Integral training is a pedagogical process aimed at integrating the training effects of technical, tactical, psychological, intellectual and physical training into a holistic effect of game and competitive activity.

The training system is a set of interrelated elements that form an integral unity and are focused on achieving the goal; a set of activities aimed at training athletes who meet the model characteristics of the strongest athletes in the world (in a particular game) and are able to show the highest sporting achievements.

Workout- component systems for training athletes, a pedagogical process aimed at teaching game techniques, tactics and tactical actions, improving technical and tactical skills, developing physical abilities, educating mental, moral and volitional qualities, mastering the knowledge system, creating conditions for high sports achievements.

Training activity is a joint activity of a coach, athletes, a team of specialists to successfully achieve the training goals.

The structure of the training - the initial component of the structure is a training task, a set of tasks constitutes a training session; two or more training sessions form a small cycle (microcycle), several small cycles form an average cycle (mesocycle); average cycles form an annual cycle (macrocycle), several annual cycles form a long-term cycle.

Training load - an integral part (component) of training, reflects the quantitative measure of the impact on athletes in the process training sessions. The magnitude of the load is determined by its intensity and volume. The nature of the training means (specialization, focus, complexity) is of great importance. Expressed in academic hours.

Sports competitions are an integral part of the system for training athletes in game types; on the one hand, they serve as the goal of training and a criterion for its effectiveness, on the other hand, they are effective tool special competitive training.

Competitive activity is the joint activity of athletes, coaches and specialists in the effective implementation of training effects in the conditions of official competitions. In terms of its content, this activity consists of individual actions and interactions of teammates and counteractions to individual and collective actions of opponent players.

The structure of competitive activity is a set of attacking and defensive actions and operations that athletes of both teams perform in specific conditions of confrontation. The components of the structure are organically interconnected, forming an integral unity of the competitive activity of two opposing teams.

Competitive load - the volume of competitive activity in a certain period of time, expressed in the number of games (calendar and control).

The structure of competitions in a sports game is a variety of types of competitions, ordered hierarchically according to certain criteria: scale, skill level and age limit.

Management is a process to ensure the achievement of the goal of the athlete training system based on the receipt, transmission and processing of information, the development and adoption of decisions. Allocate the management of the preparation of athletes, the management of their training and the management of the competitive activities of the team and individual players.

Planning and control are the main functions of management. Planning is the process of choosing the direction of movement (trajectory) of the system for training athletes and determining the means and methods for achieving the final goal. This is the definition of the content of the activity for a period of time lying in the future. Control - a process aimed at ensuring the coincidence of the course of training of athletes with the planned task, coordination and correction of the components of the training system to achieve the goal based on the information received.

The selection of athletes is an integral part of the system for training athletes, a set of measures to identify persons with high level abilities for a particular game and the properties of the body that ensure the effectiveness of training and competitive activities in a sports game.

Control questions and tasks

1. Tell us about the role of sports games in physical education various categories of the population.

2. What is the role of sports games in the training of athletes various kinds sports?

3. Give a classification of sports games.

4. What are the specific features of sports games?

5. What are the main concepts and terms in sports games?

Chapter 2. COMPETITIVE ACTIVITY
IN SPORT GAMES
AND COMPETITION SYSTEM

Competitions make up distinguishing feature sports, they are an essential component of the athlete training system (see Chapter 5) and a guideline for building sports training.

The specifics of competitive activity largely determines the direction and content many years of preparation athletes (principles, means, methods, programming of the training process, selection, assessment of fitness, assessment of the athlete's abilities, control over his current state, etc.).

Competitive activity is closely related to sports results. This necessitates a thorough study of the content of competitive activity, identification of factors that determine the achievement of high sports results.

The structure of competitive activity and the factors that determine its effectiveness serve as the basis for building the process of training athletes and effective management of this process.

2.1. The structure of competitive activity in sports games

The main parameters of competitive activity in sports games are identified and fixed through special observations in conditions biggest competitions behind the actions of the strongest athletes in the world. The signs that reflected the parameters of competitive activity are called target ones, since their implementation ensures the achievement of the goal - to win the competition.

Victory in competitions is the ultimate goal of competitive activity, its achievement consists of the consistent solution by athletes of a number of particular tasks that arise in front of them in the process of moving towards the main goal. Elements of activity for the performance of particular tasks are called actions, which, in turn, consist of operations. The content of actions, operations and the conditions in which an athlete performs them during the competition determine the structure of competitive gaming activity.

Only having indicators of the competitive activity of each athlete, it is possible to evaluate the effectiveness of his actions and determine ways to improve his skills in the process of training.

The structure of competitive activity in sports games is made up of components that are conventionally hierarchically arranged into several levels. Components and levels of the structure of competitive activity are arranged according to the principle of "matryoshka dolls" nested one inside the other; the first component is the largest, all the subsequent ones are “embedded” in it (Fig. 2).

The first component (upper level) is a system-holistic confrontation between athletes of two teams, in which all components of the structure are represented and “result” in their interconnection.

The second component is team tactical actions in attack and defense: if at the moment for one team the actions are attacking, then for the other team at the same moment the actions will be defensive. The teams take turns in the role of attackers and defenders. Team tactical actions - systems of play in attack or defense - are the determining factor for the choice of technical and tactical actions and their development in time and space. One team takes into account the capabilities of its players and the characteristics of the game in the defense of the opposing team when choosing one or another system of play in the attack. The defending team, taking into account the peculiarities of the opposing team's game system, opposes its own defense system.

The third component is formed by group tactical actions in attack (combinations) and defense - they find realization

Rice. 2. Systemically interconnected components of competitive

confrontation between athletes of opposing teams

command tactical actions. By analogy with team tactical actions, group actions are carried out simultaneously: the players of one team perform a tactical combination in the attack, the players of the other team interact with each other, organizing defensive actions against a specific combination and its performers. Thus, group tactical actions depend on the accepted game system and are its development.

The fourth component of the structure is formed by individual tactical actions in attack and defense - the next step in the development of competitive activity. Individual actions are associated with specific group actions and are determined by them: in attack, depending on the tactical combination, on the one hand, and the defensive actions of specific players of the opposing team, on the other; in defense, depending on the defense system and their group actions, as well as on specific performers who complete the tactical combination in attack in the opposing team
.

The fifth component of the structure consists of game techniques (technique), with the help of which athletes carry out competitive activities with direct impact on the ball, puck, etc. This is, as it were, the final step in the development of competitive actions: team - group - individual (tactics) - game reception (technique ). This component "results", i.e. the quality of its implementation directly affects the effectiveness of competitive activity (winning the ball, a point or losing). Techniques of the game are divided into methods of playing in attack and defense.

The sixth component consists of physical abilities (motor potential) that ensure the effectiveness and reliability of technical and tactical actions in game competitive activity (speed, power, speed-strength, endurance, coordination abilities, flexibility). Of paramount importance here is the level of development of physical abilities and the ability to implement them in the process of performing technical and tactical actions.

The seventh component is the mental qualities and personality traits of athletes; the level of their formation and the degree of manifestation in the conditions of competitive activity significantly affect its effectiveness. This is especially important when the level of sportsmanship of rivals is equal.

The eighth and ninth components are the functional capabilities and morphological features of the body of athletes, providing them with the reliability and effectiveness of technical and tactical actions throughout the entire time during which the competitive activity is unfolding.

2.2. Factors that determine the effectiveness of competitive activity in sports games

Based on the analysis of the structure of the competitive gaming activity of athletes, identifying the significance of its components in relation to the sports result, the factors that determine the effectiveness of competitive activity and the level of sports achievements in a sports game are determined. The most significant are the following factors.

The first factor is the equipment of athletes with game techniques (arsenal of equipment). The significance of this factor is determined by the fact that competitive confrontation in a sports game is regulated by the rules, according to which players can carry out competitive activities with the help of special actions in each game - game techniques. This factor is of great importance: on the one hand, without mastering the techniques of the game, competitive game activity is impossible; on the other hand, the wider the arsenal of playing techniques and the more perfect the skills of mastering the techniques of the game, the higher the competitive potential of athletes.

The second factor is the equipment of athletes with tactical actions (an arsenal of tactics). The degree of perfection and the arsenal of tactical actions serve as a decisive condition for the realization of the technical potential (arsenal of equipment) in the conditions of the game and competition.

The first and second factors are interrelated: tactical actions (arsenal, efficiency) directly depend on the arsenal of techniques and technical skills of athletes, and the maximum implementation of the arsenal of techniques in the game depends entirely on the variety of tactical actions and tactical skills of the players. Therefore, it is legitimate to talk about the technical and tactical skills of athletes.

The third factor is the “applicability” of the technical and tactical arsenal. It is not enough to study and perform the game techniques and tactical actions well - team, group, individual in attack and defense. The ability to fully apply technique and tactical actions in game and competition conditions. It is known from practice that most athletes know and are able to do much more than what they use in competitions, especially in the game with an opponent of equal strength and in extreme conditions.

The fourth factor is the effectiveness of technical and tactical actions in the conditions of competitive activity. Efficiency is determined by indicators determined for each sports game - winning and losing a ball (puck), scoring a goal, etc. Based on these indicators, the winner of the meeting is determined (in some games, a draw is possible). Winning a meeting and the number of wins (draws) in competitions constitute a sports result in sports games.

The fifth factor is the skill of performing the game function (role) by each player in the team, which is determined for him on the basis of individual characteristics, taking into account the level of preparedness by game components, etc. This makes it possible to complete the team in such a way that it represents a well-coordinated ensemble that effectively operates both in attack and in defense, giving each athlete the opportunity to best express themselves in competitive activities.

The sixth factor is activity (“aggressiveness”), creativity (“game intelligence”), the level of strong-willed and moral qualities aimed at the effective implementation of the tactical game plan and maximum mobilization of the efforts of athletes in extreme conditions of competition.

The seventh factor is the level of development of physical and mental qualities and abilities specific for competitive gaming activity in a sports game.

The sixth and seventh factors turn out to be decisive when the other factors are in balance.

The eighth and ninth factors are the level of functionality and morphological indicators in relation to the specific requirements of competitive activity in a particular sports game.

They are divided into gaming (team and individual), combat, cyclic, power and extreme. The most popular of them are game types, namely football, hockey, volleyball, basketball, tennis. Football is deservedly the No. 1 sport for most people on our planet.

It is estimated that there are more than 200,000 sports in the world. And this is not the limit, because they are created almost daily. In Russia, there is an official list of sports, where 159 entries are made. In addition, each type is divided into at least 3 subspecies, and the maximum of this value reaches 200. For example, motor racing has 104 subspecies.

Sports classification

Sports are divided into main groups. The first place in the number of disciplines is occupied by gaming competitions. The second place is occupied by the classics - light and weightlifting, martial arts, sports and gymnastics. In third place, increasingly gaining popularity, extreme sports. In addition, there are specialized sport competitions: auto and motorcycle racing, cycling, shooting, skiing, swimming, etc.

The division of sports is carried out according to features that are common to all disciplines. Consider what sports are in the world, and how they are characterized:

individual - sports in which one participant competes (golf, billiards, tennis, chess, croquet, etc.);
cyclic - moving the body in space with the help of cyclically repeating movements (biathlon, swimming, kayaking, a number of types athletics And so on);
team (game) - a team of players participate in the competition, which, as a rule, competes with a similar team of rivals (football, hockey, basketball, tug of war, etc.);
power - participants compete in exercises with special heavy equipment (weightlifting, weight-lifting, bodybuilding, powerlifting);
martial arts - an athlete defeats another as a result of force impact under certain conditions (boxing, sambo, aikido, kick-boxing, belt wrestling, hand-to-hand combat And so on);
complex coordination - requiring from the participants special skills related to the control of their body and coordination of movements (parkour, diving, skiing, sports acrobatics, rhythmic gymnastics, etc.);
technical - competitions related to the use of the technical achievements of the society (shooting, speedway, karting, motoball, rally, etc.);
applied - the participants of the competition demonstrate the skills of a military or economic plan (sport fishing, equestrian sports, sailing, orienteering, casting);
extreme - competitions are associated with a great risk to the lives of participants (mountaineering, diving, speleology, sports tourism, winter swimming, etc.);
aviation - the use of aircraft (helicopter and gliding).

Classic sports.

In terms of entertainment, athletics is comparable to team games: running at various distances, long jumps, high jumps, and pole vaults. Throwing projectiles: discus, spear, hammer.

Weightlifting aims to lift record weights in the bench press, snatch and clean and jerk while standing. This includes kettlebell lifting, bodybuilding.

Martial arts include all types of wrestling: classical, sambo, judo. amateur and professional boxing. National martial arts: karate, taekwondo, jiu-jitsu, hand-to-hand combat. Fencing with swords, rapiers, sabers.

Artistic gymnastics is the performance of a complex acrobatic program. Performances on classical sports equipment: horse, crossbar, uneven bars, rings. Jumping over a projectile from a running start, with the performance of acrobatic elements in the air.

Rhythmic gymnastics is presented among women. This is the fulfillment gymnastic exercises with musical accompaniment, showing the flexibility and grace of the body.

Winter sports

On the eve of the Sochi Olympiad, interest in them only increases. Particularly popular are:

– competitions of shooting skiers;
– the most beautiful, aesthetic and cultural winter sport;
- young but active developing species winter sports.

But he surpassed everyone, of course. According to one version, this name comes from the Old French "hoquet", which means "shepherd's crook with a hook." Hockey is a team sport; game, the main driving force of which is the desire with the help of individual or team actions score as many goals as possible into the opponent's goal.

Back in the 16th century, the Dutch practiced playing with sticks and a ball on ice. Later they taught this to the English and Scandinavians. But modern ice hockey owes its origins to Canadians. Numerous reservoirs and long winters helped the inhabitants of this country to come up with affordable entertainment. Initially, instead of a puck, it was used heavy ball, and the number of players reached 50 or more.

In 1870, ice hockey became a compulsory sport for all sports holidays. The first rules for the game were invented by students of McGill University, and in 1879 the Canadian Robertson proposed a version of the first official rules, at the same time the first rubber puck was thrown into the game.

Montreal became famous for the fact that it was here in 1899 that the world's first indoor ice hockey rink was built. And even then she had artificial ice. The stadium could accommodate an unprecedented number of spectators at that time - 10,000 people. All these events took place simultaneously with the registration of the Canadian Amateur hockey league. It is worth adding that the first team of professional hockey players is also Canadian, and was organized in 1904.

Water sports

All sports related to water are commonly referred to as water sports or "aquatics". Competitions can take place both on open water bodies and in pools; as between teams synchronized swimming, water polo), and between singles (surfing, diving), with the use of additional equipment (rowing, sailing), and without it (swimming, diving). More details about aquatic activities sports .

Ten sports are listed in, three more - regatta, surfing and diving - have every chance of getting there in the near future. Competitions in these types have long been held regularly according to clearly defined rules and attract a large number of fans.

Water athletes pay a special approach to the choice of equipment for classes and competitions. Indeed, in addition to its aesthetics and convenience, it must also have water-repellent characteristics, the ability to dry quickly and resistance to constant wet-dry cycles.

The popularity of these sports is quite high and has its own audience of fans.

extreme sports

This is a sport with a risk to life. Dangerous and unpredictable. To extreme sports include: mountaineering, rock climbing, acrobatic, giant slalom, motorcycle acrobatics, mountainboarding, diving, flyboarding. Surfing is a particularly fast-growing and popular sport among young people. New directions and currents in the extreme section appear daily.

Today, about 40 species are already known, and it is possible that a new one is being born at this moment. Everywhere: on the ground (boking, trial); on the water (aquabike, windsurfing), in the air (parachuting, hang gliding), under water (diving) and even underground (speleology) a surge of adrenaline and human emotions is used.

Experienced athletes and coaches know how important physical activity is for adults, children and teenagers. The ability to play, move for pleasure and compete is essential for growth and development, keeping the body in good physical shape. Sports games for children are the greatest gift that adults can give to children. While playing, the child improves health, develops coordination, learns to act in a team and receives a lot of positive emotions. It is especially useful to play together - children, parents and teachers. This is the best way to create friendly and trusting relationships.

Varieties of sports games

Playing sports have been around since time immemorial. On the frescoes of the Egyptian pyramids and the ancient Roman city of Pompeii, on the vases of ancient Greece and the wall paintings of ancient Crete, many figures are depicted engaged in outdoor games. Every nation has national sports entertainment. There are universal games popular in all countries of the world.

Any sports game is characterized by:

The presence of rules;
Interaction with partners;
competitiveness;
Physical activity;
Ease of content;
Strong emotional impact.

All gaming activities in sports can be divided into several groups. It:

Games are paired with a small variety of movements;
Team activities with a wide variety of movements;
Team games with great physical activity;
Military sports games;
Mind games.

In different cities, regions and countries, multi-level competitions in team sports are held.

Benefits of sports games

Sports and outdoor games are useful for people of any age. Physical activity, coupled with competition and passion, gives incomparable pleasure. Adults up to advanced years feel cheerful and young if they play tennis, golf, badminton. Playing physical activity gives children additional incentives for growth and development.

Playing sports is important for improvement:

Movements (walking, running, throwing, catching, balancing);
fine motor skills ( subtle movements when eating, drawing, writing, dressing);
Speech and communication;
Thinking skills (learning, understanding. Problem solving, reasoning, memorization, reading, counting);
Social and emotional interaction (family, friends, teachers).

Vigorous physical activity is essential for normal bone growth. Normal motor load on the skeleton helps to keep the bones strong, durable, resistant to pressure, shock absorption. Activity helps bones and muscles develop proportionately and efficiently. Games help to avoid the phenomenon of overtraining, which is often present in non-playing sports due to excessive stress during training.

Participation in team sports helps a person from childhood and throughout life to maintain the correct proportions of the body.

Sports help prevent accumulation excess fat, strengthen muscles, strengthen ligaments.

Outdoor games develop sensory perception, namely: speed of reaction, orientation in space, peripheral vision, hearing, touch.

Many motor skills improve when a person plays. Running, jumping on one and two legs, throwing, fast walking, turns are worked out much better than in Everyday life. There are no differences in age and gender in play activities. Boys and girls, young and old, all become equal. This is the advantage of the game.

Thinking skills - speech, memory, communication, concentration of attention also improve during sports activities. Fast, requiring instant reaction and calculation, the game sharpens all the senses, makes the brain work at an accelerated pace.

Participation in sports events – great way expand social connections for adults and shape social behavior for children. Sports team games encourage a person to feel like a member of the community, teach him to empathize, help, compete.

Rules of sports games

Sports games are competitions in the form of a game, based on certain techniques and tactics. The fight can take place between two partners or two teams. In many games, a goal is defined - a goal, a ball, a shuttlecock, a playground. Each competition has a set of rules. Without knowing them, it is difficult not only to participate, but also to observe the course of the competition. Exist general rules for all sports activities. It:

safe behavior;
Fair wrestling;
Compliance with the rules of the game;
Teammate support;
Respect for rivals;
Anti-doping.

The popularity of different sports is not the same. Statistics collected in 200 countries around the world show the following:

Percentage of popularity, sports games: football - 8.4%.

Basketball - 5.7%.

Volleyball - 5.4%.

The main principles of football:

Here are the roles:

Goalkeeper;
4 defenders;
3 midfielders;
3 attackers.

Equipment: ball, two goals with a net. All players are advised to wear spiked boots and shin guards. Typically, each team has uniforms of the same color. The goalkeeper's clothing is different in color, this player must have special gloves.

Football attracts a huge number of both adults and children, because it is a very passionate, emotional sport. The result remains intriguing until the last moment. Football, unlike hockey, can be played by anyone.

Listing popular sports games, basketball is called the second after football. Unlike football, the origin of this game is known for certain. Basketball was invented by an American doctor, coach and priest - James Naismith. The basis of the new sport was the school entertainment “duck on the rock”. The very first basketball game in 1891 featured peach baskets and a soccer ball. The game was liked by the general public and soon spread throughout the world. Naismith's original rules have evolved since then.

But the main principles remain the same:

Two teams of 12 people participate;
From 3 to 5 people can play on the court at the same time;
Players must shoot the ball into the opponent's basket, and not allow the balls to be thrown into their own basket;
All actions with the ball are performed only with the hands;
You cannot hit the ball with your fist;
The ball is moved only by hitting it on the floor.

Basketball is played outdoors and in gyms. It is popular because of its gambling, swiftness and external aesthetics. Professional basketball players- tall, slender, long-legged. Everyone wants to be like them. Moreover, women can also play basketball.

Sports games with a ball

Actions with the ball can be varied:

Hitting a ball into a goal (football, polo, basketball, handball).
Hitting the ball with a special tool - a racket, a bat (bast shoes, baseball, etc.).
Throwing the ball over an obstacle (volleyball, tennis).
Non-team games with hitting the target (bowling, billiards).

There are many exciting ball games for children that are common in backyards, camps, and also in physical education classes. For example:

Potatoes. Players standing in a circle throw the ball to each other as quickly as possible. Anyone who did not have time to catch or hit the ball sits in the center of the circle. He can get out of there if he has time to intercept or hit the ball from another player.
Bouncers. Two lines are drawn on the ground at a distance of 5 meters from each other. Players stand between the lines, on which two bouncers occupy positions. The bouncers take turns throwing the ball towards each other, trying to hit the players with the ball. If the ball does not touch anyone, it is caught by the opponent's bouncer, and the players must run back. When the last player is eliminated, the first eliminated take the place of the dodgers.

Military sports games

The most famous games in our time are:

Paintball. Rival teams shoot paintballs at each other with air guns. The balls break on a live target and "mark" the achievement of the goal.

Hardball. This competition uses pneumatic recreational weapon with a bullet speed of 180 meters per second

Laser tag. As a weapon, a laser emitter is used that affects sensory sensors.

Airsoft. Weapons - pneumatics and electro-pneumatics with plastic balls (caliber - 6 mm).

Olympic Games: Sports

Many of the games listed are featured in the Summer and Winter Olympics. The list expands every year. In recent years, Olympic sports have been considered:

badminton;
basketball;
water polo;
volleyball;
Beach volleyball;
handball;
table tennis;
tennis;
football;
field hockey.

curling;

Many games are not included in the official program of the Olympics, although they are not inferior in popularity to Olympic sports.

Rugby;
Golf;
Billiards;
Darts;
Squash.

Yard outdoor games

These days, many children and teenagers are addicted to computer games. This addictive hobby can perfectly develop fantasy, thinking and determination, but it sharply reduces physical activity and negates sociability. Parents of modern teenagers remember the wonderful children's sports games that they played for hours at summer camps, school sports clubs and just in the yards.

Russian lapta;
Ali Baba;
Break chains;
Aram-shim-shim;
Santiki-wrappers-limpompo.

Parents, camp counselors and physical education teachers must necessarily involve children and adolescents in active physical activity. Joint play fosters friendship and mutual assistance, aims for victory, develops the habit of active leisure and improves health.

Spectacular pumping of the body - Health Portal

I. Test items

Tasks in a closed form, i.e. with suggested answers.

II. Tasks in an open form, i.e. without suggested answers

Answers

I. Test items

II. Tasks in an open form, i.e. without the proposed answers.

III. Tasks for correlating concepts and definitions (tasks for compliance).

Characteristics of sports games, their specific features

Sports classification

Classic sports.

Winter sports

Water sports

extreme sports

Varieties of sports games

Benefits of sports games

Rules of sports games

Sports games with a ball

Military sports games

Olympic Games: Sports

Yard outdoor games

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